The importance of fluid-structure interaction in spinal trauma models

Journal of Neurotrauma

Volumn 28, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 113-125

  Persson, Cecilia ^a   Summers, Jon ^a   Hall, Richard M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

cerebrospinal fluid; finite element model; spinal cord injury

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL MODEL; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; BONE; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID; COLLAPSE; COW; DURA MATER; FEMALE; GRAY MATTER; IN VITRO STUDY; MATHEMATICAL MODEL; NONHUMAN; SPINAL CORD; SPINE INJURY; STRESS; WHITE MATTER;

ANIMALS; BIOMECHANICS; CATTLE; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID; FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS; MODELS, NEUROLOGICAL; SPINAL CORD INJURIES;

EID: 78651350842     PISSN: 08977151     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1332     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Allen, A.R. (1914). Remarks on the histopathological changes in the spinal cord due to impact. An experimental study. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 41, 141-147.
2. Anderson, T.E. (1985). Spinal cord contusion injury: experimental dissociation of hemorrhagic necrosis and subacute loss of axonal conduction. J. Neurosurg. 62, 115-119.
3. Bain, A.C., and Meaney, D.F. (2000). Tissue-level thresholds for axonal damage in an experimental model of central nervous system white matter injury. J. Biomech. Eng. 122, 615-622.
4. Bathe, K.-J., and Zhang, H. (2002). A flow-condition-based interpolation finite element procedure for incompressible fluid flows. Computers Structures 80, 1267-1277.
5. Bathe, K.J. (1996). Finite Element Procedures. Prentice-Hall of India: New Delhi.
6. Bilston, L.E., and Thibault, L.E. (1996). The mechanical properties of the human cervical spinal cord in vitro. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 24, 67-74.
7. Bone, J.F. (1988). Animal anatomy and physiology. Prentice Hall: Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
8. Brydon, H.L., Hayward, R., Harkness, W., and Bayston, R. (1995). Physical properties of cerebrospinal fluid of relevance to shunt function 1: the effect of protein upon CSF viscosity. B. J. Neurosurg. 9, 639-644.
9. Chang, G.L., Hung, T.K., Bleyaert, A., and Jannetta, P.J. (1981). Stress-strain measurement of the spinal cord of puppies and their neurological evaluation. J. Trauma 21, 807-810.
10. Choo, A.M., Liu, J., Lam, C.K., Dvorak, M., Tetzlaff, W., and Oxland, T.R. (2007). Contusion, dislocation, and distraction: primary hemorrhage and membrane permeability in distinct mechanisms of spinal cord injury. J. Neurosurg. Spine 6, 255-266.
11. Clarke, E.C., and Bilston, L.E. (2008). Contrasting biomechanics and neuropathology of spinal cord injury in neonatal and adult rats following vertebral dislocation. J. Neurotrauma 25, 817-832.
12. Clarke, E.C., Choo, A.M., Liu, J., Lam, C.K., Bilston, L.E., Tetzlaff, W., and Oxland, T.R. (2008). Anterior fracture-dislocation is more severe than lateral: a biomechanical and neuropathological comparison in rat thoracolumbar spine. J. Neurotrauma 25, 371-383.
13. Denis, F. (1983). The three column spine and its significance in the classification of acute thoracolumbar spinal injuries. Spine 8, 817-831.
14. Duan, Y., Wang, X.F., Evans, A., and Seeman, E. (2005). Structural and biomechanical basis of racial and sex differences in vertebral fragility in Chinese and Caucasians. Bone 36, 987-998.
15. Fiford, R.J., and Bilston, L.E. (2005). The mechanical properties of rat spinal cord in vitro. J. Biomech. 38, 1509-1515.
16. Fiford, R.J., Bilston, L.E., Waite, P., and Lu, J. (2004). A vertebral dislocation model of spinal cord injury in rats. J. Neurotrauma 21, 451-458.
17. Fiford, R.J. (2005). Biomechanics of spinal cord injury in a novel rat model. [PhD dissertation] School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Sydney: Sydney.
18. Galbraith, J.A., Thibault, L.E., and Matteson, D.R. (1993). Mechanicaland electrical responses of the squid giant axon to simple elongation. J. Biomech. Eng. 115, 13-22.
19. Grave, B., Brown, T., and Townsend, G. (1999). Comparison of cervicovertebral dimensions in Australian Aborigines and Caucasians. Eur. J. Orthod. 21, 127-135.
20. Gray, H. (1918). Anatomy of the Human Body. Lea & Febiger: Philadelphia.
21. Greaves, C.Y., Gadala, M.S., and Oxland, T.R. (2008). A threedimensional finite element model of the cervical spine with spinal cord: an investigation of three injury mechanisms. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 36, 396-405.
22. Hall, R.M., Oakland, R.J., Wilcox, R.K., and Barton, D.C. (2006). Spinal cord-fragment interactions following burst fracture: an in vitro model. J. Neurosurg. Spine 5, 243-250.
23. Hindman, B.J., Funatsu, N., Cheng, D.C., Bolles, R., Todd, M.M., and Tinker, J.H. (1990). Differential effect of oncotic pressure on cerebral and extracerebral water content during cardiopulmonary bypass in rabbits. Anesthesiology 73, 951-957.
24. Holsheimer, J., den Boer, J.A., Struijk, J.J., and Rozeboom, A.R. (1994). MR assessment of the normal position of the spinal cord in the spinal canal. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 15, 951-959.
25. Hung, T.K., Lin, H.S., Bunegin, L., and Albin, M.S. (1982). Mechanical and neurological response of cat spinal cord under static loading. Surg. Neurol. 17, 213-217.
26. Ichihara, K., Taguchi, T., Sakuramoto, I., Kawano, S., and Kawai, S. (2003). Mechanism of the spinal cord injury and the cervical spondylotic myelopathy: new approach based on the mechanical features of the spinal cord white and gray matter. J. Neurosurg. 99, 278-285.
27. Ichihara, K., Taguchi, T., Shimada, Y., Sakuramoto, I., Kawano, S., and Kawai, S. (2001). Gray matter of the bovine cervical spinal cord is mechanically more rigid and fragile than the white matter. J. Neurotrauma 18, 361-367.
28. Jakeman, L.B., Guan, Z., Wei, P., Ponnappan, R., Dzwonczyk, R., Popovich, P.G., and Stokes, B.T. (2000). Traumatic spinal cord injury produced by controlled contusion in mouse. J. Neurotrauma 17, 299-319.
29. Jones, C.F., Kroeker, S.G., Cripton, P.A., and Hall, R.M. (2008). The effect of cerebrospinal fluid on the biomechanics of spinal cord: an ex vivo bovine model using bovine and physical surrogate spinal cord. Spine 33, E580-E588.
30. Kakulas, B.A. (1984). Pathology of spinal injuries. Cent. Nerv. Syst. Trauma 1, 117-129.
31. Kloos, A.D., Fisher, L.C., Detloff, M.R., Hassenzahl, D.L., and Basso, D.M. (2005). Stepwise motor and all-or-none sensory recovery is associated with nonlinear sparing after incremental spinal cord injury in rats. Exp. Neurol. 191, 251-265.
32. Kulkarni, M.V., McArdle, C.B., Kopanicky, D., Miner, M., Cotler, H.B., Lee, K.F., and Harris, J.H. (1987). Acute spinal cord injury: MR imaging at 1.5 T. Radiology 164, 837-843.
33. Liu, X.Z., Xu, X.M., Hu, R., Du, C., Zhang, S.X., McDonald, J.W., Dong, H.X., Wu, Y.J., Fan, G.S., Jacquin, M.F., Hsu, C.Y., and Choi, D.W. (1997). Neuronal and glial apoptosis after traumatic spinal cord injury. J. Neurosci. 17, 5395-5406.
34. Loth, F., Yardimci, M.A., and Alperin, N. (2001). Hydrodynamic modeling of cerebrospinal fluid motion within the spinal cavity. J. Biomech. Eng. 123, 71-79.
35. Maikos, J.T., and Shreiber, D.I. (2007). Immediate damage to the blood-spinal cord barrier due to mechanical trauma. J. Neurotrauma 24, 492-507.
36. Maikos, J.T., Elias, R.A., and Shreiber, D.I. (2008a). Mechanical properties of dura mater from the rat brain and spinal cord. J. Neurotrauma 25, 38-51.
37. Maikos, J.T., Qian, Z., Metaxas, D., and Shreiber, D.I. (2008b). Finite element analysis of spinal cord injury in the rat. J. Neurotrauma 25, 795-816.
38. Mazuchowski, E.L., and Thibault, L.E. (2003). Biomechanical properties of the human spinal cord and pia mater. Summer Bioengineering Conference. Sonesta Beach Resort in Key Biscayne, Florida.
39. Morita, Y., Tomita, N., Aoki, H., Sonobe, M., Wakitani, S., Tamada, Y., Suguro, T., and Ikeuchi, K. (2006). Frictional properties of regenerated cartilage in vitro. J. Biomech. 39, 103-109.
40. Nelson, S.R., Mantz, M.R., and Maxwell, J.A. (1971). Use of specific gravity in the measurement of cerebral edema. J. Appl. Physiol. 30, 268-271.
41. Oakland, R.J. (2003). A biomechanical study of the spinal cord in the burst fracture process. [PhD dissertation]. School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds: Leeds.
42. Oakland, R.J., Hall, R.M., Wilcox, R.K., and Barton, D.C. (2006). The biomechanical response of spinal cord tissue to uniaxial loading. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. [H] 220, 489-492.
43. Ogden, R.W. (1972). Large deformation isotropic elasticity-On the correlation of theory and experiment for incompressible rubberlike solids. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences 326, 565-584.
44. Ouyang, H., Galle, B., Li, J., Nauman, E., and Shi, R. (2008). Biomechanics of spinal cord injury: A multimodal investigation using ex vivo guinea pig spinal cord white matter. J. Neurotrauma 25, 19-29.
45. Palastanga, N., Field, D., and Soames, R. (2002). Anatomy and Human Movement. Structure and Function. Butterworth-Heinemann: Oxford.
46. Persson, C., Evans, S., Marsh, R., Summers, J.L., and Hall, R.M. (2010). Poissons ratio and strain rate dependency of the constitutive behavior of spinal dura mater. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 38, 976-983.
47. Persson, C., McLure, S.W., Summers, J., and Hall, R.M. (2009). The effect of bone fragment size and cerebrospinal fluid on spinal cord deformation during trauma: an ex vivo study. J. Neurosurg. Spine 10, 315-323.
48. Pickard, J., Ingham, E., Egan, J., and Fisher, J. (1998). Investigation into the effect of proteoglycan molecules on the tribological properties of cartilage joint tissues. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. H 212, 177-182.
49. Pintar, F.A., Schlick, M.B., Yoganandan, N., and Maiman, D.J. (1996). Instrumented artificial spinal cord for human cervical pressure measurement. Biomed. Mater. Eng. 6, 219-229.
50. Richardson, M.G., and Wissler, R.N. (1996). Density of lumbar cerebrospinal fluid in pregnant and nonpregnant humans. Anesthesiology 85, 326-330.
51. Ross, P.D., Davis, J.W., Epstein, R.S., and Wasnich, R.D. (1992). Ability of vertebral dimensions from a single radiograph to identify fractures. Calcif. Tissue Int. 51, 95-99.
52. Runza, M., Pietrabissa, R., Mantero, S., Albani, A., Quaglini, V., and Contro, R. (1999). Lumbar dura mater biomechanics: experimental characterization and scanning electron microscopy observations. Anesth. Analg. 88, 1317-1321.
53. Saifuddin, A., Noordeen, H., Taylor, B.A., and Bayley, I. (1996). The role of imaging in the diagnosis and management of thoracolumbar burst fractures: current concepts and a review of the literature. Skeletal. Radiol. 25, 603-613.
54. Sekhon, L.H., and Fehlings, M.G. (2001). Epidemiology, demographics, and pathophysiology of acute spinal cord injury. Spine 26, S2-S12.
55. Shi, R., and Whitebone, J. (2006). Conduction deficits and membrane disruption of spinal cord axons as a function of magnitude and rate of strain. J. Neurophysiol. 95, 3384-3390.
56. Sparrey, C.J., Manley, G.T., and Keaveny, T.M. (2009). Effects of white, grey, and pia mater properties on tissue level stresses and strains in the compressed spinal cord. J. Neurotrauma 26, 585-595.
57. Tencer, A.F., Allen, B.L., Jr., and Ferguson, R.L. (1985). A biomechanical study of thoracolumbar spine fractures with bone in the canal. Part III. Mechanical properties of the dura and its tethering ligaments. Spine 10, 741-747.
58. Theobald, P., Byrne, C., Oldfield, S.F., Dowson, D., Benjamin, M., Dent, C., Pugh, N., and Nokes, L.D. (2007). Lubrication regime of the contact between fat and bone in bovine tissue. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. H 221, 351-356.
59. Tran, N.T., Watson, N.A., Tencer, A.F., Ching, R.P., and Anderson, P.A. (1995). Mechanism of the burst fracture in the thoracolumbar spine. The effect of loading rate. Spine 20, 1984-1988.
60. Tubbs, R.S., Salter, G., Grabb, P.A., and Oakes, W.J. (2001). The denticulate ligament: anatomy and functional significance. J. Neurosurg. 94, 271-275.
61. Tunituri, A.R. (1977). Elasticity of the spinal cord dura in the dog. J. Neurosurg. 47, 391-396.
62. Zhang, H., and Bathe, K.J. (2001). Direct and iterative computing of fluid flows fully coupled with structures. First MIT Conference on Computational Fluid and Solid Mechanics. Elsevier: Cambridge, MA.