Relativistic electron loss due to ultralow frequency waves and enhanced outward radial diffusion

Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics

Volumn 115, Issue 12, 2010, Pages

  Loto'aniu, T M ^a,b,d   Singer, H J ^b   Waters, C L ^c   Angelopoulos, V ^d   Mann, I R ^e   Elkington, S R ^f   Bonnell, J W ^g  

^a Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences University of Colorado at Boulder ^*  (United States)

^b NOAA EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE   (Australia)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^f UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^g UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 78650544470     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21699402     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2010JA015755     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Albert, J. M. (2005), Evaluation of quasi-linear diffusion coefficients for whistler mode waves in a plasma with arbitrary density ratio, J. Geophys. Res., 110, A03218, doi:10.1029/2004JA010844.
2. Anderson, B. J., M. J. Engebretson, S. P. Rounds, L. J. Zanetti, and T. A. Potemra (1990), A statistical study of Pc 3-5 pulsations observed by the AMPTE/CCE magnetic field experiment: 1. Occurrence distributions, J. Geophys. Res., 95(A7), 10,495-10,523, doi:10.1029/JA095iA07p10495.
3. Angelopoulos, V. (2008), The THEMIS Mission, Space Sci. Rev., 141, 5-34, doi:10.1007/s11214-008-9336-1.
4. Auster, H. U., et al. (2008), The THEMIS fluxgate magnetometer, Space Sci. Rev., 141, 235-264.
5. Bonnell, J., F. Mozer, G. Delory, A. Hull, R. Ergun, C. Cully, V. Angelopoulos, and P. Harvey (2008), The electric field instrument (EFI) for THEMIS, Space Sci. Rev., 141, 303-341.
6. Boscher, D., S. Bourdarie, P. O'Brien, and T. Guild (2004), Onera-desp library ver. 4.2, technical report, ONERA-DESP, Toulouse-France.
7. Brautigam, D. H., and J. M. Albert (2000), Radial diffusion analysis of outer radiation belt electrons during October 9, 1990, magnetic storm, J. Geophys. Res., 105(A1), 291-309, doi:10.1029/1999JA900344.
8. Brautigam, D. H., G. P. Ginet, J. M. Albert, J. R. Wygant, D. E. Rowland, A. Ling, and J. Bass (2005), CRRES electric field power spectra and radial diffusion coefficients, J. Geophys. Res., 110, A02214, doi:10.1029/2004JA010612.
9. Brizard, A. J., and A. A. Chan (2004), Relativistic quasi-linear diffusion in axisymmetric magnetic geometry for arbitrary-frequency electromagnetic fluctuations, Phys. Plasmas, 11, 4220-4229.
10. Chen, Y. R., H. W. Friedel, G. D. Reeves, T. G. Onsager, and M. F. Thomsen (2005), Multisatellite determination of the relativistic electron phase space density at geosynchronous orbit: Methodology and results during geomagnetically quiet times, J. Geophys. Res., 110, A10210, doi:10.1029/ 2004JA010895.
11. Chen, Y. R., H. W. Friedel, and G. D. Reeves (2006), Phase space density distributions of energetic electrons in the outer radiation belt during two geospace environment modeling inner magnetosphere/storms selected storms, J. Geophys. Res., 111, A11S04, doi:10.1029/2006JA011703.
12. Chen, Y. R., H. W. Friedel, G. D. Reeves, T. E. Cayton, and R. Christensen (2007), Multisatellite determination of the relativistic electron phase space density at geosynchronous orbit: An integrated investigation during geomagnetic storm times, J. Geophys. Res., 112, A11214, doi:10.1029/ 2007JA012314.
13. Cornwall, J. (1968), Diffusion processes influenced by conjugate-point wave phenomena, Radio Sci., 3, 740.
14. Elkington, S. R. (2006), A review of ULF interactions with radiation belt electrons, in Magnetospheric ULF Waves: Synthesis and New Directions, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 169, edited by T. Kazue, P. J. Chi, and R. E. Denton, pp. 177-194, AGU, Washington, D. C.
15. Elkington, S. R., M. K. Hudson, and A. A. Chan (1999), Acceleration of relativistic electrons via drift-resonant interaction with toroidal-mode Pc-5 ULF oscillations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26(21), 3273-3276, doi:10.1029/ 1999GL003659.
16. Elkington, S. R., M. K. Hudson, and A. A. Chan (2003), Resonant acceleration and diffusion of outer zone electrons in an asymmetric geomagnetic field, J. Geophys. Res., 108(A3), 1116, doi:10.1029/2001JA009202.
17. Fairfield, D. H. (1971), Average and unusual locations of the Earth's magnetopause and bow shock, J. Geophys. Res., 76(28), 6700-6716, doi:10.1029/JA076i028p06700.
18. Fälthammar, C.-G. (1965), Effects of time-dependent electric fields on geomagnetically trapped radiation, J. Geophys. Res., 70(11), 2503-2516, doi:10.1029/JZ070i011p02503.
19. Fei, Y., A. A. Chan, S. R. Elkington, and M. J. Wiltberger (2006), Radial diffusion and MHD particle simulations of relativistic electron transport by ULF waves in the September 1998 storm, J. Geophys. Res., 111, A12209, doi:10.1029/2005JA011211.
20. Gosling, J. T. (1996), Corotating and transient solar wind flows in three dimensions, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys., 34, 35-73.
21. Green, J. C, and M. G. Kivelson (2004), Relativistic electrons in the outer radiation belt: Differentiating between acceleration mechanisms, J. Geophys. Res., 109, A03213, doi:10.1029/2003JA010153.
22. Green, J. C, T. G. Onsager, T. P. O'Brien, and D. N. Baker (2004), Testing loss mechanisms capable of rapidly depleting relativistic electron flux in the Earth's outer radiation, J. Geophys. Res., 109, A12211, doi:10.1029/2004JA010579.
23. Hamlin, D. A., R. Karplus, R. C. Vik, and K. M. Watson (1961), Mirror and azimuthal drift frequencies for geomagnetically trapped particles, J. Geophys. Res., 66(1), 1-4, doi:10.1029/JZ066i001p00001.
24. Huang, C.-L., H. E. Spence, H. J. Singer, andN. A. Tsyganenko (2008), A quantitative assessment of empirical magnetic field models at geosynchronous orbit during magnetic storms, J. Geophys. Res., 113, A04208, doi:10.1029/2007JA012623.
25. Hughes, W. J. (1974), Mirror and azimuthal drift frequencies for geomagnetically trapped particles, Planet. Space Sci., 22, 1157-1172.
26. Iles, R. H. A., N. P. Meredith, A. N. Fazakerley, and R. B. Horne (2006), Phase space density analysis of the outer radiation belt energetic electron dynamics, J. Geophys. Res., 111, A03204, doi:10.1029/2005JA011206.
27. Kim, H.-J., and A. A. Chan (1997), Fully adiabatic changes in storm time relativistic electron fluxes, J. Geophys. Res., 102(A10), 22,107-22,116, doi:10.1029/97JA01814.
28. Kim, K. C, D.-Y. Lee, H.-J. Kim, L. R. Lyons, E. S. Lee, M. K. Öztürk, and C. R. Choi (2008), Numerical calculations of relativistic electron drift loss effect, J. Geophys. Res., 113, A09212, doi:10.1029/ 2007JA013011.
29. Lessard, M. R., M. K. Hudson, and H. Luhr (1999), A statistical study of Pc3-Pc5 magnetic pulsations observed by the AMPTE/Ion Release Module satellite, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 4523, doi:10.1029/1998JA900116.
30. Li, X., D. N. Baker, S. G. Kanekal, M. Looper, and M. Temerin (2001), Long term measurements of radiation belts by SAMPEX and their variations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28(20), 3827-3830, doi:10.1029/2001GL013586.
31. Li, X. L., and M. A. Temerin (2001), The electron radiation belt, Space Sci. Rev., 95, 569-580.
32. Liu, W., T. E. Sarris, X. Li, S. R. Elkington, R. Ergun, V. Angelopoulos, J. Bonnell, and K. H. Glassmeier (2009), Electric and magnetic field observations of Pc4 and Pc5 pulsations in the inner magnetosphere: A statistical study, J. Geophys. Res., 114, A12206, doi:10.1029/2009JA014243.
33. Loto'aniu, T. M., I. R. Mann, L. G. Ozeke, A. A. Chan, Z. C. Dent, and D. K. Milling (2006a), Radial diffusion of relativistic electrons into the radiation belt slot region during the 2003 Halloween geomagnetic storms, J. Geophys. Res., 111, A04218, doi:10.1029/2005JA011355.
34. Loto'aniu, T. M., R. M. Thorne, B. J. Fraser, and D. Summers (2006b), Estimating relativistic electron pitch angle scattering rates using properties of the electromagnetic ion cyclotron wave spectrum, J. Geophys. Res. 111, A04220, doi:10.1029/2005JA011452.
35. Mann, I. R., et al. (2009), The upgraded CARISMA magnetometer array in the THEMIS era, in The THEMIS Mission, edited by J. L. Burch and V. Angelopoulos, pp. 413-451, Springer, New York.
36. Meredith, N. P., R. M. Thorne, R. B. Horne, D. Summers, B. J. Fraser, and R. R. Anderson (2003), Statistical analysis of relativistic electron energies for cyclotron resonance with EMIC waves observed on CRRES, J. Geophys. Res., 108(A6), 1250, doi:10.1029/2002JA009700.
37. Millan, R. M., and R. M. Thorne (2007), Review of radiation belt relativistic electron losses, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 69, 362-377.
38. Millan, R. M., R. P. Lin, D. M. Smith, and M. P. McCarthy (2007), Observation of relativistic electron precipitation during a rapid decrease of trapped relativistic electron flux, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L10101, doi:10.1029/2006GL028653.
39. Miyoshi, Y., A. Morioka, T. Obara, H. Misawa, T. Nagai, and Y. Kasahara (2003), Rebuilding process of the outer radiation belt during the 3 November 1993 magnetic storm: NOAA and Exos-D observations, J. Geophys. Res., 108(A1), 1004, doi:10.1029/2001JA007542.
40. Ohtani, S., Y. Miyoshi, H. J. Singer, and J. M. Weygand (2009), On the loss of relativistic electrons at geosynchronous altitude: Its dependence on magnetic configurations and external conditions, J. Geophys. Res., 114, A01202, doi:10.1029/2008JA013391.
41. Olson, J., and G. Rostoker (1978), Longitudinal phase variations of Pc4-5 micropulsations, J. Geophys. Res., 83(A6), 2481-2488, doi:10.1029/ JA083iA06p02481.
42. Ozeke, L. G., and I. R. Mann (2008), Energization of radiation belt electrons by ring current ion driven ulf waves, J. Geophys. Res., 113, A02201, doi:10.1029/2007JA012468.
43. Perry, K. L., M. K. Hudson, and S. R. Elkington (2005), Incorporating spectral characteristics of Pc5 waves into three-dimensional radiation belt modeling and the diffusion of relativistic electrons, J. Geophys. Res., 110, A03215, doi:10.1029/2004JA010760.
44. Reeves, G. D., K. L. McAdams, R. H. W. Friedel, and T. P. O'Brien (2003), Acceleration and loss of relativistic electrons during geomagnetic storms, Geophys. Res. Lett, 30(10), 1529, doi:10.1029/2002GL016513.
45. Roederer, J. G. (1970), Dynamics of Geomagnetically Trapped Radiation, vol. 2, Springer, New York.
46. z and solar wind dynamic pressure, J. Geophys. Res., 98(A12), 21,421-21,450.
47. Schulz, M., and L. J. Lanzerotti (1974), Particle Diffusion in the Radiation Belts, Springer, New York.
48. Selesnick, R. S. (2006), Source and loss rates of radiation belt relativistic electrons during magnetic storms, J. Geophys. Res., 111, A04210, doi:10.1029/2005JA011473.
49. Shprits, Y. Y., R. M. Thorne, R. Friedel, G. D. Reeves, J. Fennell, D. N. Baker, and S. G. Kanekal (2006), Outward radial diffusion driven by losses at magnetopause, J. Geophys. Res., 111, A11214, doi:10.1029/2006JA011657.
50. Shue, J.-H., et al. (1998), Magnetopause location under extreme solar wind conditions, J. Geophys. Res., 103(A8), 17,691-17,700, doi:10.1029/ 98JA01103.
51. Sibeck, D., and V. Angelopoulos (2008), THEMIS science objectives and mission phases, Space Sci. Rev., 141, 35-59, doi:10.1007/s11214-008-9393-5.
52. Summers, D., and R. M. Thorne (2003), Relativistic electron pitch angle scattering by electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves during geomagnetic storms, J. Geophys. Res., 108(A4), 1143, doi:10.1029/2002JA009489.
53. Summers, D., B. Ni, and N. P. Meredith (2007a), Timescales for radiation belt electron acceleration and loss due to resonant wave-particle interactions: 2. Evaluation for VLF chorus, ELF hiss, and electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves, J. Geophys. Res., 112, A04207, doi:10.1029/2006JA011993.
54. Summers, D., B. Ni, and N. P. Meredith (2007b), Timescales for radiation belt electron acceleration and loss due to resonant wave-particle interactions: 1. Theory, J. Geophys. Res., 112, A04206, doi:10.1029/2006JA011801.
55. Summers, D., B. Ni, N. P. Meredith, R. B. Horne, R. M. Thorne, M. B. Moldwin, and R. R. Anderson (2008), Electron scattering by whistler mode ELF hiss in plasmaspheric plumes, J. Geophys. Res., 113, A04219, doi:10.1029/2007JA012678.
56. Tsyganenko, N. A. (1995), Modeling the Earth's magnetospheric magnetic field confined within a realistic magnetopause, J. Geophys. Res., 100(A4), 5599-5612, doi: 10.1029/94JA03193.
57. Tsyganenko, N. A., and M. I. Sitnov (2005), Modeling the dynamics of the inner magnetosphere during strong geomagnetic storms, J. Geophys. Res., 110, A03208, doi:10.1029/2004JA010798.
58. Turner, D., and X. Li (2008), Radial gradients of phase space density of the outer radiation belt electrons prior to sudden solar wind pressure enhancements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L18101, doi:10.1029/2008GL034866.
59. Turner, N. E., E. J. Mitchell, D. J. Knipp, and B. A. Emery (2006), Energetics of magnetic storms driven by corotating interaction regions: A study of geoeffectiveness, in Recurrent Magnetic Storms: Corotating Solar Wind Streams, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 167, edited by B. Tsurutani et al., p. 113-124, AGU, Washington, D. C.
60. Ukhorskiy, A. Y., B. J. Anderson, P. C. Brandt, and N. A. Tsyganenko (2006), Storm time evolution of the outer radiation belt: Transport and losses, J. Geophys. Res., 111, A11S03, doi:10.1029/2006JA011690.
61. Varotsou, A., D. Boscher, S. Bourdarie, R. B. Horne, S. A. Glauert, and N. P. Meredith (2005), Simulation of the outer radiation belt electrons near geosynchronous orbit including both radial diffusion and resonant interaction with whistler mode chorus waves, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L19106, doi:10.1029/2005GL023282.
62. Xiao, F., Z. Su, H. Zheng, and S. Wang (2009a), Modeling of outer radiation belt electrons by multidimensional diffusion process, J. Geophys. Res., 114, A03201, doi:10.1029/2008JA013580.
63. Xiao, F., Q.-G. Zong, and L. Chen (2009b), Pitch-angle distribution evolution of energetic electrons in the inner radiation belt and slot region during the 2003 Halloween storm, J. Geophys. Res., 114, A01215, doi:10.1029/2008JA013068.
64. Xiao, F. Z. S., H. Zheng, and S. Wang (2010), Three-dimensional simulations of outer radiation belt electron dynamics including cross-diffusion terms, J. Geophys. Res., 115, A05216, doi:10.1029/2009JA014541.