Assessing Dimensionality and Responsiveness of Outcomes Measures for Patients with Low Back Pain

Pain Practice

Volumn 11, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 57-69

  Cleland, Josh ^a   Gillani, Rabya ^b   Bienen, E Jay ^c   Sadosky, Alesia ^d  

^a FRANKLIN PIERCE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Outcomes Research Consultant   (United States)

^c Outcomes Research Consultant   (United States)

^d PFIZER INC   (United States)

Author keywords

Assessment; Instruments; Low back pain; Measures; Outcomes; Responsiveness

Indexed keywords

CLINICAL PRACTICE; EMBASE; HUMAN; LOW BACK PAIN; MEDLINE; OSWESTRY DISABILITY INDEX; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; QUESTIONNAIRE; REVIEW; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW;

EID: 78651460257     PISSN: 15307085     EISSN: 15332500     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1533-2500.2010.00390.x     Document Type: Review

References (95)

1. Lawrence RC, Felson DT, Helmick CG, et al. Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the United States. Part II. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58:26-35.
2. Dagenais S, Caro J, Haldeman S. A systematic review of low back pain cost of illness studies in the United States and internationally. Spine J. 2008;8:8-20.
3. Deyo RA, Battie M, Beurskens AJ, et al. Outcome measures for low back pain research. A proposal for standardized use. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1998;23:2003-2013. Erratum in: Spine 1999 Feb 15;24(4):418.
4. Bombardier C. Outcome assessments in the evaluation of treatment of spinal disorders: summary and general recommendations. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000;25:3100-3103.
5. Roland M, Morris R. A study of the natural history of back pain. Part I: development of a reliable and sensitive measure of disability in low back pain. Spine. 1983;8:141-144.
6. Fairbank JC, Couper J, Davies JB, O'Brien JP. The Oswestry low back pain disability questionnaire. Physiotherapy. 1980;66:271-273.
7. Muller U, Duetz MS, Roeder C, Greenough CG. Condition-specific outcome measures for low back pain. Part I: validation. Eur Spine J. 2004;13:301-313.
8. Grotle M, Brox JI, Vøllestad NK. Functional status and disability questionnaires: what do they assess? A systematic review of back-specific outcome questionnaires. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2005;30:130-140.
9. Beaton D. Understanding the relevance of measured change through studies of responsiveness. Spine. 2000;25:3192-3199.
10. Jaeschke R, Singer J, Guyatt GH. Measurement of health status. Ascertaining the minimal clinically important difference. Control Clin Trials. 1989;10:407-415.
11. Terwee CB, Bot SD, de Boer MR, et al. Quality criteria were proposed for measurement properties of health status questionnaires. J Clin Epidemiol. 2007;60:34-42.
12. Baker DJ, Pynsent PB, Fairbank J. The Oswestry Disability Index revisited: its reliability, repeatability and validity, and a comparison with the St. Thomas's disability index. In: Roland MO, Jenner JR, eds. Back Pain. New Approaches to Rehabilitation and Education. Manchester: Manchester University Press; 1990:175-181.
13. Fairbank JC, Pynsent PB. The oswestry disability index. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000;25:2940-2952.
14. Roland M, Fairbank J. The roland-morris disability questionnaire and the oswestry disability questionnaire. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000;25:3115-3124.
15. Fairbank J, Pynsent PB, Disney S. Oswestry disability index. [WWW document]. URL (accessed on November 1, 2009).
16. Fritz JM, Piva SR. Physical impairment index: reliability, validity, and responsiveness in patients with acute low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2003;28:1189-1194.
17. Farasyn A, Meeusen R. Validity of the new Backache Index (BAI) in patients with low back pain. Spine J. 2006;6:565-571.
18. Strand LI, Moe-Nilssen R, Ljunggren AE. Back Performance Scale for the assessment of mobility-related activities in people with back pain. Phys Ther. 2002;82:1213-1223.
19. Keller S, Bann CM, Dodd SL, Schein J, Mendoza TR, Cleeland CS. Validity of the brief pain inventory for use in documenting the outcomes of patients with noncancer pain. Clin J Pain. 2004;20:309-318.
20. Davidson M, Keating JL, Eyres S. A low back-specific version of the SF-36 Physical Functioning scale. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2004;29:586-594.
21. Wright KD, Asmundson GJ, McCreary DR. Factorial validity of the short-form McGill pain questionnaire (SF-MPQ). Eur J Pain. 2001;5:279-284.
22. Ferrer M, Pellisé F, Escudero O, et al. Validation of a minimum outcome core set in the evaluation of patients with back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2006;31:1372-1379.
23. Strand LI, Ljunggren AE, Bogen B, Ask T, Johnsen TB. The Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire as an outcome measure: test-retest reliability and responsiveness to change. Eur J Pain. 2008;12:917-925.
24. Shirado O, Doi T, Akai M, Fujino K, Hoshino Y, Iwaya T. An outcome measure for Japanese people with chronic low back pain: an introduction and validation study of Japan Low Back Pain Evaluation Questionnaire. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2007;32:3052-3059.
25. Fukui M, Chiba K, Kawakami M, et al. Japanese Orthopaedic Association Back Pain Evaluation Questionnaire. Part 3. Validity study and establishment of the measurement scale: subcommittee on Low Back Pain and Cervical Myelopathy Evaluation of the Clinical Outcome Committee of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association, Japan. J Orthop Sci. 2008;13:173-179.
26. Davidson M, Keating JL. A comparison of five low back disability questionnaires: reliability and responsiveness. Phys Ther. 2002;1:8-24.
27. Grotle M, Brox JI, Vøllestad NK. Concurrent comparison of responsiveness in pain and functional status measurements used for patients with low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2004;29:E492-E501.
28. Beurskens AJHM, de Vet HCW, Koke AJA. Responsiveness of functional status in low back pain: a comparison of different instruments. Pain. 1996;65:71-76.
29. Frost H, Lamb SE, Stewart-Brown S. Responsiveness of a patient specific outcome measure compared with the Oswestry Disability Index v2.1 and Roland and Morris Disability Questionnaire for patients with subacute and chronic low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2008;33:2450-2457.
30. Hägg O, Fritzell P, Odén A, Nordwall A, Group SLSS. Simplifying outcome measurement: evaluation of instruments for measuring outcome after fusion surgery for chronic low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2002;27:1213-1222.
31. Garratt AM, Klaber Moffett J, Farrin AJ. Responsiveness of generic and specific measures of health outcome in low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2001;26:71-77.
32. Lauridsen HH, Hartvigsen J, Manniche C, Korsholm L, Grunnet-Nilsson N. Responsiveness and minimal clinically important difference for pain and disability instruments in low back pain patients. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006;7:82.
33. Taylor SJ, Taylor AE, Foy MA, Fogg AJB. Responsiveness of common outcome measures for patients with low back pain. Spine. 1999;24:1805-1812.
34. Pengel LHM, Refshauge KM, Maher CG. Responsiveness of pain, disability, and physical impairment outcomes in patients with low back pain. Spine. 2004;29:879-883.
35. Tesio L, Granger CV, Fiedler RC. A unidimensional pain/disability measure for low-back pain syndromes. Pain. 1997;69:269-278.
36. Stratford PW, Binkley JM, Riddle DL. Development and initial validation of the Back Pain Functional Scale. Spine. 2000;25:2095-2102.
37. Itzkovich M, Catz A, Tamir A, et al. Spinal pain independence measure-a new scale for assessment of primary ADL dysfunction related to LBP. Disabil Rehabil. 2001;23:186-191.
38. Bolton JE, Breen AC. The Bournemouth Questionnaire: a short-form comprehensive outcome measure. I Psychometric properties in back pain patients. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1999;22:503-510.
39. Salén BA, Spangfort EV, Nygren AL, Nordemar R. The Disability Rating Index: an instrument for the assessment of disability in clinical settings. J Clin Epidemiol. 1994;47:1423-1435.
40. Feise RJ, Michael Menke J. Functional rating index: a new valid and reliable instrument to measure the magnitude of clinical change in spinal conditions. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2001;26:78-86. Erratum in: Spine 2001;26(5):596.
41. Greenough CG, Fraser RD. Assessment of outcome in patients with low-back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1991;17:36-41.
42. Bendebba M, Dizerega GS, Long DM. The Lumbar Spine Outcomes Questionnaire: its development and psychometric properties. Spine J. 2007;7:118-132.
43. Singh A, Crockard HA. Comparison of seven different scales used to quantify severity of cervical spondylotic myelopathy and post-operative improvement. J Outcome Meas. 2001;5:798-818.
44. Haas M, Jacobs GE, Raphael R, Petzing K. Low back pain outcome measurement assessment in chiropractic teaching clinics: responsiveness and applicability of two functional disability questionnaires. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1995;18:79-87.
45. Inoue S, Kataoka H, Tajima N, et al. Assessment of treatment for low back pain, Japanese Orthopaedic Association. J Jpn Orthop Assoc. 1986;60:391-394.
46. Fukui M, Chiba K, Kawakami M, et al. JOA Back Pain Evaluation Questionnaire (JOABPEQ)/JOA Cervical Myelopathy Evaluation Questionnaire (JOACMEQ). The report on the development of revised versions April 16, 2007. The Subcommittee of the Clinical Outcome Committee of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association on Low Back Pain and Cervical Myelopathy Evaluation. J Orthop Sci. 2009;14:348-365.
47. Lee JW, Jones PS, Mineyama Y, Zhang XE. Cultural differences in responses to a Likert scale. Res Nurs Health. 2002;25:295-306.
48. Scott NW, Fayers PM, Aaronson NK, et al. The relationship between overall quality of life and its subdimensions was influenced by culture: analysis of an international database. J Clin Epidemiol. 2008;61:788-795.
49. Linton SJ, Boersma K. Early identification of patients at risk of developing a persistent back problem: the predictive validity of the Orebro Musculoskeletal Pain Questionnaire. Clin J Pain. 2003;19:80-86.
50. Kohlmann T, Raspe H. [Hannover Functional Questionnaire in ambulatory diagnosis of functional disability caused by backache][German]. Rehabilitation (Stuttg). 1996;35:I-VIII.
51. Kladny B, Fischer FC, Haase I. [Evaluation of specific stabilizing exercise in the treatment of low back pain and lumbar disk disease in outpatient rehabilitation][German]. Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb. 2003;141:401-405.
52. Listing J, Strangfeld A, Rau R, et al. Clinical and functional remission: even though biologics are superior to conventional DMARDs overall success rates remain low-results from RABBIT, the German biologics register. Arthritis Res Ther. 2006;8:R66.
53. Roese I, Kohlmann T, Raspe H. [Measuring functional capacity in backache patients in rehabilitation: a comparison of standardized questionnaires][German]. Rehabilitation (Stuttg). 1996;35:103-108.
54. Kopec JA, Esdaile JM. Occupational role performance in persons with back pain. Disabil Rehabil. 1998;20:373-379.
55. Ruta DA, Garratt AM, Leng M, Russell IT, MacDonald LM. A new approach to the measurement of quality of life. The Patient-Generated Index. 32 Care. 1994;11:1109-1126.
56. Hägg O, Fritzell P, Romberg K, Nordwall A. The General Function Score: a useful tool for measurement of physical disability. Validity and reliability. Eur Spine J. 2001;10:203-210.
57. Müller U, Röder C, Greenough CG. Back related outcome assessment instruments. Eur Spine J. 2006;15(suppl 1):S25-S31.
58. Beaton DE, Boers M, Wells GA. Many faces of the minimal clinically important difference (MCID): a literature review and directions for future research. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2002;14:109-114.
59. Copay AG, Subach BR, Glassman SD, Polly DWJ, Schuler TC. Understanding the minimum clinically important difference: a review of concepts and methods. Spine J. 2007;7:541-546.
60. Kuijer W, Brouwer S, Dijkstra PU, Jorritsma W, Groothoff JW, Geertzen JH. Responsiveness of the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire: consequences of using different external criteria. Clin Rehabil. 2005;19:488-495.
61. Khatri M, Murray M, Greenough CG. Minimum clinically important difference in low back pain outcome score in individuals with low back pain [abstract]. J Bone Joint Surg Bri Vol. 2003;85-B(suppl III):236.
62. Childs JD, Piva SR. Psychometric properties of the functional rating index in patients with low back pain. Eur Spine J. 2005:1008-1012. Erratum in: Eur Spine J. 2005;14:1013.
63. Perillo M, Bulbulian R. Responsiveness of the Bournemouth and Oswestry questionnaires: a prospective pilot study. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2003;26:77-86.
64. Beurskens AJ, de Vet HC, Köke AJ, et al. A patient-specific approach for measuring functional status in low back pain. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1999;22:144-148.
65. Stucki G, Daltroy L, Liang MH, Lipson SJ, Fossel AH, Katz JN. Measurement properties of a self-administered outcome measure in lumbar spinal stenosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1996;21:796-803.
66. Williams RM, Myers AM. A new approach to measuring recovery in injured workers with acute low back pain: resumption of Activities of Daily Living Scale. Phys Ther. 1998;78:613-623.
67. Kovacs FM, Abraira V, Royuela A, et al. Minimal clinically important change for pain intensity and disability in patients with nonspecific low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2007;32:2915-2920.
68. Ostelo RWJG, Deyo RA, Stratford P, et al. Interpreting change scores for pain and functional status in low back pain. Towards international consensus regarding minimal important change. Spine. 2008;33:90-94.
69. Demoulin C, Ostelo R, Knottnerus JA, Smeets RJ. What factors influence the measurement properties of the Roland-Morris disability questionnaire? Eur J Pain. 2010;14:200-206. Epub May 13, 2009.
70. Chou R, Huffman LH. Medications for acute and chronic low back pain: a review of the evidence for an American Pain Society/American College of Physicians clinical practice guideline. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147:505-514.
71. Chou R, Qaseem A, Snow V, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain: a joint clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians and the American Pain Society. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147:478-491.
72. Bombardier C, Hayden J, Beaton DE. Minimal clinically important difference. Low back pain: outcome measures. J Rheumatol. 2001;28:431-438.
73. Ettinger B, Black DM, Nevitt MC, et al. Contribution of vertebral deformities to chronic back pain and disability. The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. J Bone Miner Res. 1992;7:449-456.
74. Rytokoski U, Puukka P, Talo S. Biodisabilities in relation to other disease consequences in the functional assessment of patients with chronic low back pain. Int J Rehabil Res. 1997;20:225-244.
75. Lawlis GF, Cuencas R, Selby D, McCoy CE. The development of the Dallas Pain Questionnaire. An assessment of the impact of spinal pain on behavior. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1989;14:511-516.
76. Nork SE, Hu SS, Workman KL, Glazer PA, Bradford DS. Patient outcomes after decompression and instrumented posterior spinal fusion for degenerative spondylolisthesis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1999;24:561-569.
77. Lankhorst GJ, van de Stadt RJ, Vogelaar TW, van der Korst JK, Prevo AJ. Objectivity and repeatability of measurements in low back pain. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1982;14:21-26.
78. Manniche C, Asmussen K, Lauritsen B, Vinterberg H, Kreiner S, Jordan A. Low Back Pain Rating scale: validation of a tool for assessment of low back pain. Pain. 1994;57:317-326.
79. Million R, Hall W, Nilsen KH, Baker RD, Jayson MI. Assessment of the progress of the back-pain patient 1981 Volvo Award in Clinical Science. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1982;7:204-212.
80. Daltroy LH, Cats-Baril WL, Katz JN, Fossel AH, Liang MH. The North American spine society lumbar spine outcome assessment instrument: reliability and validity tests. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1996;21:741-749.
81. Roach KE, Brown MD, Albin RD, Delaney KG, Lipprandi HM, Rangelli D. The sensitivity and specificity of pain response to activity and position in categorizing patients with low back pain. Phys Ther. 1997;77:730-738.
82. Kopec JA, Esdaile JM, Abrahamowicz M, et al. The Quebec Back. Pain Disability Scale. Measurement properties. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1995;20:341-352.
83. Kopec JA, Esdaile JM, Abrahamowicz M, et al. The Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale: conceptualization and development. J Clin Epidemiol. 1996;49:151-161.
84. Waddell G, Main CJ. Assessment of severity in low-back disorders. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1984;9:204-208.
85. Magnussen L, Strand LI, Lygren H. Reliability and validity of the back performance scale: observing activity limitation in patients with back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2004;29:903-907.
86. Linton SJ, Halldén K. Can we screen for problematic back pain? A screening questionnaire for predicting outcome in acute and subacute back pain. Clin J Pain. 1998;14:209-215.
87. Björklund M, Hamberg J, Heiden M, Barnekow-Bergkvist M. The assessment of symptoms and functional limitations in low back pain patients: validity and reliability of a new questionnaire. Eur Spine J. 2007;16:1799-1811.
88. Ford JJ, Story I, McMeeken J. The test-retest reliability and concurrent validity of the Subjective Complaints Questionnaire for low back pain. Man Ther. 2009;14:283-291.
89. Perneros G, Tropp H. Development, validity, and reliability of The Assessment of Pain and Occupational Performance (POP): a new instrument using two dimensions in the investigation of disability in back pain. Spine J. 2009;9:486-498.
90. Mason VL, Skevington SM, Osborn M. A measure for quality of life assessment in chronic pain: preliminary properties of the WHOQOL-pain. J Behav Med. 2009;32:162-173.
91. Ruta DA, Garratt AM, Wardlaw D, Russell IT. Developing a valid and reliable measure of health outcome for patients with low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1994;19:1887-1896.
92. Dworkin RH, Turk DC, Farrar JT, et al. Core outcome measures for chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations. Pain. 2005;113:9-19.
93. Larsen K, Leboeuf-Yde C. The Bournemouth Questionnaire: can it be used to monitor and predict treatment outcome in chiropractic patients with persistent low back pain? J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2005;28:219-227.
94. Stratford PW, Binkley J, Solomon P, Gill C, Finch E. Assessing change over time in patients with low back pain. Phys Ther. 1994;74:528-533.
95. Weigl M, Ewert T, Kleinschmidt J, Stucki G. Measuring the outcome of health resort programs. J Rheumatol. 2006;33:764-770.