Organizational genealogies and the persistence of gender inequality: The case of silicon valley law firms

Administrative Science Quarterly

Volumn 50, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 440-472

  Phillips, Damon J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 32844467112     PISSN: 00018392     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2189/asqu.2005.50.3.440     Document Type: Article

References (107)

1. Abbott, I. O. 2004 "Law firm recruiting: Retaining minorities and women." New York Law Journal, April 26, pp. 2, 25.
2. Abel, R. L. 1989 American Lawyers. New York: Oxford University Press.
3. Abramson, J. 1986 Where Are They Now: The Story of the Women of Harvard Law 1974. New York: Doubleday.
4. Aldrich, H., and J. Pfeffer 1976 "Environments of organizations." Annual Review of Sociology, 2: 79-105.
5. Allport, G. W. 1954 The Nature of Prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley.
6. Babcock, B. A., A. E. Freedman, S. D. Ross, W. W. Williams, R. Copelon, D. Rhode, and N. H. Taub 1996 Sex Discrimination and the Law: History, Practice and Theory, 2d ed. Boston: Little, Brown.
7. Bailyn, L. 2003 "Academic careers and gender equity: Lessons learned from MIT." Gender, Work and Organisation, 10: 137-153.
8. Baron, J. N. 1984 "Organizational perspectives on stratification." Annual Review of Sociology, 10: 37-69.
9. Baron, J. N., M. T. Hannan, and M. D. Burton 1999 "Building the iron cage: Determinants of managerial intensity in the early years of organizations." American Sociological Review, 64: 527-547.
10. Baron, J. N., M. T. Hannan, G. Hsu, and O. Kocak 2002 "Gender and the organization-building process in young, high-tech firms." In M. F. Guillén, R. Collins, P. England, and M. Meyer (eds.), Economic Sociology at the Millennium: 245-274. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
11. Baty, G. B., W. M. Evan, and T. W. Rothermel 1971 "Personnel flows as interorganizational relations." Administrative Science Quarterly, 16: 430-443.
12. Beckman, C., and D. J. Phillips 2005 "Interorganizational determinants of promotion: Client leadership and the promotion of women attorneys." American Sociological Review, 70: 678-701.
13. Berger, J., M. H. Fisek, R. Z. Norman, and M. Zelditch, Jr. 1977 Status Characteristics and Social Interaction. New York: Elsevier.
14. Berger, J., S. J. Rosenholtz, and M. Zelditch, Jr. 1980 "Status organizing processes." Annual Review of Sociology, 6: 479-508.
15. Boeker, W. 1987 "Executive migration and strategic change: The effect of top manager movement on product-market entry." Administrative Science Quarterly, 42: 213-236.
16. 1989 "Strategic change: The effects of founding and history." Academy of Management Journal, 32: 489-515.
17. Bond, T. J., C. A. Thompson, E. Galinsky, and D. Prottas 2003 Highlights of the 2002 National Study of the Changing Workforce. New York: Families and Work Institute.
18. Burnham, K. P., and D. R. Anderson 1998 Model Selection and Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach. New York: Springer-Verlag.
19. Cannings, K. 1988 "The earnings of female and male middle managers: A Canadian case study." Journal of Human Resources, 23: 34-56.
20. Carroll, G. R. 1993 "A sociological view on why firms differ." Strategic Management Journal, 14: 237-249.
21. Chambliss, E. 1997 "Organizational determinants of law firm integration." American University Law Review, 46: 669-744.
22. Chaves, M. 1996 "Ordaining women: The diffusion of an organizational innovation." American Journal of Sociology, 101: 840-873.
23. Cohen, L. E., J. P. Broschak, and H. A. Haveman 1998 "And then there were more? The effect of organizational sex composition on the hiring and promotion of managers." American Sociological Review, 63: 711-727.
24. Cook, S. W. 1985 "Experimenting on social issues: The case of school desegregation." American Psychologist, 40: 452-460.
25. DiMaggio, P. M., and W. W. Powell 1983 "The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields." American Sociological Review, 48: 147-160.
26. Dixon, J., and C. Seron 1995 "Stratification in the legal profession: Sex, sector, and salary." Law and Society Review, 29: 381-412.
27. Donovan, K. 1990 "Women associates: Advancement to partner status in private firms." Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics, 4: 135-152.
28. Ely, R. J. 1994 "The effects of organizational demographics and social identity on relationships among professional women." Administrative Science Quarterly, 39: 203-238.
29. Epstein, C. F. 1970 Woman's Place: Options and Limits in Professional Careers. Berkeley: University of California Press.
30. 1993 Women in Law, 2d ed. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
31. Epstein, C. F., R. Saute, B. Oglensky, and M. Gever 1995 "Glass ceilings and open doors: Women's advancement in the legal profession." Fordham Law Review, 64: 306-449.
32. Escher, W. J., and S. L. Morze 1998 "Building a Silicon Valley office." A Major, Hagen and Africa White Paper. San Jose, CA: Major, Hagen and Africa.
33. Fernandez, R. M., and L. Sosa 2003 "Gendering the job: Networks and recruitment at a call center." Paper presented at the 2003 annual meetings of the American Sociological Association.
34. Flaherty, K. 1997 "Morrison raises 15 associates to partnership." Recorder, December 22, p. 1.
35. Freeman, J. 1986 "Entrepreneurs as organizational products: Semiconductor firms and venture capital firms." In G. Libecap (ed.). Advances in the Study of Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Economic Growth, 1 : 33-52. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
36. Freeman, J., G. R. Carroll, and M. T. Hannan 1983 "The liability of newness: Age dependence in organizational death rates." American Sociological Review, 48: 692-710.
37. Galanter, M., and T. Palay 1991 Tournament of Lawyers: The Transformation of the Big Law Firm. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
38. Gannon, J. 2003 "A growing number of law firms let attorneys work parttime." Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, December 7.
39. Gordon, J., and K. Whelan 1998 "Successful professional women in midlife: How organizations can more effectively understand and respond to the challenges." Academy of Management Executive, 12 (1): 8-27.
40. Gorman, E. 2004 "Employers' cognitive biases and gender differences in hiring: Evidence from law firms." Unpublished manuscript, Department of Sociology, University of Virginia.
41. Hagan, J., and F. Kay 1995 Gender in Practice: A Study of Lawyers' Lives. New York: Oxford University Press.
42. Halliday, T. C. 1986 "Six score years and ten: Demographic transitions in the American legal profession." Law and Society Review, 20: 53-78.
43. Harvard Law Review 1996 "Why law firms cannot afford to maintain the mommy track." Vol. 109: 1375-1392.
44. Hersch, J. 2003 "The new labor market for lawyers: Will female lawyers still earn less?" Cardozo Women's Law Journal, 10 (1): 1-59.
45. Hersch, J., and W. K. Viscusi 1996 "Gender differences in promotions and wages." Industrial Relations, 35: 461-472.
46. Hillman, R. W. 1990 Law Firm Breakups: The Law and Ethics of Grabbing and Leaving. Boston: Little, Brown.
47. Hull, K. E., and R. L. Nelson 2000 "Assimilation, choice or constraint? Testing theories of gender differences in the careers of lawyers." Social Forces, 79: 229-264.
48. Jackman, M. R., and M. Crane 1986 "'Some of my best friends are black . . .': Interracial friendship and white racial attitudes." Public Opinion Quarterly, 50: 459-486.
49. Jones, D. R., and G. H. Makepeace 1996 "Equal worth, equal opportunities: Pay and promotion in an internal labour market." Economic Journal, 106: 410-409.
50. Kanter, R. M. 1977 Men and Women of the Corporation. New York: Basic Books.
51. Kay, F. M., and J. Hagan 1995 "The persistent glass ceiling: Gendered inequalities in the earnings of lawyers." British Journal of Sociology, 46: 279-310.
52. 1998 "Raising the bar: The gender stratification of law-firm capitalization." American Sociological Review, 63: 728-743.
53. Kercher, L. 2002 "Making partner." Fulton County Daily Report (Special to the Daily Report), January 22.
54. Kilbourne, B. S., P. England, G. Farkas, K. Beron, and D. Weir 1994 "Returns to skill, compensating differentials, and gender bias: Effects of occupational characteristics on the wages of white women and men." American Journal of Sociology, 100:689-719.
55. Klepper, S. 2001 "Employee startups in hightech industries." Industrial and Corporate Change, 10: 639-674.
56. Kordana, K. A. 1995 "Law firms and associate careers: Tournament theory versus the production-imperative model." Yale Law Journal, 104: 1907-1934.
57. Law Office Management and Administration Report 1998 "Structuring a plan that won't penalize part-time partners." May, p. 4.
58. Lazear, E. P., and S. Rosen 1990 "Male-female wage differentials in job ladders." Journal of Labor Economics, 8: S106-S123.
59. Lucas, J. W. 2003 "Status processes and the institutionalization of women as leaders." American Sociological Review, 68: 464-480.
60. Lundberg, S. J., and R. Startz 1983 "Private discrimination and social intervention in competitive labor markets." American Economic Review, 73: 340-347.
61. Madigan, R. M., and D. J. Hoover 1986 "Effects of alternative job evaluation methods on decisions involving pay equity." Academy of Management Journal, 29:84-100.
62. Marini, M. M. 1989 "Sex differences in earnings in the United States." Annual Review of Sociology, 15: 343-380.
63. Markovsky, B., L. R. F. Smith, and J. Berger 1984 "Do status interventions persist?" American Sociological Review, 49: 373-382.
64. McKelvey, B. 1982 Organisational Systematics. Berkeley: University of California Press.
65. Meyerson, D., and J. K. Fletcher 2000 "A modest manifesto for shattering the glass ceiling." Harvard Business Review, Jan. 1, pp. 1-11.
66. Moss, S. A. 2004 "Women choosing diverse workplaces: A rational preference with disturbing implications for both occupational segregation and economic analysis of law." Harvard Journal of Law and Gender, 27: 1-88.
67. Nelson, R. 1983 "The changing structure of opportunity: Recruitment and careers in large law firms." American Bar Foundation Research Journal, 8 (1): 109-142.
68. 1988 Partners with Power: The Social Transformation of the Large Law Firm. Berkeley: University of California Press.
69. Nelson, R. R., and S. G. Winter 1982 An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
70. Noonan, M. C., and M. E. Corcoran 2004 "The mommy track and partnership: Temporary delay or dead end?" Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 596: 130-150.
71. Olsen, C., and B. E. Becker 1983 "Sex discrimination in the promotion process." Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 36: 624-641.
72. Osbourne, D. M. 1996 "Marching to the beat of his own drum." Recorder, July 9, p. 1.
73. Pettigrew, T. F. 1998 "Intergroup contact theory." Annual Review of Psychology, 49: 65-85.
74. Phillips, D. J. 2001 "The promotion paradox: Organizational mortality and employee promotion chances in Silicon Valley law firms, 1946-1996." American Journal of Sociology, 106: 1058-1098.
75. 2002 "A genealogical approach to organizational life chances: The parent-progeny transfer and Silicon Valley law firms, 1946-1996." Administrative Science Quarterly, 47: 474-506.
76. Raftery, A. E. 1995 "Bayesian model selection in social research." Sociological Methodology, 25: 111-163.
77. Reskin, B. 1993 "Sex segregation in the workplace." Annual Review of Sociology, 19: 241-270.
78. Rhode, D. L. 2002 "Balanced lives for lawyers." Fordham Law Review, 70: 2207-2220.
79. Ridgeway, C. L. 1997 "Interaction and the conservation of gender inequality: Considering employment." American Sociological Review, 62: 218-235.
80. Ridgeway, C. L., and K. G. Erickson 2000 "Creating and spreading status beliefs." American Journal of Sociology, 106: 579-615.
81. Ridgeway, C. L., C. Johnson, and D. Diekema 1994 "External status, legitimacy, and compliance in male and female groups." Social Forces, 72: 1051-1077.
82. Ridgeway, C. L., and L. SmithLovin 1999 "The gender system and interaction." Annual Review of Sociology, 25: 191-216.
83. Rivkin, V. 2001 "Survey: Women see bars to promotion." Legal Times, February 5.
84. Sapp, J. R. 2002 Making Partner: A Guide for Law Firm Associates, 2d ed. Chicago: American Bar Association Section of Law Practice Management.
85. Schein, E. H. 1992 Organizational Culture and Leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
86. Schoonhoven, C. B., K. M. Eisenhardt, and K. Lyman 1990 "Speeding products to market: Waiting time to first product introduction in new firms." Administrative Science Quarterly, 35: 177-207.
87. Schwarz, G. 1978 "Estimating the dimension of a model." Annals of Statistics, 6: 461-464.
88. Seligman, D. 2001 "Equal pay revisited." Forbes, Jan. 22, p. 80.
89. Sherer, P. D. 1995 "Leveraging human assets in law firms: Human capital structures and organizational capabilities." Industrialand Labor Relations Review, 48: 671-691.
90. Singh, J. V., D. J. Tucker, and R. J. House 1986 "Organizational legitimacy and the liability of newness." Administrative Science Quarterly, 31: 171-193.
91. Smigel, E. O. 1969 The Wall Street Lawyer: Professional Organization Man? Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
92. Spurr, S. J. 1990 "Sex discrimination in the legal profession: A study of promotion." Industrialand Labor Relations Review, 43: 406-417.
93. Spurr, S. J., and G. T. Sueyoshi 1994 "Turnover and promotion of lawyers: An inquiry into gender differences." Journal of Human Resources, 29: 813-842.
94. Stinchcombe, A. 1965 "Organizations and social structure." In J. G. March (ed.), Handbook of Organizations: 141-193. Chicago: Rand McNally.
95. Stuart, T., and W. Ding 2004 "Technology: A new arena for gender stratification in scientific careers?" In W. Ding, "Four essays on the formation and evolution of U.S. biotechnology companies." Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago.
96. Suchman, M. C. 1993 "On the role of law firms in the structuration of Silicon Valley." Working Paper, Series 11, presented at the 1993 Annual Meeting of the Law and Society Association, Chicago.
97. 2000 "Dealmakers and counselors: Law firms as intermediaries in the development of Silicon Valley." In M. Kenney (ed.), Understanding Silicon Valley: The Anatomy of an Entrepreneurial Region: 71-97. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
98. Taber, J. 1988 "Project: Gender, legal education, and the legal profession: An empirical study of Stanford law students and graduates." Stanford Law Review, 40: 1209-1297.
99. Troyer, L. 2004 "The role of social identity processes in status construction." In S. Thye and J. Skvoretz (eds.), Advances in Group Processes: Power and Status, 20: 149-172.
100. Tyson, L. D. 2003 "New clues to the pay and leadership gap." Business Week, October 27, p. 36.
101. Volinsky, C. T., and A. E. Raftery 1999 "Bayesian information criterion for censored survival models." Technical Report 349, Department of Statistics, University of Washington. http://www.stat.washington. edu/tech.reports/tr349.ps.
102. Walsh, M. 1994 "Lean, mean, but is it really new?" Recorder, Jan. 28, p. 1.
103. Wholey, D. R. 1985 "Determinants of firm internal labor markets in large law firms." Administrative Science Quarterly, 30: 318-335.
104. Winter, S. G., and G. Szulanski 2000 "Replication of organizational routines: Conceptualizing the exploitation of knowledge assets." In N. Bontis and C.W. Choo (eds.), The Strategic Management of Intellectual Capital and Organizational Knowledge: A Collection of Readings: 207-221. New York: Oxford University Press.
105. Yoder, J. D. 1991 "Rethinking tokenism: Looking beyond numbers." Gender and Society, 5 (2): 178-192.
106. Ziewacz, E. K. 1996 "Can the glass ceiling be shattered?: The decline of women partners in large law firms." Ohio State Law Journal, 57: 971-997.
107. Zucker, L. G. 1977 "The role of institutionalization in cultural persistence." American Sociological Review, 42: 726-743.