The effects of training, muscle damage and fatigue on running economy

International SportMed Journal

Volumn 11, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 363-379

  Burgess, Theresa L ^a   Lambert, Michael I ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Delayed onset muscle soreness; Eccentric exercise; Endurance training; Performance; Submaximal oxygen consumption

Indexed keywords

EID: 78650588895     PISSN: None     EISSN: 15283356     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. Saunders PU, Pyne DB, Telford RD, et al. Factors affecting running economy in trained distance runners. Sports Med 2004; 34(7):465-485.
2. Cavanagh PR, Kram R. The efficiency of human movement - a statement of the problem. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1985; 17(3):304-308.
3. Cavanagh PR, Kram R. Mechanical and muscular factors affecting the efficiency of human movement. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1985; 17(3):326-331.
4. Caird SJ, McKenzie AD, Sleivert GG. Biofeedback and relaxation techniques improve running economy in sub-elite long distance runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999; 31:717-722.
5. Jones AM, Carter H. The effect of endurance training on parameters of aerobic fitness. Sports Med 2000; 29:373-386.
6. Daniels J, Daniels N. Running economy of elite male and elite female runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992; 24(4):483-489.
7. Noakes TD. Lore of running. Cape Town: Oxford University Press; 2001.
8. Morgan DW, Martin PE, Krahenbuhl GS. Factors affecting running economy. Sports Med 1989; 7:310-330.
9. Daniels JT. A physiologist's view of running economy. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1985; 17(3):332-338.
10. Conley D, Krahenbuhl G. Running economy and distance running performance of highly trained athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1980; 12:357-360.
11. Anderson T. Biomechanics and running economy. Sports Med 1996; 22(2):76-89.
12. Morgan DW, Craib M. Physiological aspects of running economy. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992; 24(2):456-451.
13. Thomas DQ, Fernhall B, Blanpied P, et al. Changes in running economy and mechanics during a submaximal 5-km run. J Strength Cond Res 1995; 9(3):170-175.
14. Bernard O, Maddio F, Ouattara S, et al. Influence of the oxygen uptake slow component on the aerobic energy cost of high-intensity submaximal treadmill running in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 1998; 78:578-585.
15. Bransford DR, Howley ET. Oxygen cost of running in trained and untrained men and women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1977; 9:41-44.
16. Krahenbuhl GS, Morgan DW, Pangrazi RP. Longitudinal changes in distance-running performance of young males. Int J Sports Med 1989; 10:92-96.
17. Morgan DW, Baldini FD, Martin PE, Kohrt WM. Ten kilometer performance and predicted velocity at VO2max among well-trained male runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1989; 21:78-83.
18. Morgan DW, Martin PE, Baldini FD, Krahenbuhl GS. Effects of a prolonged maximal run on running economy and running mechanics. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1990; 22(6):834-840.
19. Costill D, Winrow E. A comparison of two middle-aged ultra-marathon runners. Res Q 1970; 41:135-139.
20. DiPrampero PE, Capelli C, Pagliaro P, et al. Energetics of best performances in middle-distance running. J Appl Physiol 1993; 74(5):2318-2324.
21. Svedenhagen J, Sjödin B. Physiological characteristics of elite male runners in and off-season. Can J Appl Sports Sci 1985; 10:127-133.
22. Weston AR, Mbambo Z, Myburgh KH. Running economy of African and Caucasian distance runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000; 32(6):1130-1134.
23. Williams KR, Cavanagh PR. Relationship between distance running mechanics, running economy, and performance. J Appl Physiol 1987; 63(3):1236-1245.
24. Farrell PA, Wilmore J, Coyle E, et al. Plasma lactate accumulation and distance running performace. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1979; 11:338-344.
25. DiPrampero PE, Atchou G, Brueckner JC. The energetics of endurance running. Eur J Appl Physiol 1986; 55:259-266.
26. Mayers N, Gutin B. Physiological characteristics of elite prepubertal cross-country runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1979; 11(2):172-176.
27. Dolgener F. Oxygen cost of walking and running in untrained, sprint trained, and endurance trained females. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1982; 22(1):60-65.
28. Krahenbuhl GS, Pangrazi RP. Characteristics associated with running performance in young boys. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1983; 15(6):486-490.
29. Pollock ML, Jackson AS, Pate RR. Discriminant analysis of physiological differences between good and elite distance runners. Res Q Exerc Sport 1980; 51(3):521-532.
30. Daniels J, Oldridge N, Nagle F, et al. Differences and changes in VO2 among young runners 10 to 18 years of age. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1978; 10:200-203.
31. Morgan DW, Bransford DR, Costill DL, et al. Variation in the aerobic demand of running among trained and untrained subjects. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1995; 27(3):404-409.
32. Conley DL, Krahenbuhl GS, Burkett L. Training for aerobic capacity and running economy. Phys Sportsmed 1981; 9:107-115.
33. Demarle AP, Slawinski JJ, Laffite LP, et al. Decrease of O2 deficit is a potential factor in increased time to exhaustion after specific endurance training. J Appl Physiol 2001; 90:947-953.
34. Pate RR, Sparling PB, Wilson GE, et al. Cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses to submaximal and maximal exercise in elite women ditance runners. Int J Sports Med 1987; 8:91-95.
35. Patton JF, Vogel JA. Cross-sectional and longitudinal evaluations of an endurance training program. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1977; 9:100-103.
36. Tabata I, Nishimura K, Kouzaki M, et al. Effects of moderate-intensity endurance and high-intensity intermittent training on anaerobic capacity and VO2max. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996; 28:1327-1330.
37. Conley D, Krahenbuhl G, Burkett L, et al. Physiological correlates of female road racing performance. Res Q Exerc Sport 1981; 52:441-448.
38. Franch J, Madsen K, Djurhuus MS, et al. Improved running economy following intensified training correlates with reduced ventilatory demands. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998; 30(8):1250-1256.
39. Paavolainen L, Häkkinen K, Hämäläinen I, et al. Explosive-strength training improves 5-km running time by improving running economy and muscle power. J Appl Physiol 1999; 86(5):1527-1533.
40. Millet GP, Jaouen B, Borrani F, et al. Effects of concurrent endurance and strength training on running economy and VO2 kinetics. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002; 34:1351-1359.
41. Lake MJ, Cavanagh PR. Short-term training effects on running kinematics and running economy. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1990; (Suppl):S22.
42. Daniels JT, Yarbrough R, Foster C. Changes in VO2max and running performance with training. Eur J Appl Physiol 1978; 39:249-254.
43. Holloszy J, Coyle E. Adaptations of skeletal muscle to endurance exercise and their metabolic consequences. J Appl Physiol 1984; 56:831-838.
44. Pate RR, Macera CA, Bailey SP, et al. Physiological, anthropometric, and training correlates of running economy. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992; 24:1128-1133.
45. Jones AM. A five year physiological case study of an Olympic runner. Br J Sports Med 1998; 32:39-43.
46. Mayhew J. Oxygen cost and energy expenditure of running in trained runners. Br J Sports Med 1977; 11:116-121.
47. Svedenhagen J, Sjödin B. Maximal and submaximal oxygen uptakes and blood lactate levels in elite male midde- and long-distance runners. Int J Sports Med 1984; 5(5):255-261.
48. Scrimgeour AG, Noakes TD, Adams B, et al. The influence of weekly training distance on fractional utilization of maximum aerobic capacity in marathon and ultra-marathon runners. Eur J Appl Physiol 1986; 55:202-209.
49. Sjödin B, Svedenhagen J. Applied physiology of marathon running. Sports Med 1985; 2:83-99.
50. Bailey SP, Messier SP. Variations in stride length and running economy in male novice runners subsequent to a seven-week training program. Int J Sports Med 1991; 12(3):299-304.
51. Lake MJ, Cavanagh PR. Six weeks of training does not change running mechanics or improve running economy. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996; 28(7):860-869.
52. Bailey S, Pate R. Feasibility of improving running economy. Sports Med 1991; 12:228-236.
53. Martin PE, Morgan DW. Biomechanical considerations for economical walking and running. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992; 24:467-474.
54. Thomas TR, Adeniran SB, Etheridge GL. Effects of different running programs on VO2max, percent fat and plasma lipids. Can J Sports Sci 1984; 9:55-62.
55. Helgerud J, Engen LC, Wisløff U, et al. Aerobic endurance training improves soccer performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33:1925-1931.
56. Helgerud J, Høydal K, Wang E, et al. Aerobic high-intensity intervals improve VO2max more than moderate training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 39(4):665-671.
57. Chen TC, Nosaka K, Wu CC. Effects of a 30-min running performed daily after downhill running on recovery of muscle function and running economy. J Sci Med Sports 2008; 11(3):271-279.
58. Bergh U, Sjödin B, Forsberg A, et al. The relationship between body mass and oxygen uptake during running in humans. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991; 23:205-211.
59. Hickson RC, Dvorak E, Gorostiaga EM, et al. Potential for strength and endurance training to amplify endurance performance. J Appl Physiol 1988; 65:2285-2290.
60. Bulbulian R, Wilcox AR, Darabos BL. Anaerobic contribution to distance running performance of trained cross-country athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1986; 18(1):107-113.
61. Houmard JA, Costill DL, Mitchell JB, et al. The role of anaerobic ability in middle distance running performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 1991; 62(40):43.
62. Hoff J, Helgerud J, Wisløff U. Endurance training into the next millenium: Muscular strength training effects on aerobic endurance performance: A review. Am J Sports Med 2002; 4:58-67.
63. Marcinik EJ, Potts J, Schlabach G, et al. Effects of strength training on lactate threshold and endurance performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991; 23:739-743.
64. McCarthy JP, Agre JC, Graf BK, et al. Compatibility of adaptive responses with combining strength and endurance training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1995; 27(3):429-436.
65. Johnston RE, Quinn TJ, Kertzer R, et al. Strength training in female distance runners: Impact on running economy. J Strength Cond Res 1997; 11:224-229.
66. Spurrs RW, Murphy AJ, Watsford ML. The effect of plyometric training on distance running performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 2003; 89:1-7.
67. Myers M, Struedel K. Effect of limb mass and its distribution on the energetic cost of running. J Exp Biol 1985; 116:363-373.
68. Ferrauti A, Bergermann M, Fernandez-Fernandez J. Effects of a concurrent strength and endurance training on running performance and running economy in recreational marathon runners. J Strength Cond Res 2010; 24(10):2770-2778.
69. Hoff J, Tjønna AE, Steinshamn S, et al. Maximal strength training of the legs in COPD: A therapy for mechanical inefficiency. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 39(2):220-226.
70. Stören Ö, Helgerud J, Støa EM, et al. Maximal strength training improves running economy in distance runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008; 40(6):1087-1092.
71. Wilson GJ, Wood GA, Elliot BC. Optimal stiffness of series elastic component in a stretch-shorten cycle activity. J Appl Physiol 1991; 70:825-833.
72. Heise GD, Martin PE. "Leg spring" characteristics and the aerobic demand of running. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998; 30(5):750-754.
73. Turner AM, Owings M, Schwane JA. Improvement in running economy after 6 weeks of plyometric training. J Strength Cond Res 2003; 17(1):60-67.
74. Häkkinen K, Komi PV, Alen M. Effect of explosive type strength training on isometric force- and relaxation-time, electromyographic and muscle fibre characteristics of leg extensor muscles. Acta Physiol Scand 1985; 125(4):587-600.
75. Cornu C, Almeida Silveira MI, et al. Influence of plyometric training on the mechanical impedance of the human ankle joint. Eur J Appl Physiol 1997; 76:282-288.
76. Saunders PU, Telford RD, Pyne DB, et al. Short-term plyometric training improves running economy in highly trained middle and long distance runners. J Strength Cond Res 2006; 20(4):947-954.
77. Houmard J, Kirwan J, Flynn M, et al. Effects of reduced training on submaximal and maximal running responses. Int J Sports Med 1989; 10:30-33.
78. Houmard J, Costill D, Mitchell J, et al. Reduced training maintains performance in distance runners. Int J Sports Med 1990; 11:46-52.
79. Tanaka H, West KA, Duncan GE, et al. Changes in plasma tryptophan/branched chain amino acid ratio in responses to training volume variation. Int J Sports Med 1997; 18(4):270-275.
80. Kuipers H, Keizer H. Overtraining in elite athletes. Sports Med 1988; 6:79-92.
81. Newsholme EA, Blomstrand E, Ekblom B. Physical and mental fatigue: Metabolic mechanisms and importance of plasma amino acids. Br Med Bull 1992; 48(3):477-495.
82. Sproule J. Running economy deteriorates following 60 min of exercise at 80% VO2max. Eur J Appl Physiol 1998; 77:366-371.
83. Xu F, Montgomery DL. Effect of prolonged exercise at 65 and 80 % of VO2max on running economy. Int J Sports Med 1995; 16(5):309-315.
84. Hausswirth C, Bigard AX, Guezennec CY. Relationships between running mechanics and energy cost of running at the end of a triathlon and a marathon. Int J Sports Med 1997; 18:330-339.
85. Cavanagh PR, Andrew G, Kram R, et al. An approach to biomechanical profiling of elite distance runners. Int J Sports Med 1985; 1:36-62.
86. Hausswirth C, Bigard AX, Berthelot M, et al. Variability in energy cost of running at the end of a triathlon and marathon. Int J Sports Med 1996; 17:572-579.
87. Woledge RC. Possible effects of fatigue on muscle efficiency. Acta Physiol Scand 1998; 162:267-273.
88. Calbert JAL, Chavarren J, Dorado C. Running economy and delayed onset muscle soreness. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2001; 41:18-26.
89. Nicol C, Komi PV, Marconnet P. Effects of marathon fatigue on running kinematics and economy. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1991; 1:195-204.
90. Kryöläinen H, Pullinen T, Candau R, et al. Effects of marathon running on running economy and kinematics. Eur J Appl Physiol 2000; 82:297-304.
91. Brueckner JC, Atchou G, Capelli C, et al. The energy cost of running increases with the distance covered. Eur J Appl Physiol 1991; 62:385-389.
92. Davies CTM, Thompson MW. Physiological responses to prolonged exercise in ultramarathon athletes. J Appl Physiol 1986; 61:611-617.
93. Westerlind KC, Byrnes WC, Mazzeo RS. A comparison of the oxygen drift in downhill vs. level running. J Appl Physiol 1992; 72(2):796-800.
94. Hagberg JM, Mullin JP, Nagel FJ. Oxygen consumption during constant-load exercise. J Appl Physiol 1978; 45:381-384.
95. Kaciuba-Uscilko H, Kruk B, Szczpaczewska M, et al. Metabolic, body temperature and hormonal responses to repeated periods of prolonged cycle-ergometer exercise in man. Eur J Appl Physiol 1992; 64:26-31.
96. Braun WA, Dutto DJ. The effects of a single bout of downhill running and ensuing delayed onset of muscle soreness on running economy performed 48 h later. Eur J Appl Physiol 2003; 90:29-34.
97. Dick RW, Cavanagh PR. An explanation of the upward drift in oxygen uptake during prolonged sub-maximal downhill running. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1987; 19:310-317.
98. Kryöläinen H, Takala TES, Komi PV. Muscle damage induced by stretch-shortening cycle exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998; 30:415-420.
99. Perrey S, Betik A, Candau R, et al. Comparison of oxygen uptake kinetics during concentric and eccentric cycle exercise. J Appl Physiol 2001; 91:2135-2142.
100. Nicol C, Komi PV, Marconnet P. Fatigue effects of marathon running on neuromuscular performance. II. Changes in force, integrated electromyographic activity and endurance capacity. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1991; 1:18-24.
101. Elliot BC, Roberts AD. A biomechanical evaluation of the role of fatigue in middle-distance running. Can J Appl Sci 1980; 5:203-207.
102. Dressendorfer RH. Acute reduction in maximal oxygen uptake after long-distance running. Int J Sports Med 1991; 12:30-33.
103. Brooks GA, Hittleman J, Faulkner JA, et al. Temperature, liver mitochondrial respiratory functions, and oxygen debt. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1971; 3:72-74.
104. Klausen K, Knuttgen HG. Effect of training on oxygen consumption in negative muscular work. Acta Physiol Scand 1971; 83:319-323.
105. Chen TC, Nosaka K, Tu J. Changes in running economy following downhill running. J Sports Sci 2007; 25(1):55-63.
106. Byrne C, Eston RG. The effect of exercise-induced muscle damage on isometric and dynamic knee extensor strength and vertical jump performance. J Sports Sci 2002; 20:417-425.
107. Avela J, Komi PV. Reduced stretch reflex sensitivity and muscle stiffness after long-lasting stretch-shortening cycle exercise in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 1998; 78:403-410.
108. Westerlind KC, Byrnes WC, Harris C, et al. Alterations in oxygen consumption during and between bouts of level and downhill running. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1994; 26(9):1144-1152.
109. Gleeson M, Blannin AK, Zhu B, et al. Cardiorespiratory, hormonal and haematological responses to submaximal cycling performed 2 days after eccentric or concentric exercise bouts. J Sports Sci 1995; 13:471-479.
110. Marcora SM, Bosio A. Effect of exercise-induced muscle damage on endurance running performance in humans. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2007; 17:662-671.
111. Paschalis V, Koutedakis Y, Baltzopoulos V, et al. The effects of muscle damage on running economy in healthy males. Int J Sports Med 2005; 26(10):827-831.
112. Scott KE, Rozenek R, Russo AC, et al. Effects of delayed onset muscle soreness on selected physiological responses to submaximal running. J Strength Cond Res 2003; 17(4):652-658.
113. Petersen K, Bugge Hansen C, Aagaard P, et al. Muscle mechanical characteristics in fatigue and recovery from a marathon race in highly trained runners. Eur J Appl Physiol 2007; 101:385-396.
114. Hamill J, Freedson PS, Clarkson PM, et al. Muscle soreness during running: Biomechanical and physiological considerations. Int J Sports Biomech 1991; 7:125-137.