Alzheimer's disease: Future treatments

Journal of the American Medical Directors Association

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 1-7

  Morley, John E ^a  

^a SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN; AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN; BETA SECRETASE 1; CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR; DIMEBON; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID; DONEPEZIL; GALANTAMINE; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE 3; MEMANTINE; METHYLENE BLUE; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; NERVE GROWTH FACTOR; NICOTINAMIDE; PHOSPHODIESTERASE INHIBITOR; PIOGLITAZONE; RIVASTIGMINE; ROSIGLITAZONE; TAU PROTEIN; TESTOSTERONE; THIOCTIC ACID; VALPROIC ACID;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; DISORDERS OF MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTIONS; DRUG MEGADOSE; EDITORIAL; HUMAN; IMMUNOTHERAPY; MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT; MINI MENTAL STATE EXAMINATION; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLE; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NEUROPROTECTION; SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY MENTAL STATUS EXAMINATION;

EID: 78650587723     PISSN: 15258610     EISSN: 15389375     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2010.10.008     Document Type: Editorial

References (116)

1. Lee M., Chodosh J. Dementia and life expectancy: What do we know?. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2009, 10:466-471.
2. Cruz-Oliver D.M., Morley J.E. Early detection of cognitive impairment: Do screening tests help?. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2010, 11:1-6.
3. Villars H., Oustric S., Andrieu S., et al. The primary care physician and Alzheimer's disease: An international position paper. J Nutr Health Aging 2010, 14:110-120.
4. Ferretti M., Seematter-Bagnoud L., Martin E., Bula C.J. New diagnoses of dementia among older patients admitted to postacute care. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2010, 11:371-376.
5. Kaufer D.I., Williams C.S., Braaten A.J., et al. Cognitive screening for dementia and mild cognitive impairments in assisted living: Comparison of 3 tests. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2008, 9:586-593.
6. Mansdorf I.J., Harrington M., Lund J., Wohl N. Neuropsychological testing in skilled nursing facilities: The failure to confirm diagnoses of dementia. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2008, 9:271-274.
7. Ishii S., Weintraub N., Mervis J.R. Apathy: A common psychiatric syndrome in the elderly. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2009, 10:381-393.
8. Volicer L., Van der Steen J.T., Frijters D.H. Modifiable factors related to abusive behaviors in nursing home residents with dementia. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2009, 10:617-622.
9. Volicer L. Behaviors in advanced dementia. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2009, 10:146.
10. Morley J.E. Depression in nursing home residents. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2010, 11:301-303.
11. Laurila J.V., Strandberg T.E., Tilvis R.S., Pitkala K.H. Detecting delirium using different diagnostic criteria among long-term care residents. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2009, 10:511-512.
12. Voyer P. Behaviors in advanced dementia. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2009, 10:146.
13. Jones R.N., Kiely D.K., Marcantonio E.R. Prevalence of delirium on admission to postacute care is associated with a higher number of nursing home deficiencies. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2010, 11:253-256.
14. Flaherty J.H., Shay K., Weir C., et al. The development of a mental status vital sign for use across the spectrum of care. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2009, 10:379-380.
15. Marandi A., Solberg L.M., Habermann R., et al. Documentation and management of words associated with delirium among elderly patients in postacute care: A pilot investigation. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2009, 10:330-334.
16. Eeles E., Rockwood K. Delirium in the long-term care setting: Clinical and research challenges. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2008, 9:157-161.
17. Flaherty J.H., Rudolph J., Shay K., et al. Delirium is a serious and under-recognized problem: Why assessment of mental status should be the sixth vital sign. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2007, 8:273-275.
18. Thakur M., Blazer D.G. Depression in long-term care. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2008, 9:82-87.
19. Morley J.E. Weight loss in older persons: New therapeutic approaches. Curr Pharm Des 2007, 13:3637-3647.
20. Morley J.E. Anorexia, weight loss, and frailty. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2010, 11:225-258.
21. Morley J.E., Argiles J.M., Evans W.J., et al. Nutritional recommendations for the management of sarcopenia. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2010, 11:391-396.
22. Argiles J.M., Anker S.D., Evans W.J., et al. Consensus on cachexia definitions. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2010, 11:229-230.
23. Quigley P., Bulat T., Kurtzman E., et al. Fall prevention and injury protection for nursing home residents. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2010, 11:284-293.
24. Samus Q.M., Mayer L., Onyike C.U., et al. Correlates of functional dependence among recently admitted assisted living residents with and without dementia. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2009, 10:323-329.
25. Morley J.E. Hip fractures. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2010, 11:81-83.
26. Mansdorf I.J., Sharma R., Perez M., Lepore A.M. Falls reduction in long-term care facilities: A preliminary report of a new Internet-based behavioral technique. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2009, 10:630-633.
27. Messinger-Rapport B.J., Thomas D.R., Gammack J.K., Morley J.E. Clinical update on nursing home medicine: 2009. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2009, 10:530-553.
28. Canavan P.K., Cahalin L.P., Lowe S., et al. Managing gait disorder in older persons residing in nursing homes: A review of literature. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2009, 10:230-237.
29. Tariq S.H., Tumosa N., Chibnall J.T., et al. Comparison of the Saint Louis University mental status examination and the mini-mental state examination for detecting dementia and mild neurocognitive disorder-a pilot study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2006, 14:900-910.
30. Banks W.A., Morley J.E. Memories are made of this: Recent advances in understanding cognitive impairments and dementia. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2003, 58:314-321.
31. Pedrosa H., De Sa A., Guerreiro M., et al. Functional evaluation distinguishes MCI patients from healthy elderly people-the ADCS/MCI/ADL Scale. J Nutr Health Aging 2010, 14:703-709.
32. Kaduszkiewicz H., Zimmermann T., Van den Bussche H., et al. Do general practitioners recognize mild cognitive impairment in their patients?. J Nutr Health Aging 2010, 14:697-702.
33. Ismail Z., Rajji T.K., Shulman K.I. Brief cognitive screening instruments: An update. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2010, 25:111-120.
34. Dong Y., Sharma V.K., Chan B.P., et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is superior to the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) for the detection of vascular cognitive impairment after acute stroke. J Neurol Sci 2010, 10.1016/j.jns.2010.08.051.
35. Mitchell A.J., Malladi S. Screening and case finding tools for the detection of dementia. Part I: Evidence-based meta-analysis of multidomain tests. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2010, 18:759-782.
36. Aman E., Thomas D.R. Supervised exercise to reduce agitation in severely cognitively impaired persons. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2009, 10:271-276.
37. Rolland Y., Abellan van Kan G., Vellas B. Physical activity and Alzheimer's disease: From prevention to therapeutic perspectives. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2008, 9:390-405.
38. Morley J.E. The magic of exercise. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2008, 9:375-377.
39. Rolland Y., Pillard F., Flapouszczak A., et al. Exercise program for nursing home residents with Alzheimer's disease: A 1-year randomized, controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 2007, 55:158-165.
40. Cedervall Y., Aberg A.C. Physical activity and implications on well-being in mild Alzheimer's disease: A qualitative case study on two men with dementia and their spouses. Physiother Theory Pract 2010, 26:226-239.
41. Radak Z., Hart N., Sarga L., et al. Exercise plays a preventive role against Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2010, 20:777-783.
42. Baker L.D., Frank L.L., Foster-Schubert K., et al. Effects of aerobic exercise on mild cognitive impairment: A controlled trial. Arch Neurol 2010, 67:71-79.
43. Deslandes A., Moraes H., Ferreira C., et al. Exercise and mental health: Many reasons to move. Neuropsychobiology 2009, 59:191-198.
44. Morley J.E. Managing persons with dementia in the nursing home: High touch trumps high tech. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2008, 9:139-146.
45. Gates N., Valenzuela M. Cognitive exercise and its role in cognitive function in older adults. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2010, 12:20-27.
46. Flood J.F., Hernandez E.N., Morley J.E. Modulation of memory processing by neuropeptide Y. Brain Res 1987, 421:280-290.
47. Flood J.F., Baker M.L., Hernandez E.N., Morley J.E. Modulation of memory processing by neuropeptide Y varies with brain injection site. Brain Res 1989, 503:73-82.
48. Flood J.F., Farr S.A., Uezu K., Morley J.E. Age-related changes in septal serotonergic, GABAergic and glutamatergic facilitation of retention in SAMP8 mice. Mech Ageing Dev 1998, 105:173-188.
49. Jaeger L.B., Farr S.A., Banks W.A., Morley J.E. Effects of orexin-A on memory processing. Peptides 2002, 23:1683-1688.
50. Raina P., Santaguida P., Ismaila A., et al. Effectiveness of cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine for treating dementia: Evidence review for a clinical practice guideline. Ann Intern Med 2008, 148:379-397.
51. Clegg A., Bryant J., Nicholson T., et al. Clinical and cost-effectiveness of donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine for Alzheimer's disease: A rapid and systematic review. Health Technol Assess 2001, 5:1-137.
52. Locca F.J., Büla C.J., Zumbach S., Bugnon O. Pharmacological treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) in nursing homes: Development of practice recommendations in a Swiss canton. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2008, 9:439-448.
53. Belgeri M., Morley J.E. A step back in time: Is there a place for older drugs in the treatment of dementia?. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2004, 59:1025-1028.
54. Morley J.E. Polypharmacy in the nursing home. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2009, 10:289-291.
55. Fitzgerald S.P., Bean N.G. An analysis of the interactions between individual comorbidities and their treatments-implications for guidelines and polypharmacy. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2010, 11:475-484.
56. Miles R.W. A conversation: Polypharmacy in the nursing home. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2010, 11:296-297.
57. Gokce Kutsal Y., Barak A., Atalay A., et al. Polypharmacy in the elderly: A multicenter study. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2009, 10:486-490.
58. Ray W.A., Chung C.P., Murray K.T., et al. Atypical antipsychotic drugs and the risk of sudden cardiac death. N Engl J Med 2009, 360:225-235.
59. Schneider L.S., Tariot P.N., Degerman K.S., et al. Effectiveness of atypical antipsychotic drugs in patients with Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med 2006, 355:1525-1538.
60. Maurer I. Aripiprazole for the treatment of agitation in persons with dementia?. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2009, 10:442.
61. Rappaport S.A., Marcus R.N., Manos G., et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled tolerability study of intramuscular aripiprazole in acutely agitated patients with Alzheimer's, vascular or mixed dementia. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2009, 10:21-27.
62. Jalbert J.J., Eaton C.B., Miller S.C., Lapane K.L. Antipsychotic use and the risk of hip fracture among older adults afflicted with dementia. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2010, 11:120-127.
63. Pouwels S., van Staa T.P., Egberts A.C., et al. Antipsychotic use and the risk of hip/femur fracture: A population-based case-control study. Osteoporos Int 2009, 20:1499-1506.
64. Morley J.E. Phronesis and the medical director. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2009, 10:149-152.
65. Morley J.E. Anabolic steroids and frailty. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2010, 11:533-536.
66. Gobbens R.J., van Assen M.A., Luijkx K.G., et al. Determinants of frailty. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2010, 11:356-364.
67. Abellen van Kan G., Rolland Y., Bergman H., et al. The I.A.N.A. Task Force on frailty assessment of older people in clinical practice. J Nutr Health Aging 2008, 12:29-37.
68. Morley J.E. Developing novel therapeutic approaches to frailty. Curr Pharm Des 2009, 15:3384-3395.
69. Abellan van Kan G., Rolland Y.M., Morley J.E., Vellas B. Frailty: Toward a clinical definition. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2008, 9:71-72.
70. Gobbens R.J., Luijkx K.G., Wijnen-Sponselee M.T., Schols J.M. In search of an integral conceptual definition of frailty: Opinions of experts. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2010, 11:338-343.
71. Flood F.J., Farr S.A., Kaiser F.E., et al. Age-related decrease of plasma testosterone in SAMP8 mice: Replacement improves age-related impairment of learning and memory. Physiol Behav 1995, 57:669-673.
72. Chu L.W., Tam S., Lee P.W., et al. Bioavailable testosterone is associated with a reduced risk of amnestic mild cognitive impairment in older men. Clin Endocrinol 2008, 68:589-598.
73. Ravaglia G., Forti P., Maioli F., et al. Endogenous sex hormones as risk factors for dementia in elderly men and women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2007, 62:1035-1041.
74. Cherrier M.M. Testosterone effects on cognition in health and disease. Front Horm Res 2009, 37:150-162.
75. Chu L.W., Tam S., Wong R.L., et al. Bioavailable testosterone predicts a lower risk of Alzheimer's disease in older men. J Alzheimers Dis 2010, 10.3233/jad-2010-100027.
76. Morley J.E. Androgens and aging. Maturitas 2001, 38:61-71.
77. Panizzon M.S., Hauger R., Dale A.M., et al. Testosterone modifies the effect of APOE genotype on hippocampal volume in middle-aged men. Neurology 2010, 75:874-880.
78. Lu P.H., Masterman D.A., Mulnard R., et al. Effects of testosterone on cognition and mood in male patients with mild Alzheimer disease and healthy elderly men. Arch Neurol 2006, 63:177-185.
79. Cherrier M.M., Matsumoto A.M., Amory J.K., et al. Testosterone improves spatial memory in men with Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment. Neurology 2005, 64:2063-2068.
80. Morley JE, Banks WA. Lipids and cognition. J Alzheimers Dis 2010;20:737-747.
81. Querfurth H.W., LaFerla F.M. Mechanisms of disease: Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med 2010, 362:329-344.
82. Robakis N.K. Are Abeta and its derivatives causative agents or innocent bystanders in AD?. Neurodegener Dis 2010, 7:32-37.
83. Rabinovici G.D., Jagust W.J. Amyloid imaging in aging and dementia: Testing the amyloid hypothesis in vivo. Behav Neurol 2009, 21:117-128.
84. Joshi S., Morley J.E. Cognitive impairment. Med Clin North Am 2006, 90:769-787.
85. Morley J.E., Farr S.A., Banks W.A., et al. A physiological role for amyloid-beta protein: Enhancement of learning and memory. J Alzheimers Dis 2010, 19:441-449.
86. Messinger-Rapport B.J., Morley J.E., Thomas D.R., Gammack J.K. Intensive session: New approaches to medical issues in long-term care. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2007, 8:421-433.
87. Gold M., Alderton C., Zvartau-Hind M., et al. Rosiglitazone monotherapy in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease: results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2010, 30:131-146. 10.1159/000318845.
88. Mangialasche F., Solomon A., Winblad B. Alzheimer's disease: Clinical trials and drug development. Lancet Neurol 2010, 9:702-716.
89. Morley J.E., Farr S.A., Kumar V.B., Banks W.A. Alzheimer's disease through the eye of a mouse. Acceptance lecture for the 2001 Gayle A. Olson and Richard D. Olson prize. Peptides 2002, 23:589-599.
90. Kumar V.B., Farr S.A., Flood J.F., et al. Site-directed antisense oligonucleotide decreases the expression of amyloid precursor protein and reverses deficits in learning and memory in aged SAMP8 mice. Peptides 2000, 21:1769-1775.
91. Morley J.E. The SAMP8 mouse: A model of Alzheimer disease?. Biogerontology 2002, 3:57-60.
92. Poon H.F., Joshi G., Sulatana R., et al. Antisense directed at the Abeta region on APP decreases brain oxidative markers in aged senescence accelerated mice. Brain Res 2004, 1018:86-96.
93. Poon H.F., Farr S.A., Banks W.A., et al. Proteomic identification of less oxidized brain proteins in aged senescence-accelerated mice following administration of antisense oligonucleotide directed at the Abeta region on amyloid precursor protein. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 2005, 138:8-16.
94. Banks W.A., Morley J.E. Lipids and cognition. J Alzheimers Dis 2010, 20:737-747.
95. Banks W.A., Farr S.A., Butt W., et al. Delivery across the blood-brain barrier of antisense directed against amyloid beta: Reversal of learning and memory deficits in mice overexpressing amyloid precursor protein. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2001, 297:1113-1121.
96. Morley J.E., Farr S.A., Flood J.F. Antibody to amyloid beta protein alleviates impaired acquisition, retention, and memory processing in SAMP8 mice. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2002, 78:125-138.
97. Farr S.A., Banks W.A., Uezu K., et al. Antibody to beta-amyloid protein increases acetylcholine in the hippocampus of 12 month SAMP8 male mice. Life Sci 2003, 73:555-562.
98. Banks W.A., Farr S.A., Morley J.E., et al. Anti-amyloid beta protein antibody passage across the blood-brain barrier in the AMP8 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease: An age-related selective uptake with reversal of learning impairment. Exp Neurol 2007, 206:248-256.
99. Gilman S., Koller M., Black R.S., et al. Clinical effects of Abeta immunization (AN17892) in patients with AD in an interrupted trial. Neurology 2005, 64:1553-1562.
100. Holmes C., Boche D., Wilkinson D., et al. Long-term effects of Abeta42 immunisation in Alzheimer's disease: Follow-up of a randomized, placebo-controlled phase I trial. Lancet 2008, 372:216-223.
101. Wang S., Wang R., Chen L., et al. Expression and functional profiling of neprilysin, insulin-degrading enzyme, and endothelin-converting enzyme in prospectively studied elderly and Alzheimer's brain. J Neurochem 2010, 115:47-57.
102. Zhang X.Z., Li X.J., Zhange H.Y. Valproic acid as a promising agent to combat Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res Bull 2010, 81:3-6.
103. Herrmann N., Lanctôt K.L., Rothenburg L.S., Eryavec G. A placebo-controlled trial of valproate for agitation and aggression in Alzheimer's disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2007, 23:116-119.
104. Gura T. Hope in Alzheimer's fight emerges from unexpected places. Nat Med 2008, 14:894.
105. Farr S.A., Poon H.F., Dogrukol-Ak D., et al. The antioxidants alpha-lipoic acid and N-acetylcysteine reverse memory impairment and brain oxidative stress in aged SAMP8 mice. J Neurochem 2003, 84:1173-1183.
106. Hager K., Kenklies M., McAfoose J., et al. Alpha-lipoic acid as a new treatment option for Alzheimer's disease-a 48 months follow-up analysis. J Neural Transm Suppl 2007, 189-193.
107. Isaac M.G., Quinn R., Tabet N. Vitamin E for Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008, 16. CD002854.
108. Doody R.S., Gavrilova S.I., Sano M., et al. Effect of dimebon on cognition, activities of daily living, behaviour, and global function in patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Lancet 2008, 372:207-215.
109. Schulte-Herbrüggen O., Jockers-Scherübl M.C., Hellweg R. Neurotrophins: From pathophysiology to treatment in Alzheimer's disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2008, 5:38-44.
110. Jicha G.A., Markesbery W.R. Omega-3 fatty acids: Potential role in the management of early Alzheimer's disease. Clin Interv Aging 2010, 5:45-61.
111. Petursdotter A.L., Farr S.A., Morley J.E., et al. Effect of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on brain lipid fatty acid composition, learning ability, and memory of senescence-accelerated mouse. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2008, 63:1153-1160.
112. Cole G.M., Ma Q.L., Frautschy S.A. Omega-3 fatty acids and dementia. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2009, 81:213-221.
113. Cederholm T., Palmblad J. Are omega-3 fatty acids options for prevention and treatment of cognitive decline and dementia?. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2010, 13:150-155.
114. Russwurm C., Zoidl G., Koesling D., Russwurm M. Dual acylation of PDE2A splice variant 3: Targeting to synaptic membranes. J Biol Chem 2009, 284:25782-25790.
115. Ali A.K., Banks W.A., Kumar V.B., et al. Nitric oxide activity and isoenzyme expression in the senescence-accelerated mouse p8 model of Alzheimer's disease: Effects of anti-amyloid antibody and antisense treatments. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2009, 64:1025-1030.
116. Morley J.E. Clinical practice in nursing homes as a key for progress. J Nutr Health Aging 2010, 14:586-593.