Low cloud type over the ocean from surface observations. Part II: Geographical and seasonal variations

Journal of Climate

Volumn 11, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 383-403

  Norris, Joel R ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^b NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLOUD; CUMULONIMBUS; CUMULUS; SEASONAL VARIATION; STRATUS;

PACIFIC;

EID: 0031901950     PISSN: 08948755     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011<0383:LCTOTO>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Arking, A., 1991: The radiative effects of clouds and their impact on climate. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 72, 795-813.
2. Bond, N. A., 1992: Observations of planetary boundary-layer structure in the eastern equatorial Pacific. J. Climate, 5, 699-706.
3. Bretherton, C. S., 1992: A conceptual model of the stratocumulus-trade-cumulus transition in the subtropical oceans. Preprints, Proc. 11th Int. Conf. on Clouds and Precipitation, Vol. I, Montreal, PQ, Canada, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 374-377.
4. _, and R. Pincus, 1995: Cloudiness and marine boundary layer dynamics in the ASTEX Lagrangian experiments. Part I: Synoptic setting and vertical structure. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2707-2723.
5. _, and W. C. Wyant, 1997: Moisture transport, lower-tropospheric stability, and decoupling of cloud-topped boundary layers. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 148-167.
6. _, P. Austin, and S. T. Siems, 1995: Cloudiness and marine boundary layer dynamics in the ASTEX Lagrangian experiments. Part II: Cloudiness, drizzle, surface fluxes, and entrainment. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2724-2735.
7. Curry, J. A., E. E. Ebert, and G. F. Herman, 1988: Mean and turbulence structure of the summertime Arctic cloudy boundary layer. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 114, 715-746.
8. Deser, C., and J. M. Wallace, 1990: Large-scale atmospheric circulation features of warm and cold episodes in the tropical Pacific. J. Climate, 3, 1254-1281.
9. _, J. J. Bates, and S. Wahl, 1993: The influence of sea surface temperature gradients on stratiform cloudiness along the equatorial front in the Pacific Ocean. J. Climate, 6, 1172-1180.
10. Goerss, J. S., and C. E. Duchon, 1980: Effect of ship heating on dry-bulb temperature measurements in GATE. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 10, 478-479.
11. Hahn, C. J., S. G. Warren, J. London, R. L. Jenne, and R. M. Chervin, 1988: Climatological data for clouds over the globe from surface observations. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center Rep. NDP-026, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 54 pp. [Available from Carbon Dioxide Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6335.]
12. _, _, and _, 1995: The effect of moonlight on observation of cloud cover at night, and application to cloud climatology. J. Climate, 8, 1429-1446.
13. _, _, and _, 1996: Edited synoptic cloud reports from ships and land stations over the globe, 1982-1991. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center Rep. NDP026B, 45 pp. (Available from Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6335.]
14. Hanson, H. P., 1991: Marine stratocumulus climatologies. Int. J. Climatol., 11, 147-164.
15. Haraguchi, P. Y., 1968: Inversions over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean. Mon. Wea. Rev., 96, 177-185.
16. Hartmann, D. L., M. E. Ockert-Bell, and M. I. Michelsen, 1992: The effect of cloud type on Earth's energy balance: Global analysis. J. Climate, 5, 1281-1304.
17. Herman, G., and R. Goody, 1976: Formation and persistence of summertime Arctic stratus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 1537-1553.
18. Hoskins, B. J., H. H. Hsu, I. N. James, M. Masutani, P. D. Sardeshmukh, and G. H. White, 1989: Diagnostics of the global atmospheric circulation based on ECMWF analyses 1979-1989. WCRP-27, WMO/TD No. 326., WMO, 219 pp.
19. Houze, R. A., 1993: Cloud Dynamics. Academic Press, 573 pp.
20. Klein, S. A., and D. L. Hartmann, 1993: The seasonal cycle of low stratiform clouds. J. Climate, 6, 1587-1606.
21. _, _, and J. R. Norris, 1995: On the relationship among low-cloud structure, sea surface temperature, and atmospheric circulation in the summertime northeast Pacific. J. Climate, 8, 1140-1155.
22. Lilly, D. K., 1968: Models of cloud-topped mixed layers under a strong inversion. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 94, 292-309.
23. Mitchell, T. P., and J. M. Wallace, 1992: The annual cycle in equatorial convection and sea surface temperature. J. Climate, 5, 1140-1156.
24. Neiburger, M., D. S. Johnson, and C.-W. Chien, 1961: Studies of the Structure of the Atmosphere over the Eastern Pacific Ocean in Summer. Vol. 1, The Inversion over the Eastern North Pacific Ocean. University of California Press, 94 pp.
25. Norris, J. R., 1998: Low cloud type over the ocean from surface observations. Part I: Relationship to surface meteorology and the vertical distribution of temperature and moisture. J. Climate, 11, 369-382.
26. _, and C. B. Leovy, 1994: Interannual variability in stratiform cloudiness and sea surface temperature. J. Climate, 7, 1915-1925.
27. Orville, R. E., and R. W. Henderson, 1986: Global distribution of midnight lightning: September 1977 to August 1987. Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 2640-2653.
28. Petty, G. W., 1995: Frequencies and characteristics of global oceanic precipitation from shipboard present-weather reports. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 76, 1593-1616.
29. Rossow, W. B., and R. A. Schiffer, 1991: ISCCP cloud data products. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 72, 2-20.
30. Rozendaal, M. A., C. B. Leovy, and S. A. Klein, 1995: An observational study of diurnal variations of marine stratiform cloud. J. Climate, 8, 1795-1809.
31. Schubert, W. H., J. S. Wakefield, E. J. Steiner, and S. K. Cox, 1979: Marine stratocumulus convection. Part II: Horizontally inhomogeneous solutions. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 1308-1324.
32. Wallace, J. M., T. P. Mitchell, and C. Deser, 1989: The influence of sea-surface temperature on surface wind in the eastern equatorial Pacific: Seasonal and interannual variability. J. Climate, 2, 1492-1499.
33. Warren S. G., C. J. Hahn, J. London, R. M. Chervin, and R. L. Jenne, 1988: Global distribution of total cloud cover and cloud type amounts over the ocean. NCAR/TN-317 + STR, Boulder, CO, 42 pp. plus 170 maps. [Available from NCAR, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307.]
34. Woodruff, S. D., R. J. Slutz, R. L. Jenne, and P. M. Steurer, 1987: A Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 68, 1239-1250.
35. WMO, 1974: Manual on codes. WMO Publ. 306, WMO.
36. _, 1975: Manual on the observation of clouds and other meteors. WMO Publ. 407, WMO, 155 pp.
37. Wyant, M. C., C. S. Bretherton, H. A. Rand, and D. E. Stevens, 1997: Numerical simulations and a conceptual model of the stratocumulus to trade cumulus transition. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 168-192.