Nitrate accelerated corrosion of lead solder in potable water systems

Corrosion Science

Volumn 53, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 1044-1049

  Nguyen, Caroline K ^a   Stone, Kendall R ^a   Edwards, Marc A ^a  

^a VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

C. Anodic dissolution; C. Oxidation; C. Pitting corrosion

Indexed keywords

ACCELERATED CORROSION; ANODIC DISSOLUTION; BENCH-SCALE TEST; C. OXIDATION; C. PITTING CORROSION; CHLORAMINE DECAYS; GALVANIC CURRENT; LEAD CONTAMINATION; LEAD CORROSION; LEAD LEACHING; LEAD SOLDERS; POTABLE WATER SYSTEMS; SOLDER PARTICLES;

ANODIC OXIDATION; DISSOLUTION; LEACHING; LEAD; NITRATES; PIPE; PITTING;

POTABLE WATER;

EID: 78751580265     PISSN: 0010938X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2010.11.039     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. Rupert M.G. Decadal-scale changes of nitrate in ground water of the United States. J. Environ. Qual. 2008, 37:240-248.
2. Schlesinger W.H., Reckhow K.H., Bernhardt E.S. Global change: the nitrogen cycle and rivers. Water Resour. Res. 2006, 42:W03S06.
3. US Geological Survey, Nutrients in the Nation's Waters: Too Much of a Good Thing? Circular 1136, USGS, Denver, CO, 1996.
4. Zhang Y., Love N., Edwards M. Nitrification in drinking water systems. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 39:153-208.
5. Manassaram D.M., Backer L.C., Moll D.M. A review of nitrates in drinking water: maternal exposure and adverse reproductive and developmental outcomes. Environ. Health Perspect. 2006, 114:320-327.
6. US Environmental Protection Agency, National primary drinking water regulations, Code of Federal Regulations 40 (1985) 425.
7. US Geological Survey, The Quality of Our Nation's Waters - Nutrients and Pesticides: Circular 1225, USGS, Reston, VA, 1999.
8. American Water Works Association Research Foundation, Internal Corrosion of Water Distribution Systems, 2nd ed. American Water Works Association, Denver, CO, 1996.
9. Gregory R. Galvanic corrosion of lead solder in copper pipework. Water Environ. J. 1990, 4:112-118.
10. A. Dudi, Reconsidering lead corrosion in drinking water: product testing, direct chloramines attack and galvanic corrosion, in: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 2004.
11. I. Douglas, J. Guthmann, Q. Muylwyk, V. Snoeyink, Corrosion control in the city of Ottawa's comparison of alternatives and case study for lead reduction in drinking water, in: 11th Canadian National Conference and 2nd Policy Forum on Drinking Water, W. Robertson, T. Brooks (Eds.), Canadian Water and Wastewater Association, Health Canada & Alberta Environment, Calgary, AB, 2004.
12. J.H. Garret, The Action of Water on Lead, London, UK, 1891.
13. B. Murphy, J.T. O'Connor, T.L. O'Connor, Willmar, Minnesota battles copper corrosion: Part 2, Public Works 128 (1997).
14. Zhang Y., Griffin A., Rahman M., Camper A., Baribeau H., Edwards M. Lead contamination of potable water due to nitrification. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43:1890-1895.
15. El Rehim S.S.A., Mohamed N.F. Passivity breakdown of lead anode in alkaline nitrate solutions. Corros. Sci. 1998, 40:1883-1896.
16. - ions. Electrochim. Acta 2004, 49:2415-2424.
17. Refaey S.A.M., El Rehim S.S.A. Inhibition of chloride pitting corrosion of tin in alkaline and near neutral medium by some inorganic anions. Electrochim. Acta 1997, 42:667-674.
18. 3 solutions. J. Mater. Sci. 2004, 39:2747-2754.
19. Boffardi B.P., Sherbondy A.M. Control of lead corrosion by chemical treatment. Corrosion 1991, 47:966-975.
20. Chen C.A., McAnally A.S., Kumaraswamy S. Lead and copper corrosion control. J. Environ. Sci. Health A: Environ. Sci. Eng. Tox. Hazard. Subst. Control 1994, 29:1587-1606.
21. Dodrill D.M., Edwards M. Corrosion control on the basis of utility experience. J. Am. Water Works Assn. 1995, 87:74-85.
22. D. Lytle, M. Schock, Stagnation Time, Composition, pH and Orthophosphate Effects on Metal Leaching from Brass, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH, 1996.
23. Lin N.H., Torrents A., Davis A.P., Zeinali M., Taylor F.A. Lead corrosion control from lead, copper-lead solder, and brass coupons in drinking water employing free and combined chlorine. J. Environ. Sci. Health A: Environ. Sci. Eng. Tox. Hazard. Subst. Control 1997, 32:865-884.
24. Schock M.R. Understanding corrosion control strategies for lead. J. Am. Water Works Assn. 1989, 81:88-100.
25. Nguyen C.K., Stone K.R., Dudi A., Edwards M.A. Corrosive microenvironments at lead solder surfaces arising from galvanic corrosion with copper pipe. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44:7076-7081.
26. Nguyen C.K., Stone K.R., Edwards M.A. Chloride-to-sulfate mass ratio: practical studies in lead solder galvanic corrosion. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 2010, 103.
27. Edwards M., Triantafyllidou S. Chloride-to-sulfate mass ratio and lead leaching to water. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 2007, 99:96-109.
28. American Public Health Association (APHA), Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th ed. APHA, American Water Works Association, and Water Environment Federation, Washington, DC, 1998.
29. McGuire M.J., Lieu N.I., Pearthree M.S. Using chlorite ion to control nitrification. J. Am. Water Works Assn. 1999, 91:52-61.
30. McGuire M.J., Pearthree M.S., Blute N.K., Arnold K.F., Hoogerwerf T. Nitrification control by chlorite ion at pilot scale. J. Am. Water Works Assn. 2006, 98:95-105.
31. Leferink R.G.I., Huijbregts W.M.M. Nitrate stress corrosion cracking in waste heat recovery boilers. Anti-Corros. Methods Mater. 2002, 49:118-126.
32. Wanhill R.J.H. Embrittlement of ancient silver. J. Fail. Anal. Preven. 2005, 5:41-54.
33. Albu-Yaron A., Semel A. Nitrate-induced corrosion of tin plate as affected by organic acid food components. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 1976, 24:344-348.
34. Grady C.P.L., Daigger G.T., Lim H.C. Biological Wastewater Treatment 1999, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, NY. 2nd ed.
35. Vikesland P.J., Ozekin K., Valentine R.L. Effect of natural organic matter on monochloramine decomposition: pathway elucidation through the use of mass and redox balances. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1998, 32:1409-1416.