Fear of in-school victimization: Contextual, gendered, and developmental considerations

Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 59-78

  Swartz, Kristin ^a   Reyns, Bradford W ^b   Henson, Billy ^a   Wilcox, Pamela ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI   (United States)

^b SOUTHERN UTAH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

age and fear; fear of crime; gender and fear; school crime

Indexed keywords

EID: 78650768718     PISSN: 15412040     EISSN: 15569330     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1541204010374606     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Alvarez, A., & Bachman, R. (1997). Predicting the fear of assault at school and while going to and from school in an adolescent population. Violence and Victims, 12, 69-85.
2. Astor, R.A., Benbenishty, R., Zeira, A., & Vinokur, A. (2002). School climate, observed risky behaviors, and victimization as predictors of high school students' fear and judgments of school violence as a problem. Health Education & Behavior, 29, 716-736.
3. Astor, R.A., Meyer, H.A., & Behre, W.J. (1999). Unowned places and times: Maps and interviews about violence in high schools. American Educational Research Journal, 36, 3-42.
4. Astor, R.A., Meyer, H.A., & Pitner, R.O. (2001). Elementary and middle school students' perceptions of violence-prone school subcontexts. The Elementary School Journal, 101, 511-528.
5. Benbenishty, R., & Astor, R.A. (2005). School violence in context: Culture, neighborhood, family, school, and gender. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
6. Braungart, M.M., Braungart, R.G., & Hoyer, W.J. (1980). Age, sex, and social factors in fear of crime. Sociological Focus, 13, 55-66.
7. Brownlow, A. (2005). A geography of men's fear. Geoforum, 36, 581-592.
8. Campbell Augustine, M., Wilcox, P., Ousey, G.C., & Clayton, R.R. (2002). Opportunity theory and adolescent school-based victimization. Violence and Victims, 17, 233-253.
9. Clemente, F., & Kleiman, M.B. (1976). Fear of crime among the aged. Gerontology, 16, 207-210.
10. Dinkes, R., Kemp, J., Baum, K., & Snyder, T.D. (2009). Indicators of school crime and safety: 2008 (NCES 2009-022/NCJ226343). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Educational Sciences, U.S. Department of Education, and Bureau of Justice Statistics, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, DC.
11. Ferguson, K.M. & Mindel, C.H. (2007). Modeling fear of crime in Dallas neighborhoods: A test of social capital theory. Crime & Delinquency, 53, 322-349.
12. Ferraro, K.F. (1995). Fear of crime: Interpreting victimization risk. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
13. Ferraro, K.F., & LaGrange, R. (1987). The measurement of fear of crime. Sociological Inquiry, 57, 70-97.
14. Fisher, B.S., & May, D. (2009). College students' crime-related fears on campus: Are fear-provoking cues gendered? Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 25, 300-321.
15. Fisher, B.S., & Nasar, J.L. (1992). Fear of crime in relation to three exterior site features: Prospect, refuge, and escape. Environment and Behavior, 24, 35-65.
16. Fisher, B.S., & Nasar, J.L. (1995). Fear spots in relation to microlevel physical cues: Exploring the overlooked. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 32, 214-239.
17. Fisher, B.S., & Sloan, J.J., III. (2003). Unraveling the fear of victimization among college women: Is the "shadow of sexual assault hypothesis" supported? Justice Quarterly, 20, 633-659.
18. Franklin, T.W., Franklin, C.A., & Fearn, N.E. (2008). A multilevel analysis of the vulnerability, disorder and social integration models of fear of crime. Social Justice Research, 21, 204-227.
19. Garofalo, J. (1979). Victimization and the fear of crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 16, 80-97.
20. Hindelang, M.J., Gottfredson, M.R., & Garofalo, J. (1978). Victims of personal crime: An empirical foundation for a theory of personal victimization. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger Publishing Company.
21. Hutchinson Wallace, L., & May, D.C. (2005). The impact of parental attachment and feelings of isolation on adolescent fear of crime at school. Adolescence, 40, 457-474.
22. LaGrange, R.L., Ferraro, K.F., & Supancic, M. (1992). Perceived risk and fear of crime: Role of social and physical incivilities. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 29, 311-334.
23. Lane, J., & Meeker, J.W. (2003). Women's and men's fear of gang crimes: Sexual and nonsexual assault as perceptually contemporaneous offenses. Justice Quarterly, 20, 337-371.
24. Lee, M.S., & Ulmer, J.T. (2000). Fear of crime among Korean Americans in Chicago Communities. Criminology, 38, 1173-1206.
25. Lewis, D.A., & Maxfield, M.G. (1980). Fear in the neighborhoods: An investigation of the impact of crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 17, 160-189.
26. Lewis, D.A., & Salem, G. (1986). Fear of crime: Incivility and the production of a social problem. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
27. Lindquist, J.H., & Duke, J.M. (1982). The elderly victim at risk. Criminology, 20, 115-126.
28. May, D.C. (1999). Scared kids, unattached kids, or peer pressure: Why do students carry firearms to school? Youth and Society, 31, 100-127.
29. May, D.C. (2001). The effect of fear of sexual victimization on adolescent fear of crime. Sociological Spectrum, 21, 141-174.
30. May, D.C., & Dunaway, R.G. (2000). Predictors of fear of criminal victimization at school among adolescents. Sociological Spectrum, 20, 149-168.
31. McGarrell, E.F., Giacomazzi, A., & Thurman, Q.C. (1997). Neighborhood disorder, integration, and fear of crime. Justice Quarterly, 14, 479-500.
32. Melde, C. (2009). Lifestyle, rational choice, and adolescent fear: A test of a risk-assessment framework. Criminology, 47, 781-811.
33. Melde, C., & Esbensen, F. (2009). The victim-offender overlap and fear of in-school victimization: A longitudinal examination of risk assessment models. Crime & Delinquency, 55, 499-525.
34. Melde, C., Taylor, T.J., & Esbensen, F. (2009). "I got your back:" An examination of the protective function of gang membership in adolescence. Criminology, 47, 565-594.
35. Merry, S.E. (1981). Defensible space undefended: Social factors in crime control through environmental design. Urban Affairs Quarterly, 16, 397-422.
36. Nasar, J.L., & Fisher, B. (1993). 'Hot spots' of fear and crime: A multi-method investigation. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 13, 187-206.
37. Ortega, S.T., & Myles, J.L. (1987). Race and gender effects on fear of crime: An interactive model with age. Criminology, 25, 133-152.
38. Paternoster, R., Brame, R., Mazerolle, P., & Piquero, A. (1998). Using the correct statistical test for the equality of regression coefficients. Criminology, 36, 859-866.
39. Perkins, D.D., & Taylor, R.B. (1996). Ecological assessments of community disorder: Their relationships to fear of crime and theoretical implications. American Journal of Community Psychology, 24, 63-107.
40. Raudenbush, S.W., & Bryk, A. (2002). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
41. Roberts, S.D., Wilcox, P., May, D.C., & Clayton, R.R. (2007). My school or our school? The effects of individual versus shared school experiences on teacher perceptions of safety. Journal of School Violence, 6, 33-55.
42. Schaeffer, J.A., Huebner, B.M., & Bynum, T.S. (2006). Fear of crime and criminal victimization: Gender-based contrasts. Journal of Criminal Justice, 34, 285-301.
43. Scheckner, S., Rollins, S.A., Kaiser-Ulrey, C., & Wagner, R. (2002). School violence in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis of effectiveness. Journal of School Violence, 1, 5-34.
44. Schreck, C.J., & Miller, J.M. (2003). Sources of fear of crime at school: What is the relative contribution of disorder, individual characteristics, and school security? Journal of School Violence, 2, 57-77.
45. Schreck, C.J., Miller, J.M., & Gibson, C.L. (2003). Trouble in the school yard: A study of the risk factors of victimization at school. Crime & Delinquency, 49, 460-484.
46. Skiba, R., Simmons, A.B., Peterson, R., McKelvey, J., Forde, S., & Gallini, S. (2004). Beyond guns, drugs, and gangs: The structure of student perceptions of school safety. Journal of School Violence, 3, 149-171.
47. Skogan, W.G. (1987). The impact of victimization on fear. Crime & Delinquency, 33, 135-154.
48. Skogan, W.G. (1990). Disorder and decline. New York, NY: Free Press.
49. Taylor, R.B. (2001). Breaking away from broken windows: Baltimore neighborhoods and the nationwide fight against crime, grime, fear, and decline. Boulder, CO: Westview.
50. Taylor, R.B., & Hale, M. (1986). Testing alternative models of fear of crime. The Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 77, 151-189.
51. Van Voorhis, P. (2004). An overview of offender classification systems. In P. Van Voorhis, M. Braswell & D. Lester (Eds.), Correctional counseling and rehabilitation (pp. 133-160). Cincinnati, OH: Anderson.
52. Van Voorhis, P., Salisbury, E., & Wright, E. (2008). Achieving accurate pictures of risk and identifying gender responsive needs: Two new assessments for women offenders. Washington, DC: USDOJ, National Institute of Corrections.
53. Warr, M. (1984). Fear of victimization: Why are women and the elderly more afraid? Social Science Quarterly, 65, 681-702.
54. Warr, M. (1985). Fear of rape among urban women. Social Problems, 32, 238-250.
55. Warr, M. (2000). Fear of crime in the United States: Avenues for research and policy. In D. Duffee (Ed.), Measurement and analysis of crime and justice (Vol. 4, pp. 452-489). Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
56. Welsh, W.N. (2001). Effects of student and school factors on five measures of school disorder. Justice Quarterly, 18, 911-947.
57. Wilcox, P., Campbell Augustine, M., Bryan, J.P., & Roberts, S.D. (2005). The "reality" of school crime: Objective versus subjective experiences among a sample of Kentucky youth. Journal of School Violence, 4, 3-28.
58. Wilcox, P., May, D.C., & Roberts, S.D. (2006). Student weapon possession and the "fear and victimization hypothesis:" Unraveling the temporal order. Justice Quarterly, 23, 502-529.
59. Wilcox, P., Skubak Tillyer, M., & Fisher, B.S. (2009). Gendered opportunity? School-based adolescent victimization. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 46, 245-269.
60. Wilcox Rountree, P. (1998). A reexamination of the crime-fear linkage. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 35, 341-372.
61. Wilcox Rountree, P., & Land, K.C. (1996). Perceived risk versus fear of crime: Empirical evidence of conceptually distinct reactions in survey data. Social Forces, 74, 1353-1376.
62. Wilson, J.Q., & Kelling, G. (1982). Broken windows. Atlantic Monthly, 21, 29-38.
63. Yin, P.P. (1980). Fear of crime among the elderly: Some issue and suggestions. Social Problems, 27, 492-504.