Urban policy mobilities and global circuits of knowledge: Toward a research agenda

Annals of the Association of American Geographers

Volumn 101, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 107-130

  Mccann, Eugene ^a  

^a SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Geographies of knowledge; Globalization; Policy transfer; Urban policy; Urban policy mobilities

Indexed keywords

GLOBALIZATION; KNOWLEDGE; MOBILITY; URBAN POLICY;

EID: 78751679025     PISSN: 00045608     EISSN: 14678306     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2010.520219     Document Type: Article

References (206)

1. Adey, P. 2006. If mobility is everything then it is nothing: Toward a relational politics of (im)mobilities. Mobilities 1 (1): 75-94.
2. Adey P. 2008. Architectural geographies of the airport balcony: Mobility, sensation and the theatre of flight. Geografiska Annaler B 90B (1): 29-47.
3. Adey, P., L. Budd, and P. Hubbard. 2007. Flying lessons: Exploring the social and cultural geographies of global air travel. Progress in Human Geography 31 (6): 773-91.
4. Ali, N., and A. Holden. 2006. Post-colonial Pakistani mobilities: The embodiment of the "myth of return" in tourism. Mobilities 1 (2): 217-42.
5. Allen, J. 2000. Power/economic knowledge: Symbolic and spatial formations. In Knowledge, space, economy, ed. J. R. Bryson, P. W. Daniels, and N. Henry, 15-33. London and New York: Routledge.
6. American Planning Association. n.d. APA Web site. http://www.planning.org/ (last accessed 10 July 2008).
7. Amin, A., and P. Cohendet. 1999. Learning and adaptation in decentralised business networks. Environment and Planning D 17 (1): 87-104.
8. Amin, A., and P. Cohendet. 2004. Architectures of knowledge: Firms, capabilities, and communities. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
9. Amin, A., and S. Graham. 1997. The ordinary city. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers NS 22: 411-29.
10. Baiocchi, G. 2003. Participation, activism, and politics: The Porto Alegre experiment. In Deepening democracy: Institutional innovations in empowered participatory governance, ed. A. Fung, E. O. Wright, R. N. Abers, and R. Abers, 45-76. London: Verso.
11. Bajc, V., S. Coleman, and J. Eade, eds. 2007. (Dis)placing the centre: Pilgrimage in a mobile world. Special issue. Mobilities 2 (3).
12. Beauchesne, E. 2005. Vancouver third in livability rankings. Vancouver Sun 12 March: A3.
13. Beaumont, J., and W. Nicholls. 2007. Between relationality and territoriality: Investigating the geographies of justice movements in The Netherlands and the United States. Environment and Planning A 39 (11): 2554-74.
14. Bennett, C. J. 1991. How states utilize foreign evidence. Journal of Public Policy 11:31-54.
15. Bennett, C. J. 1997. Understanding ripple effects: The crossnational adoption of policy instruments for bureaucratic accountability. Governance 10 (3): 213-33.
16. Berelowitz, L. 2005. Dream city: Vancouver and the global imagination. Vancouver, Canada: Douglas and McIntyre.
17. Bermingham, J. 2005. Vancouver inspires Seattle revitalization: City plans to develop a condo community. The Province (Vancouver) 10 August: A14.
18. Binnie, J., T. Edensor, J. Holloway, S. Millington, and C. Young, eds. 2007. Banal mobilities. Special issue. Social and Cultural Geography 8 (2).
19. Blaut, J. M. 1987. Diffusionism: A uniformitarian critique. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 77 (1): 30-47.
20. Blaut, J. M. 1993. The colonizer's model of the world: Geographical diffusionism and Eurocentric history. New York: Guilford.
21. Blomley, N. 2004. Unsettling the city:Urban land and the politics of property. London and New York: Routledge.
22. Boddy, T. 2005. Trouble in paradise. Seattle Times 23 October. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/cgi-bin/PrintStory.pl?documentid=200257 5829&zsectionid=268883724&slug=sunvancouver23&date=20051023 (last accessed 16 July 2008).
23. ---. 2006. Downtown's last resort. Canadian Architect 51 (8). http://www.canadianarchitect.com/issues/ISArticle.asp?storyid=1645781209 00&issue=08012006&PC= (last accessed 16 July 2008).
24. Bosco, F. 2001. Place, space, networks, and the sustainability of collective action: The Madres de Plaza de Mayo. Global Networks 1 (4): 307-29.
25. Brandes, U., P. Kenis, J. Raab, V. Schneider, and D. Wagner. 1999. Explorations into the visualization of policy networks. Journal of Theoretical Politics 11 (1): 75-106.
26. Brenner, N. 1998. Global cities, glocal states: Global city formation and state territorial restructuring in contemporary Europe. Review of International Political Economy 5 (1): 1-37.
27. Brenner, N. 2004. New state spaces: Urban governance and the rescaling of statehood. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
28. Brenner, N., and N. Theodore. 2002a. Cities and the geographies of "actually existing neoliberalism." In Spaces of neoliberalism, ed. N. Brenner and N. Theodore, 2-32. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
29. Brenner, N., and N. Theodore., eds. 2002b. Spaces of neoliberalism. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
30. Bunnell, T. G., and N. M. Coe. 2001. Spaces and scales of innovation. Progress in Human Geography 25 (4): 569-89.
31. Burawoy, M. 2000. Introduction: Reaching for the global. In Ethnography unbound: Power and resistance in the modern metropolis, ed. M. Burawoy, J. A. Blum, S. George, Z. Gille, T. Gowan, L. Haney, M. Klawiter, S. H. Lopez, S.́O Riain, and M. Thayer, 1-40. Berkeley: University of California Press.
32. Burawoy, M., J. A. Blum, S. George, Z. Gille, T. Gowan, L. Haney, M. Klawiter, S. H. Lopez, S.Ó Riain, and M. Thayer. 2000. Global ethnography: Forces, connections, and imaginations in a postmodern world. Berkeley: University of California Press.
33. Burawoy, M., A. Burton, A. A. Ferguson, K. J. Fox, J. Gamson, L. Hurst, N. G. Julius, C. Kurzman, L. Salzinger, J. Schiffman, and S. Ui. 1991. Ethnography unbound: Power and resistance in the modern metropolis. Berkeley: University of California Press.
34. Canadian Institute of Planners. n.d. CIP Web site. http://www.cip-icu.ca/web/la/en/default.asp (last accessed 10 July 2008).
35. Cass, N., E. Shove, and J. Urry. 2005. Social exclusion, mobility and access. The Sociological Review 53 (3): 539-55.
36. Castells, M. 2000. The rise of the network society. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
37. CeMoRe. n.d. Lancaster University Centre for Mobilities Research Web site. http://www.lancs.ac.uk/fass/sociology/cemore/ (last accessed 15 July 2008).
38. City of Vancouver. 1997. Downtown official development plan. Vancouver, Canada: City of Vancouver Community Services. http://vancouver.ca/commsvcs/bylaws/odp/dd.pdf (last accessed 16 July 2008).
39. ---.2006. Our city. http://www.vancouver.ca/commsvcs/wuf/ (last accessed 14 July 2008).
40. Coe, N. M., and T. G. Bunnell. 2003. ";Spatializing" knowledge communities: Towards a conceptualization of transnational innovation networks. Global Networks 3 (4): 437-56.
41. Conradson, D., and A. Latham. 2005. Transnational urbanism: Attending to everyday practices and mobilities. Special issue. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 31 (2).
42. Conradson, D., and D. McKay. 2007 Translocal subjectivities: Mobility, connection, emotion. Special issue. Mobilities 2 (2).
43. Cook, I. R. 2008. Mobilising urban policies: The policy transfer of U.S. business improvement districts to England and Wales. Urban Studies 45 (4): 773-95.
44. Cresswell, T., ed. 2001. Mobilities. Special issue. New Formations 43.
45. Cresswell, T., ed. 2006. On the move: Mobility in the modern Western world. London and New York: Routledge.
46. Cwerner, S. B. 2006. Vertical flight and urban mobilities: The promise and reality of helicopter travel. Mobilities 1 (2): 191-215.
47. Dawdy, P. 2005. Time to grow up. Seattle Weekly 10-16 August. http://www.seattleweekly.com/2005-08-10/news/time-to-grow-up/ (last accessed 16 July 2008).
48. Dean, M. 1999. Governmentality: Power and rule in modern society. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
49. Dear, M., and N. Dahmann. 2008. Urban politics and the Los Angeles school of urbanism. Urban Affairs Review 44 (2): 266-79.
50. Dolowitz, D. 2000. Policy transfer and British social policy: Learning from the USA? Milton Keynes, UK: Open University Press.
51. Dolowitz, D. 2001. The British Child SupportAgency: Did American origins bring failure? Environment and Planning C 19 (3): 373-89.
52. Dolowitz, D. 2003. A policymaker's guide to policy transfer. Political Quarterly 74 (1): 101-8.
53. Dolowitz, D., and D. Marsh. 1996. Who learns what from whom: A review of the policy transfer literature. Political Studies 44:343-57.
54. Dolowitz, D. 2000. Learning from abroad: The role of policy transfer in contemporary policy-making. Governance 13:5-24.
55. Eby, D., and C. Misura. 2006. Cracks in the foundation: Solving the housing crisis in Canada's poorest neighbourhood. Vancouver, Canada: Pivot Legal Society.
56. Economist Intelligence Unit. 2005. Vancouver tops liveability ranking according to a new survey by the Economist Intelligence Unit. http://www.eiuresources.com/mediadir/default.asp?PR=660001866 (last accessed 16 July 2008).
57. Edensor, T. 2007. Mundane mobilities, performances and spaces of tourism. Social and Cultural Geography 8 (2): 199-215.
58. Evans, M. 2004. Understanding policy transfer. In Policy transfer in global perspective, ed. M. Evans, 10-42. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.
59. Evans, M. G., and J. S. Davies. 1999. Understanding policy transfer: A multi-level, multi-disciplinary perspective. Public Administration 77 (2): 361-85.
60. Flyvbjerg, B. 2006. Five misunderstandings about case-study research. Qualitative Inquiry 12:219-45.
61. French, S. 2000. Re-scaling the economic geography of knowledge and information: Constructing life assurance markets. Geoforum 31 (1): 101-19.
62. Freund, P., and G. Martin. 2007. Hyperautomobility, the social organization of space, and health. Mobilities 2 (1): 37-49.
63. Gaffikin, F., and B. Warf. 1993. Urban policy and the post- Keynesian state in the U.K. and the U.S. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 17:67-84.
64. Gilbert, A. 2002. ";Scan globally, reinvent locally": Reflecting on the origins of South Africa's capital housing subsidy policy. Urban Studies 39 (10): 1911-33.
65. Gowan, T., and S.Ó Riain. 2000. At home with the global ethnographer. In Global ethnography: Forces, connections, and imaginations in a postmodern world, ed. M. Burawoy, J. A. Blum, S. George, Z. Gille, T. Gowan, L. Haney, M. Klawiter, S. H. Lopez, S.́O Riain, and M. Thayer, ix-xv. Berkeley: University of California Press.
66. Grabher, G. 2004. Learning in projects, remembering in networks? Communality, sociality, and connectivity in project ecologies. European Urban and Regional Studies 11 (2): 103-23.
67. Graham, S., and S. Marvin. 2001. Splintering urbanism: Networked infrastructures, technological mobilities, and the urban condition. London and New York: Routledge.
68. Granovetter, M. 1983. The strength of weak ties: A network theory revisited. Sociological Theory 1:201-33.
69. Griggs, S., and D. Howarth. 2002. The work of ideas and interests in public policy. In Politics and post-structuralism: An introduction, ed. A. Finlayson and J. Valentine, 97-111. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.
70. Gurstein, P., and H. Rotberg. 2006. Affordability crisis spreads wider. Vancouver Sun 4 February: C5.
71. Hackworth, J. 2006. The neoliberal city: Governance, ideology, and development in American urbanism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
72. Hagman, O. 2006. Morning queues and parking problems: On the broken promises of the automobile. Mobilities 1 (1): 63-74.
73. Hannam, K., M. Sheller, and J. Urry. 2006. Mobilities, immobilities and moorings. Mobilities 1 (1): 1-22.
74. Harcourt, M., K. Cameron, and S. Rossiter. 2007. City making in paradise: Nine decisions that saved Greater Vancouver's livability. Vancouver, Canada: Douglas and McIntyre.
75. Harley, J. B. 1992. Deconstructing the map. In Writing worlds: Discourse, text and metaphor in the representation of landscape, ed. T. Barnes and J. Duncan, 231-47. London and New York: Routledge.
76. Harvey, D. 1982. The limits to capital. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
77. Harvey, D. 1985. The urbanization of capital: Studies in the history and theory of capitalist urbanization. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
78. Harvey, D. 1996. Justice, nature, and the geography of difference. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
79. Herbert, S. 2000. For ethnography. Progress in Human Geography 24 (4): 550-68.
80. Heyman, J. M., and H. Cunningham. 2004. Movement on the margins: Mobility and enclosures at borders. Special issue. Identities 11 (3).
81. Hoyt, L. 2006. Imported ideas: The transnational transfer of urban revitalization policy. International Journal of Public Administration 29 (1-3): 221-43.
82. Huxley, M. 2002. Governmentality, gender, planning: A Foucauldian perspective. In Planning futures: New directions for planning theory, ed. P. Allmendinger and M. Tewdwr-Jones, 136-53. London and New York: Routledge.
83. Huxley, M. 2006. Spatial rationalities: Order, environment, evolution and government. Social and Cultural Geography 7 (5): 771-87.
84. Jacoby, W. 2001. Imitation and politics: Redesigning modern Germany. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
85. James, O., and M. Lodge. 2003. The limitations of policy transfer and lesson drawing for public policy research. Political Studies Review 1 (2): 179-93.
86. Jessop, B., N. Brenner, and M. Jones. 2008. Theorizing sociospatial relations. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 26:389-401.
87. Jones, T., and T. Newburn. 2007. Policy transfer and criminal justice: Exploring U.S. influence over British crime control policy. Maidenhead, UK: Open University Press.
88. Kane, M. 2007. 70% of your income to buy a house. Vancouver Sun 16 June: A1.
89. Kellerman, A. 2008. International airports: Passengers in an environment of "authorities." Mobilities 3 (1): 161-78.
90. Knox, P. L. 1991. The restless urban landscape: Economic and sociocultural change and the transformation of metropolitan Washington, DC. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 81:181-209.
91. Langston, J. 2005a. Vancouver offers tips on vibrant urban living. Seattle Post-Intelligencer 4 August. http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/local/235217vancouver04.html (last accessed 16 July 2008).
92. Langston, J. 2005b. Vancouver planners say taller buildings just a start. Seattle Post-Intelligencer 9 August. http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/local/235793downtown09.html (last accessed 16 July 2008).
93. Larner, W. 2002. Globalization, governmentality, and expertise: Creating a call centre labour force. Review of International Political Economy 9 (4): 650-74.
94. Larner W. 2003. Neoliberalism? Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 21:509-12.
95. Larner, W., and R. Le Heron. 2002a. From economic globalization to globalizing economic processes: Towards post-structural political economies. Geoforum 33: 415-19.
96. Larner, W., and R. Le Heron. 2002b. The spaces and subjects of a globalizing economy: A situated exploration of method. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 20:753-74.
97. Larner, W., and R. Le Heron. 2004. Global benchmarking: Participating "at a distance" in the globalizing economy. In Global governmentality: Governing international spaces, ed. W. Larner and W. Walters, 212-32. London and New York: Routledge.
98. Larner, W., and W. Walters. 2004. Introduction: Global governmentality: Governing international spaces. In Global governmentality: Governing international spaces, ed. W. Larner and W. Walters, 1-19. London and New York: Routledge.
99. Larsen, J., J. Urry, and K. W. Axhausen. 2006. Mobilities, networks, geographies. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.
100. Laurier, E., H. Lorimer, B. Brown, O. Jones, O. Juhlin, A. Noble, M. Perry, et al. 2008. Driving and "passengering": Notes on the ordinary organization of car travel. Mobilities 3 (1): 1-23.
101. Lees, L. 2004. Urban geography: Discourse analysis and urban research. Progress in Human Geography 28 (1): 101-7.
102. Lefebvre. H. 1991. The production of space. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
103. Le Heron, R. 2007. Globalization, governance and poststructural political economy: Perspectives from Australasia. Asia Pacific Viewpoint 48 (1): 26-40.
104. Le Heron, R., and N. Lewis. 2007. Globalizing economic geographies in the context of globalizing higher education. Journal of Geography in Higher Education 31 (1): 5-12.
105. Lewis, N., W. Larner, and R. Le Heron. 2008. The New Zealand designer fashion industry: Making industries and co-constituting political projects. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers NS 33: 42-59.
106. Lone star inspiration. 2004. Vancouver Sun 10 July: I1.
107. Lowry, G., and E. J. McCann. 2009. Asia in the mix: Urban mobilities from Hong Kong to Dubai, via Vancouver. Working paper,Department of Critical and Cultural Studies, Emily Carr University/Department of Geography, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, Canada.
108. Marcus, G. E. 1998. Ethnography through thick and thin. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
109. Marston, S. A. 2000. The social construction of scale. Progress in Human Geography 24 (2): 219-42.
110. Massey, D. 1991. A global sense of place. Marxism Today June:24-29.
111. Massey, D. 1993. Power-geometry and a progressive sense of place. In Mapping the futures: Local cultures, global change, ed. J. Bird, B. Curtis, T. Putman, G. Robertson, and L. Tickner, 59-69. London and New York: Routledge.
112. Massey, D. 2005. for space. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
113. Massey, D. 2007. World city. London: Polity.
114. McCann, E. J. 2002. The urban as an object of study in global cities literatures: Representational practices and conceptions of place and scale. In Geographies of power: Placing scale, ed. A. Herod and M. W. Wright, 61-84. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
115. McCann, E. J. 2004. ";Best places": Inter-urban competition, quality of life, and popular media discourse. Urban Studies 41:1909-29.
116. McCann, E. J. 2008. Expertise, truth, and urban policy mobilities: Global circuits of knowledge in the development of Vancouver, Canada's "four pillar" drug strategy. Environment and Planning A 40 (4): 885-904.
117. McCann, E. J. 2009. City marketing. In International encyclopedia of human geography, ed. R. Kitchin and N. Thrift, vol. 1, 119-24. Oxford: Elsevier.
118. McCann, E. J., and K. Ward. 2010. Relationality/territoriality: Toward a conceptualization of cities in the world. Geoforum 41:175-84.
119. McCann, E. J., and K. Ward., eds. Forthcoming. Assembling urbanism: Mobilizing knowledge and shaping cities in a global context. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
120. McLennan, G. 2004. Travelling with vehicular ideas: The case of the Third Way. Economy and Society 33 (4): 484-99.
121. McNeill, D. 2009. The global architect: Firms, fame, and urban form. London and New York: Routledge.
122. Mercer Human Resource Consulting. 2005. World-wide quality of life survey. Press release. http://www.mercerhr.com/pressrelease/details.jhtml/dynamic/idContent/117 3105 (last accessed 28 October 2005).
123. Merrifield, A. 1993. Place and space: A Lefebvrian reconciliation. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers NS 18:516-31.
124. Mintrom, M. 1997. Policy entrepreneurs and the diffusion of innovation. American Journal of Political Science 41 (3): 738-70.
125. Mollenkopf, J. 2008. School is out: The case of New York City. Urban Affairs Review 44 (2): 239-65.
126. Moore, S. A. 2007. Alternative routes to the sustainable city: Austin, Curitiba, and Frankfurt. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
127. Nasr, J., and M. Volait, eds. 2003. Urbanism: Imported or exported? New York: Wiley.
128. Olds, K. 1997. Globalizing Shanghai: The "Global Intelligence Corps" and the building of Pudong. Cities 14 (2): 109-23.
129. Olds, K. 2001. Globalization and urban change: Capital, culture, and Pacific Rim mega-projects. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
130. Ong, A. 1999. Flexible citizenship: The cultural logics of transnationality. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
131. Osborne, T. 2004. On mediators: Intellectuals and the ideas trade in the knowledge society. Economy and Society 3 (4): 430-47.
132. Peck, J. 2003. Geography and public policy: Mapping the penal state. Progress in Human Geography 27 (2): 222-32.
133. Peck, J. 2005. Struggling with the creative class. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 29 (4): 740-70.
134. Peck, J. 2006. Liberating the city: Between New York and New Orleans. Urban Geography 27 (8): 681-713.
135. Peck, J., and N. Theodore. 2001. Exporting workfare/importing welfare-to-work: Exploring the politics of Third Way policy transfer. Political Geography 20:427-60.
136. Peck, J., and N. Theodore, 2008. Embedding policy mobilities. Working paper, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
137. Peck, J., and A. Tickell. 2002. Neoliberalizing space. In Spaces of neoliberalism, ed. N. Brenner and N. Theodore, 33-57. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
138. Peet, R. 2002. Ideology, discourse and the geography of hegemony: From socialist to neoliberal development in postapartheid South Africa. Antipode 34:54-84.
139. Pickles, J. 2004. A history of spaces: Cartographic reason, mapping, and the geo-coded world. London and New York: Routledge.
140. Price, G. 2005a. Vancouverism. Price Tags 64(12 April). http://www.sightline.org/publications/enewsletters/pricetags/pricetags64 .pdf (last accessed 16 July 2008).
141. Price, G. 2005b. Vancouverism: Both sides now. Price Tags 76(21 September). http://www.sightline.org/publications/enewsletters/pricetags/pricetags76 .pdf (last accessed 16 July 2008).
142. Proudfoot, J., and E. J. McCann. 2008. At street-level: Bureaucratic practice in the management of urban neighborhood change. Urban Geography 29 (4): 348-70.
143. Punter, J. 2003. The Vancouver achievement: Urban planning and design. Vancouver, Canada: University of British Columbia Press.
144. Raco, M., and R. Imrie. 2000. Governmentality and rights and responsibilities in urban policy. Environment and Planning A 32:2187-204.
145. Radaelli, C. M. 2000. Policy transfer in the European Union: Institutional isomorphism as a source of legitimacy. Governance 13 (1): 25-43.
146. Ray, L. 2002. Crossing borders? Sociology, globalization and immobility. Sociological Research Online 7 (3). http://www.socresonline.org.uk/7/3/ray.html (last accessed 14 July 2008).
147. Richardson, G. D. 2002. Plan calls for bustling waterfront. Fort Worth Star-Telegram 30 October: 1.
148. Riles, A. 2001. The network inside out. AnnArbor:University of Michigan Press.
149. Robertson, D. 1991. Political conflict and lesson-drawing. Journal of Public Policy 11 (1): 55-78.
150. Robinson, J. 2002. Global and world cities: A view from off the map. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 26:531-54.
151. ---. 2006. Ordinary cities: Between modernity and development. London and New York: Routledge.
152. Rose, N. 1999. Powers of freedom: Reframing political thought. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
153. Rose, N., and P. Miller. 1992. Political power beyond the state: Problematics of government. British Journal of Sociology 43 (2): 172-205.
154. Rose, R. 1991. What is lesson-drawing? Journal of Public Policy 11 (1): 3-33.
155. Rose, R. 1993. Lesson-drawing in public policy: A guide to learning across time and space. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.
156. Saint-Martin, D. 2000. Building the new managerialist state: Consultants and the politics of public sector reform in comparative perspective. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
157. Sassen, S. 2002. Global networks, linked cities. London and New York: Routledge.
158. Saunier, P.-Y. 2002. Taking up the bet on connections: A municipal contribution. Contemporary European History 11 (4): 507-27.
159. Sayer, A. 1992. Method in social science: A realist approach. London and New York: Routledge.
160. Schneider, A., and H. Ingram. 1988. Systematically pinching ideas: A comparative approach to policy design. Journal of Public Policy 8 (1): 61-80.
161. Schnurman, M. 2004. Fort Worth: The Vancouver of the south. Fort Worth Star-Telegram 20 June. http://trinityrivervision.org/Webdocs/Fort%20worth%20Vancouver.pdf (last accessed 17 June 2008).
162. Sharp, D., and T. Boddy. 2008. Vancouver, Vancouverize, Vancouverism: Building an idea. In Vancouverism: Westcoast architecture + city building. Online catalog for an exhibition at Canada House, London. http://www.vancouverism.ca/vancouverism.php (last accessed 10 July 2008).
163. Sheller, M. 2004. Mobile publics: Beyond the network perspective. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 22 (1): 39-52.
164. Sheller, M., and J. Urry. 2000. The city and the car. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 24:737-57.
165. Sheller, M., and J. Urry., eds. 2004. Tourism mobilities: Places to play, places in play. London and New York: Routledge.
166. ---. 2006. The new mobilities paradigm. Environment and Planning A 38:207-26.
167. Shore, C., and S. Wright, eds. 1997. Anthropology of policy: Perspectives on governance and power. London and New York: Routledge.
168. Simpson, D., and T. M. Kelly. 2008. The new Chicago School of urbanism and the new Daley machine. Urban Affairs Review 44 (2): 218-38.
169. Skupin, A. 2004. The world of geography: Visualizing a knowledge domain with cartographic means. In Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101 (Suppl. 1): 5274-78. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/101/suppl 1/5274 (last accessed 16 July 2008).
170. Smith, M. P. 2001. Transnational urbanism: Locating globalization. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
171. Spaxman, R., and L. Beasley. 2005. Downtown height and density review for the City of Seattle. Seattle, WA: City of Seattle.
172. Stone, D. 1996. Capturing the political imagination: Think tanks and the policy process. London: Frank Cass.
173. Stone, D. 1999. Learning lessons and transferring policy across time, space and disciplines. Politics 19 (1): 51-59.
174. Stone, D. 2000. Non-governmental policy transfer: The strategies of independent policy institutes. Governance 13 (1): 45-70.
175. Stone, D. 2004. Transfer agents and global networks in the "transnationalization" of policy. Journal of European Public Policy 11 (3): 545-66.
176. Sullivan, S. 2006. Welcome remarks-Opening ceremony, World Urban Forum 3. http://www.unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/3304261-66samsullivanopening.pdf (last accessed 14 July 2008).
177. Taylor, P. J. 2007. World city network. London and New York: Routledge.
178. Theodore, N., and J. Peck. 2000. Searching for best practice in welfare-to-work: The means, the method, and the message. Policy and Politics 29 (1): 81-98.
179. Thom, B. n.d. Bing Thom Architects company Web site. http://www.bingthomarchitects.com (last accessed 18 July 2008).
180. Thrift, N., and K. Olds. 2005. Cultures on the brink: Reengineering the soul of capitalism-On a global scale. In Global assemblages: Technology, politics and ethics as anthropological problems, ed. A. Ong and S. Collier, 270-90. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
181. Top spot reminds us we have it pretty darn good. 2004. Vancouver Sun 10 February: A16.
182. Tsing, A. 2000. The global situation. Cultural Anthropology 15 (3): 327-60.
183. UN Habitat. n.d.-a. UN Habitat Best Practices and Local Leadership Programme. http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?cid=374&cat-id=34&typeid=24 &subMenuId=0 (last accessed 10 July 2008).
184. UN Habitat. n.d.-b. UN Habitat mission statement. http://www.unhabitat.org/categories.asp?catid=10 (last accessed 10 July 2008).
185. UN Habitat. n.d.-c. UN Habitat Web site. http://www.unhabitat.org/ (last accessed 10 July 2008).
186. UN Habitat. 1976. The Vancouver declaration on human settlements. http://www.unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/92421239TheVancouverDeclaration. pdf (last accessed 10 July 2008).
187. UN Habitat. 2006a. Report of the third session of the World Urban Forum. http://www.unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/407770142WUF3-Report-final%20%20 dm1%2023%20june.REV.1.pdf (last accessed 10 July 2008).
188. UN Habitat. 2006b. WUF III program outline. http://www.unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/303915851eng.pdf (last accessed 10 July 2008).
189. UN Habitat. 2006c.WUFIII Website. http://www.unhabitat.org/wuf/2006/default.asp (last accessed 30 October 2006).
190. Urry, J. 2000a. Mobile sociology. British Journal of Sociology 51:185-203.
191. Urry, J. 2000b. Sociology beyond societies: Mobilities for the twenty-first century. London and New York: Routledge.
192. Urry, J. 2002. Mobility and proximity. Sociology 36 (2): 255-74.
193. Urry, J. 2004. Connections. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 22:27-37.
194. Urry, J. 2007. Mobilities. London: Polity.
195. Urry, J., M. Featherstone, and N. Thrift. 2004. Automobilities. Special issue. Theory, Culture, and Society 21 (4-5).
196. Uteng, T. P., and T. Cresswell, eds. 2008. Gendered mobilities. London: Ashgate.
197. Vallance, P. 2007. Rethinking economic geographies of knowledge. Geography Compass 1 (4): 797-813.
198. Ward, K. 2006. ";Policies in motion," urban management and state restructuring: The trans-local expansion of business improvement districts. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 30:54-75.
199. Ward, K. 2007. Business improvement districts: Policy origins, mobile policies and urban liveability. Geography Compass 2:657-72.
200. Ward, K. 2008. Toward a comparative (re)turn in urban studies? Some reflections. Urban Geography 29 (4): 1-6.
201. Wilson, D. 2004. Toward a contingent neoliberalism. Urban Geography 25 (8): 771-83.
202. Wolman, H. 1992. Understanding cross-national policy transfers: The case of Britain and the U.S. Governance 5:27-45.
203. Wolman, H., and E. C. Page. 2000. Learning from the experience of others: Policy transfer among local regeneration partnerships. York, UK: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
204. Wolman, H., and E. C. Page. 2002. Policy transfer among local government: An information theory approach. Governance 15 (4): 477-501.
205. Wood, D. 1992. The power of maps. New York: Guilford.
206. Yuen, L. 2005. Panel urges unique local vision for riverfront. St. Paul (Minnesota) Pioneer Press 12 October: 3B.