Notes on revisiting the knowledge gap hypothesis: A meta-analysis of thirty-five years of research

Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly

Volumn 87, Issue 3-4, 2010, Pages 615-632

  Gaziano, Cecilie ^a  

^a Research Solutions Inc   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EDUCATION; KNOWLEDGE; MASS MEDIA; META-ANALYSIS; RESEARCH;

EID: 78651426978     PISSN: 10776990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/107769901008700311     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. Yoori Hwang and Se-Hoon Jeong, "Revisiting the Knowledge Gap Hypothesis: A Meta-analysis of Thirty-five Years of Research," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 86 (autumn 2009): 513-32.
2. Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Mass Media Flow and Differential Growth in Knowledge," Public Opinion Quarterly 34 (summer 1970): 159-60.
3. 2 + 4)
4. Cecilie Gaziano and Emanuel Gaziano, "Theories and Methods in Knowledge Gap Research Since 1970," in An Integrated Approach to Communication Theory and Research, ed. Michael B. Salwen and Don W. Stacks (Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1996), 136-7.
5. List available upon request.
6. Cecilie Gaziano, "The Knowledge Gap: An Analytical Review of Media Effects," Communication Research 10 (October 1983): 447-86;
7. Cecilie Gaziano, "Forecast 2000: Widening Knowledge Gaps," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 74 (summer 1997): 237-64;
8. Kasisomayajula Viswanath and John Finnegan, Jr., "The Knowledge Gap Hypothesis: Twenty-five Years Later," in Communication Yearbook 19, ed. Brant R. Burleson (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1996), 187-227.
9. Cohen, Statistical Power Analysis;
10. also see Web page: http://www. uccs.edu/~faculty/lbecker/es.htm (accessed March 15, 2010).
11. Phillip J. Tichenor, Jane M. Rodenkirchen, Clarice N. Olien, and George A. Donohue, "Community Issues, Conflict, and Public Affairs Knowledge," in New Models for Mass Communication Research, ed. Peter Clarke (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1973), 45-79;
12. George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "Mass Media and the Knowledge Gap: A Hypothesis Reconsidered," Communication Research 2 January 1975): 3-23.
13. Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Structure, Communication and Social Power: Evolution of the Knowledge Gap Hypothesis," in Mass Communication Review Yearbook, vol. 4, ed. Ellen Wartella and D. Charles Whitney with Sven Windahl (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1983), 455-61.
14. Donohue, Tichenor, and Olien, "Mass Media and the Knowledge Gap."
15. Phillip J. Tichenor, Clarice N. Olien, and George A. Donohue, "Effect of Use of Metro Dailies on Knowledge Gap in Small Towns," Journalism Quarterly 64 (summer/autumn 1987): 329-36.
16. Tichenor et al., "Community Issues, Conflict, and Public Affairs Knowledge."
17. Donohue, Tichenor, and Olien, "Mass Media and the Knowledge Gap";
18. Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Conflict and the Knowledge Gap," Community Conflict and the Press (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1980), 175-203;
19. Tichenor et al., "Community Issues, Conflict, and Public Affairs Knowledge."
20. Hwang and Jeong, "Revisiting the Knowledge Gap Hypothesis," 519.
21. Peter Clarke and Eric Fredin, "Newspapers, Television and Political Reasoning," Public Opinion Quarterly 42 (summer 1978): 143-60.
22. John R. Finnegan, Jr., Kasisomayajula Viswanath, Brenda Rooney, Paul McGovern, Judith Baxter, Patricia Elmer, Karen Graves, James Hertog, Rebecca Mullis, Phyllis Pirie, Leslie Trenkner, and John Potter, "Predictors of Knowledge about Healthy Eating in a Rural Midwestern U.S. City," Health Education Research 5 (December 1990): 421-31.
23. Kasisomayajula Viswanath, John R. Finnegan, Jr., James Hertog, Phyllis Pirie, and David M. Murray, "Community Type and the Diffusion of Campaign Information," Gazette 54 (November 1994): 39-59.
24. Kasisomayajula Viswanath, Gerald M. Kosicki, Eric S. Fredin, and Eunkyung Park, "Local Community Ties, Community-boundedness, and Local Public Affairs Knowledge Gaps," Communication Research 27 (February 2000): 27-50.
25. 2 ∫ effect sizes of 0.02, 0.15, and 0.35 are considered small, medium, and large, respectively.
26. See http://www.danielsoper.com/statcalc/calc05. aspx (accessed March 15, 2010).
27. Dianne Rucinski, "Community Boundedness, Personal Relevance, and the Knowledge Gap," Communication Research 31 (August 2004): 472-95. Income rather than education indicated socioeconomic status because education was not measured in one of two datasets reported, and income was measured in both.
28. Cecilie Gaziano, "Neighborhood Newspapers, Citizen Groups and Public Affairs Knowledge Gaps," Journalism Quarterly 61 (autumn 1984): 556-66, 599.
29. Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, "Mass Media Flow and Differential Growth in Knowledge," 159-60;
30. Cecilie Gaziano and Alice M. Horowitz, "Knowledge Gap on Cervical, Colorectal Cancer Exists Among U.S. Women," Newspaper Research Journal 22 (winter 2001): 1227.
31. Donohue, Tichenor, and Olien, "Mass Media and the Knowledge Gap";
32. Tichenor, Olien, and Donohue, "Effect of Use of Metro Dailies on Knowledge Gap in Small Towns."
33. Charles Thomas Salmon, "The Role of Involvement in Healthinformation Acquisition and Processing" (Ph.D. diss., University of Minnesota, 1985), 126,155-56,159-62;
34. Kasisomayajula Viswanath, Emily Kahn, John R. Finnegan, Jr., James Hertog, and John D. Potter, "Motivation and the Knowledge Gap: Effects of a Campaign to Reduce Dietrelated Cancer Risk," Communication Research 20 (August 1993): 54663.
35. William P. Eveland, Jr., and Dietram A. Scheufele, "Connecting News Media Use with Gaps in Knowledge and Participation," Political Communication 17 July 2000): 215-37;
36. Nojin Kwak, "Revisiting the Knowledge Gap Hypothesis: Education, Motivation, and Media Use," Communication Research 26 (August 1999): 385-413.
37. Jennifer Jerit, Jason Barabas, and Toby Bolsen, "Citizens, Knowledge, and the Information Environment," American Journal of Political Science 50 (April 2006): 266-82.
38. Cecilie Gaziano and Joann O'Leary, "Childbirth and Infant Development Knowledge Gaps in Interpersonal Settings," Journal of Health Communication 3 (1, 1998): 29-51.
39. T. Berry Brazelton and J. Kevin Nugent, "Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale," in Clinics in Developmental Medicine, 3d ed. (London: MacKeith Press, 1995).
40. T. Berry Brazelton, "Touchpoints: Opportunities for Preventing Problems in the Parent-child Relationship," Acta Paediatrica Supplement 394 (March 1994): 35-9.
41. Marian J. Bakermans-Kranenburg, Marinus H. van Ijzendoorn, and Robert H. Bradley, "Those Who Have, Receive: The Matthew Effect in Early Childhood Intervention in the Home Environment," Review of Educational Research 75 (spring 2005): 1-26;
42. Stephen J. Bavolek, "The Florida Report: The Impact of Gender, Race, Income and Education on Parenting Attitudes: July 1999 to July 2001" (Asheville, NC: Family Development Resources, Inc., 2001).
43. Gaziano, "The Knowledge Gap";
44. Gaziano, "Forecast 2000";
45. Viswanath and Finnegan, "The Knowledge Gap Hypothesis."
46. Robert E. Park, "News as a Form of Knowledge," in Society: Collective Behavior, News and Opinion, Sociology and Modern Society, Collected Papers of Robert E. Park, ed. Everett C. Hughes, Charles S. Johnson, Jitsuichi Masuoka, Robert Redfield, and Louis Wirth (Glencoe, IL: The Free Press, 1955 [1940]), 71-88.
47. Viswanath and Finnegan, "The Knowledge Gap Hypothesis";
48. Leeann Kahlor, Sharon Dunwoody, and Robert J. Griffin, "Predicting Knowledge Complexity in the Wake of an Environmental Risk," Science Communication 26 (September 2004): 5-30;
49. Judy Le Heron and Frank Sligo, "Acquisition of Simple and Complex Knowledge; A Knowledge Gap Perspective," Educational Technology & Society 8 (2, 2005): 190-202.
50. Yung-I Liu and William P. Eveland, Jr., "Education, Need for Cognition, and Campaign Interest as Moderators of News Effects on Political Knowledge: An Analysis of the Knowledge Gap," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 82 (winter 2005): 925.
51. Salmon, "The Role of Involvement in Health-information Acquisition and Processing," 76.
52. James S. Ettema and F. Gerald Kline, "Deficits, Differences, and Ceilings: Contingent Conditions for Understanding the Knowledge Gap," Communication Research 4 (April 1977): 179-202;
53. Doris A. Graber with James M. Smith, "Political Communication Faces the 21st Century," Journal of Communication 55 (September 2005): 483-84.
54. Peter Clarke and F. Gerald Kline, "Media Effects Reconsidered: Some New Strategies for Communication Research," Communication Research 1 (April 1974): 228-29;
55. Alex S. Edelstein, "Decision-making and Mass Communication: A Conceptual and Methodological Approach to Public Opinion," in New Models for Mass Communication Research, ed. Peter Clarke (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1973), 88, 97.
56. William P. Eveland, Jr., and Dietram A. Scheufele, "Connecting News Media Use with Gaps in Knowledge and Participation," Political Communication 17 July-September 2000): 215-37.
57. Emanuel Gaziano and Cecilie Gaziano, "Social Control, Social Change and the Knowledge Gap Hypothesis," in Mass Media, Social Control, and Social Change: A Macrosocial Perspective, ed. David Demers and Kasisomayajula Viswanath (Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1999), 117-36;
58. Douglas Blanks Hindman, "Mass Media Flow and Differential Distribution of Politically Disputed Beliefs: The Belief Gap Hypothesis," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 86 (winter 2009): 790-808;
59. Douglas Blanks Hindman, "The Knowledge Gap vs. the Belief Gap: The Case of Abstinence-only Sex Education" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research, Chicago, IL, November 2009).
60. Jerit, Barabas, and Bolsen, "Citizens, Knowledge, and the Information Environment."
61. Donohue, Tichenor, and Olien, "Mass Media and the Knowledge Gap";
62. George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "Metro Daily Pullback and Knowledge Gaps: Within and Between Communities," Communication Research 13 July 1986): 453-71;
63. Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, Community Conflict and the Press;
64. Tichenor, Olien, and Donohue, "Effect of Use of Metro Dailies on Knowledge Gap in Small Towns."
65. Kasisomayajula Viswanath, John R. Finnegan, Jr., Peter J. Hannan, and Russell V. Luepker, "Health and Knowledge Gaps: Some Lessons from the Minnesota Heart Health Program," American Behavioral Scientist 34 July/August 1991): 712-26;
66. Viswanath et al., "Motivation and the Knowledge Gap: Effects of a Campaign to Reduce Diet-related Cancer Risk";
67. Viswanath et al., "Community Type and the Diffusion of Campaign Information";
68. Viswanath et al., "Local Community Ties, Community-boundedness, and Local Public Affairs Knowledge Gaps."
69. Gaziano, "Neighborhood Newspapers, Citizen Groups and Public Affairs Knowledge Gaps."
70. Salmon, "The Role of Involvement in Health-information Acquisition and Processing";
71. Charles T. Salmon, "Information Campaigns: Balancing Social Values and Social Change," in Sage Annual Reviews of Communication Research, ed. Charles T. Salmon (Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1989), 8-9.
72. David Demers and Kasisomayajula Viswanath, eds., Mass Media, Social Control, and Social Change: A Macrosocial Perspective (Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1999).
73. Viswanath et al., "Health and Knowledge Gaps: Some Lessons from the Minnesota Heart Health Program";
74. Viswanath et al., "Motivation and the Knowledge Gap: Effects of a Campaign to Reduce Diet-related Cancer Risk";
75. Viswanath et al., "Community Type and the Diffusion of Campaign Information";
76. Viswanath et al., "Local Community Ties, Community-boundedness, and Local Public Affairs Knowledge Gaps."
77. Jaeho Cho and Douglas M. McLeod, "Structural Antecedents to Knowledge and Participation: Extending the Knowledge Gap Concept to Participation," Journal of Communication 57 (June 2007): 205-28.
78. Clarke and Kline, "Media Effects Reconsidered: Some New Strategies for Communication Research," 228-29;
79. Edelstein, "Decisionmaking and Mass Communication: A Conceptual and Methodological Approach to Public Opinion," 88, 97;
80. Graber with Smith, "Political Communication Faces the 21st Century."
81. Viswanath et al., "Health and Knowledge Gaps: Some Lessons from the Minnesota Heart Health Program."
82. Thomas M. Holbrook, "Presidential Campaigns and the Knowledge Gap," Political Communication 19 (October-December 2002): 437-54.
83. David R. Williams and Chiquita Collins, "US Socioeconomic and Racial Differences in Health: Patterns and Explanations," Annual Review of Sociology 21 (1995): 349-86.