Multitrophic interactions below and above ground: En route to the next level

Journal of Ecology

Volumn 99, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 77-88

  Van Dam, Nicole M ^a   Heil, Martin ^b  

^a RADBOUD UNIVERSITY NIJMEGEN   (Netherlands)

^b DEPARTAMENTO DE INGENIERÍA GENÉTICA   (Mexico)

Author keywords

Food webs; Induced defence; Induced resistance; Plant herbivore interactions; Plant insect interactions; Plant microbe interactions; Soil communities; Systemic induction; Tritrophic interactions

Indexed keywords

FOOD WEB; NATURAL ENEMY; PLANT DEFENSE; PLANT-HERBIVORE INTERACTION; TAXONOMY; TRITROPHIC INTERACTION;

HEXAPODA; RHIZOBIACEAE;

EID: 78650326767     PISSN: 00220477     EISSN: 13652745     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01761.x     Document Type: Review

References (109)

1. Agrawal, A.A. (2005) Natural selection on common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) by a community of specialized insect herbivores. Evolutionary Ecology Research, 7, 651-667.
2. Ali, J.G., Alborm, H.T. & Stelinski, L.L. (2011) Constitutive and induced subterranean plant volatiles attract both entomopathogenic and plant parasitic nematodes. Journal of Ecology, 99, 26-35.
3. Ali, J.G., Alborn, H.T. & Stelinski, L.L. (2010) Subterranean herbivore-induced volatiles released by Citrus roots upon feeding by Diaprepes abbreviatus recruit entomopathogenic nematodes. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 36, 361-368.
4. Bardgett, R.D. & Wardle, D.A. (2003) Herbivore-mediated linkages between aboveground and belowground communities. Ecology, 84, 2258-2268.
5. Bezemer, T.M. & van Dam, N.M. (2005) Linking aboveground and belowground interactions via induced plant defenses. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 20, 617-624.
6. Bezemer, T.M., Wagenaar, R., van Dam, N.M., van Der Putten, W.H. & Wäckers, F.L. (2004) Above- and below-ground terpenoid aldehyde induction in cotton, Gossypium herbaceum, following root and leaf injury. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 30, 53-67.
7. Bezemer, T.M., De Deyn, G.B., Bossinga, T.M., van Dam, N.M., Harvey, J.A. & van der Putten, W.H. (2005) Soil community composition drives aboveground plant-herbivore-parasitoid interations. Ecology Letters, 8, 652-661.
8. Blossey, B. & Hunt-Joshi, T.R. (2003) Belowground herbivory by insects: Influence on plants and aboveground herbivores. Annual Review of Entomology, 48, 521-547.
9. Bostock, R.M. (2005) Signal crosstalk and induced resistance: straddling the line between cost and benefit. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 43, 545-580.
10. Bronstein, J.L. (1994) Our current understanding of mutualism. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 69, 31-51.
11. Bronstein, J.L. (2009) The evolution of facilitation and mutualism. Journal of Ecology, 97, 1160-1170.
12. Cole, R.A. (1997) The relative importance of glucosinolates and amino acids to the development of two aphid pests Brevicoryne brassicae and Myzus persicae on wild and cultivated brassica species. Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applicata, 85, 121-133.
13. Conrath, U., Pieterse, C.M.J. & Mauch-Mani, B. (2002) Priming in plant-pathogen interactions. Trends in Plant Science, 7, 210-216.
14. van Dam, N.M. (2009) Belowground herbivory and plant defenses. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 40, 373-391.
15. van Dam, N.M. & Bezemer, T.M. (2006) Chemical communication between roots and shoots: towards an integration of aboveground and belowground induced responses in plants. Chemical Ecology From Gene to Ecosystem (eds M. Dicke & T. W ). pp. 127-143, Springer, Dordrecht.
16. van Dam, N.M., Raaijmakers, C.E. & Van der Putten, W.H. (2005) Root herbivory reduces growth and survival of the shoot feeding specialist Pieris rapae on Brassica nigra. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 115, 161-170.
17. van Dam, N.M., Witte, L., Theuring, C. & Hartmann, T. (1995) Distribution, biosynthesis and turnover of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Cynoglossum officinale. Phytochemistry, 39, 287-292.
18. van Dam, N.M., Horn, M., Mares, M. & Baldwin, I.T. (2001) Ontogeny constrains systemic protease inhibitor response in Nicotiana attenuata. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 27, 547-568.
19. van Dam, N.M., Harvey, J.A., Wackers, F.L., Bezemer, T.M., van der Putten, W.H. & Vet, L.E.M. (2003) Interactions between aboveground and belowground induced responses against phytophages. Basic and Applied Ecology, 4, 63-77.
20. Dean, J.M., Mescher, M.C. & De Moraes, C.M. (2009) Plant-rhizobia mutualism influences aphid abundance on soybean. Plant and Soil, 323, 187-196.
21. de Deyn, G.B., Raaijmakers, C.E., Zoomer, H.R., Berg, M.P., de Ruiter, P.C., Verhoeff, H.A., Bezemer, T.M. & Van der Putten, W.H. (2003) Soil invertebrate fauna enhances grassland succession and diversity. Nature, 422, 711-713.
22. de Deyn, G.B., Biere, A., van der Putten, W.H., Wagenaar, R. & Klironomos, J.N. (2009) Chemical defense, mycorrhizal colonization and growth responses in Plantago lanceolata L. Oecologia, 160, 433-442.
23. Dicke, M. (1999) Evolution of induced indirect defense of plants. The Ecology and Evolution of Inducible Defenses (eds R. Tollrian & C.D. Harvell ). pp. 62-88, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
24. Elsen, A., Gervacio, D., Swennen, R. & De Waele, D. (2008) AMF-induced biocontrol against plant parasitic nematodes in Musa sp.: a systemic effect. Mycorrhiza, 18, 251-256.
25. Erb, M., Ton, J., Degenhardt, J. & Turlings, T.C.J. (2008) Interactions between arthropod-induced aboveground and belowground defenses in plants. Plant Physiology, 146, 867-874.
26. Erb, M., Flors, V., Karlen, D., De Lange, E., Planchamp, C., D'Alessandro, M., Turlings, T. & Ton, J. (2009a) Signal signature of aboveground induced resistance upon belowground herbivory in maize. Plant Journal, 59, 292-302.
27. Erb, M., Flors, V., Karlen, D., de Lange, E., Planchamp, C., D'Alessandro, M., Turlings, T.C.J. & Ton, J. (2009b) Signal signature of aboveground-induced resistance upon belowground herbivory in maize. Plant Journal, 59, 292-302.
28. Erb, M., Köllner, T.G., Degenhardt, J., Zwahlen, C., Hibbard, B.E. & Turlings, T.C.J. (2011a) The role of abscisic acid and water stress in root herbivore-induced leaf resistance. New Phytologist, 189, 308-320.
29. Erb, M., Robert, C.A.M., Hibbart, B.E. & Turlings, T.C.J. (2011b) Sequence of arrival determines plant-, mediated interactions between herbivores. Journal of Ecology, 99, 36-45.
30. Faessel, L., Nassr, N., Lebeau, T. & Walter, B. (2010) Chemically-induced resistance on soybean inhibits nodulation and mycorrhization. Plant and Soil, 329, 259-268.
31. Fritz, M., Jakobsen, I., Lyngkjaer, M.F., Thordal-Christensen, H. & Pons-Kuhnemann, J. (2006) Arbuscular mycorrhiza reduces susceptibility of tomato to Alternaria solani. Mycorrhiza, 16, 413-419.
32. Gomez, S. & Stuefer, J.F. (2006) Members only: induced systemic resistance to herbivory in a clonal plant network. Oecologia, 147, 461-468.
33. Heidel, A.J. & Baldwin, I.T. (2004) Microarray analysis of salicylic acid- and jasmonic acid-signalling in responses of Nicotiana attenuata to attack by insects from multiple feeding guilds. Plant Cell and Environment, 27, 1362-1373.
34. Heil, M. (2001) Induced systemic resistance (ISR) against pathogens - a promising field for ecological research. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 4, 65-79.
35. Heil, M. (2008) Indirect defence via tritrophic interactions. New Phytologist, 178, 41-61.
36. Heil, M. & Baldwin, I.T. (2002) Fitness costs of induced resistance: emerging experimental support for a slippery concept. Trends in Plant Science, 7, 61-67.
37. Heil, M. & Bostock, R.M. (2002) Induced systemic resistance (ISR) in the context of induced plant defences. Annals of Botany, 89, 503-512.
38. Heil, M. & Ton, J. (2008) Long-distance signalling in plant defence. Trends in Plant Science, 13, 264-272.
39. Heil, M. & Walters, D. (2009) Ecological consequences of plant defence signalling. Plant Innate Immunity (ed L.C. Van Loon ). pp. 667-716, Elsevier, London.
40. Hol, W.H.G., de Boer, W., Termorshuizen, A.J., Meyer, K.M., Schneider, J.H.M., van Dam, N.M., van Veen, J.A. & van der Putten, W.H. (2010) Reduction of rare soil microbes modifies plant-herbivore interactions. Ecology Letters, 13, 292-301.
41. Holland, J.N., Chamberlain, S.A. & Horn, K.C. (2009) Optimal defence theory predicts investment in extrafloral nectar resources in an ant-plant mutualism. Journal of Ecology, 97, 89-96.
42. van Hulten, M., Pelser, M., van Loon, L.C., Pieterse, C.M.J. & Ton, J. (2006) Costs and benefits of priming for defense in Arabidopsis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103, 5602-5607.
43. Hunt-Joshi, T.R. & Blossey, B. (2005) Interactions of root and leaf herbivores on purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria). Oecologia, 142, 554-563.
44. Iwasa, Y., Kubo, T., van Dam, N.M. & de Jong, T.J. (1996) Optimal level of chemical defense decreasing with leaf age. Theoretical Population Biology, 50, 124-148.
45. Jansen, J.J., Allwood, J.W., Marsden-Edwards, E., van der Putten, W.H., Goodacre, R. & van Dam, N.M. (2009) Metabolomic analysis of the interaction between plants and herbivores. Metabolomics, 5, 150-161.
46. Johnson, S.N. & Gregory, P.J. (2006) Chemically-mediated host-plant location and selection by root-feeding insects. Physiological Entomology, 31, 1-13.
47. Johnson, S.N., Staley, J.T., McLeod, F.A.L. & Hartley, S.E. (2011) Plant-mediated effects of soil invertebrates and summer drought on above-ground multitrophic interactions. Journal of Ecology, 99, 57-65.
48. Kaplan, I., Halitschke, R., Kessler, A., Sardanelli, S. & Denno, R.F. (2008a) Constitutive and induced defenses to herbivory in above- and belowground plant tissues. Ecology, 89, 392-406.
49. Kaplan, I., Halitschke, R., Kessler, A., Sardanelli, S. & Denno, R.F. (2008b) Effects of Plant Vascular Architecture on Aboveground-Belowground-Induced Responses to Foliar and Root Herbivores on Nicotiana tabacum. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 34, 1349-1359.
50. Kaplan, I., Halitschke, R., Kessler, A., Rehill, B.J., Sardanelli, S. & Denno, R.F. (2008c) Physiological integration of roots and shoots in plant defense strategies links above- and belowground herbivory. Ecology Letters, 11, 841-851.
51. Karban, R. (1997) Neighbourhood affects a plant's risk of herbivory and subsequent success. Ecological Entomology, 22, 433-439.
52. Karban, R. & Baldwin, I.T. (1997) Induced Responses to Herbivory. University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London.
53. Karban, R. & Niiho, C. (1995) Induced resistance and susceptibility to herbivory: plant memory and altered plant development. Ecology, 76, 1220-1225.
54. Kempel, A., Schmidt, A.K., Brandl, R. & Schadler, M. (2010) Support from the underground: pnduced plant resistance depends on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Functional Ecology, 24, 293-300.
55. Kiers, E.T., Adler, L.S., Grman, E.L. & van der Heijden, M.G.A. (2010) Manipulating the jasmonate response: How do methyl jasmonate additions mediate characteristics of aboveground and belowground mutualisms? Functional Ecology, 24, 434-443.
56. Koricheva, J., Larsson, S., Haukioja, E. & Keinänen, M. (1998) Regulation of woody plant secondary metabolism by resource availability: hypothesis testing by means of meta-analysis. Oikos, 83, 212-226.
57. Korneef, A. & Pieterse, C.M.J. (2008) Cross talk in defense signaling. Plant Physiology, 146, 839-844.
58. Laird, R.A. & Addicott, J.F. (2007) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi reduce the construction of extrafloral nectaries in Vicia faba. Oecologia, 152, 541-551.
59. Masters, G.J. (1995) The impact of root herbivory on aphid performance - Field and laboratory evidence. Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology, 16, 135-142.
60. Masters, G.J. & Brown, V.K. (1992) Plant-mediated interactions between two spatially separated insects. Functional Ecology, 6, 175-179.
61. Masters, G.J. & Brown, V.K. (1997) Host-plant mediated interactions between spatially separated herbivores: effects on community structure. Multitrophic interactions in a changing world. 36th Symposium of the British Ecological Society (eds A.C. Gange & V.K. Brown ). pp. 217-232, Blackwell Science Ltd, Oxford, UK.
62. Masters, G.J., Brown, V.K. & Gange, A.C. (1993) Plant mediated interactions between aboveground and belowground insect herbivores. Oikos, 66, 148-151.
63. Masters, G.J., Jones, T.H. & Rogers, M. (2001) Host-plant mediated effects of root herbivory on insect seed predators and their parasitoids. Oecologia, 127, 246-250.
64. McKey, D. (1974) Adaptive patterns in alkaloid physiology. The American Naturalist, 108, 305-320.
65. McKey, D. (1979) The distribution of secondary compounds within plants. Herbivores: their interactions with secondary plant metabolites (eds G.A. Rosenthal & D.H. Janzen ). pp. 55-133, Academic Press, New York, NY, USA.
66. Métraux, J.-P. (2001) Systemic acquired resistance and salicylic acid: current state of knowledge. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 107, 13-18.
67. Meyer, K.M., Mooij, W.M., Vos, M., Hol, W.H.G. & van der Putten, W.H. (2009a) The power of simulating experiments. Ecological Modelling, 220, 2594-2597.
68. Meyer, K.M., Vos, M., Mooij, W.M., Hol, W.H.G., Termorshuizen, A.J., Vet, L.E.M. & van der Putten, W.H. (2009b) Quantifying the impact of above- and belowground higher trophic levels on plant and herbivore performance by modeling(1). Oikos, 118, 981-990.
69. Moran, N.A. & Whitham, T.G. (1990) Interspecific competition between root-feeding and leaf-galling aphids mediated by host-plant resistance. Ecology, 71, 1050-1058.
70. Núñez-Farfán, J., Fornoni, J. & Valverde, P.L. (2007) The evolution of resistance and tolerance to herbivores. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics, 38, 541-566.
71. Orians, C.M., Pomerleau, J. & Ricco, R. (2000) Vascular architecture generates fine scale variation in systemic induction of proteinase inhibitors in tomato. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 26, 471-485.
72. Pieterse, C.M.J. & Dicke, M. (2007) Plant interactions with microbes and insects: from molecular mechanisms to ecology. Trends in Plant Science, 12, 564-569.
73. Pieterse, C.M.J., van Pelt, J.A., van Wees, S.C.M., Ton, J., Léon-Kloosterziel, K., Keurentjes, J.J.B., Verhagen, B.W.M., Knoester, M., van der Sluis, I., Bakker, P.A.H.M. & van Loon, L.C. (2001) Rhizobacteria-mediated induced systemic resistance: triggering, signalling and expression. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 107, 51-61.
74. Pieterse, C.M.J., Schaller, A., Mauch-Mani, B. & Conrath, U. (2006) Signaling in plant resistance responses: divergence and cross-talk of defense pathways. Multigenic and Induced Systemic Resistance in Plants (eds S. Tuzun & E. Bent ). pp. 166-196, Springer, New York.
75. Pieterse, C.M.J., Leon-Reyes, A., Van der Ent, S. & Van Wees, S.C.M. (2009) Networking by small-molecule hormones in plant immunity. Nature Chemical Biology, 5, 308-316.
76. Pineda, A., Zheng, S.-J., van Loon, J.J.A., Pieterse, C.M.J. & Dicke, M. (2010) Helping plants to deal with insects: the role of beneficial soil-borne microbes. Trends in Plant Science, 15, 507-514.
77. Poveda, K., Steffan-Dewenter, I., Scheu, S. & Tscharntke, T. (2005) Effects of decomposers and herbivores on plant performance and aboveground plant-insect interactions. Oikos, 108, 503-510.
78. Pozo, M.J. & Azcón-Aguilar, C. (2007) Unraveling mycorrhiza-induced resistance. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 10, 393-398.
79. Pozo, M.J., Van Loon, L.C. & Pieterse, C.M.J. (2005) Jasmonates - signals in plant-microbe interactions. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 23, 211-222.
80. van der Putten, W.H. (2009) A multitrophic perspective on functioning and evolution of facilitation in plant communities. Journal of Ecology, 97, 1131-1138.
81. van der Putten, W.H., Vet, L.E.M., Harvey, J.A. & Wäckers, F.L. (2001) Linking above- and belowground multitrophic interactions of plants, herbivores, pathogens and their antagonists. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 16, 547-554.
82. van der Putten, W.H., Bardgett, R.D., de Ruiter, P.C., Hol, W.H.G., Meyer, K.M., Bezemer, T.M. et al. (2009) Empirical and theoretical challenges in aboveground-belowground ecology. Oecologia, 161, 1-14.
83. Qiu, B.L., Harvey, J.A., Raaijmakers, C.E., Vet, L.E.M. & van Dam, N.M. (2009) Nonlinear effects of plant root and shoot jasmonic acid application on the performance of Pieris brassicae and its parasitoid Cotesia glomerata. Functional Ecology, 23, 496-505.
84. Radhika, V., Kost, C., Bartram, S., Heil, M. & Boland, W. (2008) Testing the optimal defence hypothesis for two indirect defences: extrafloral nectar and volatile organic compounds. Planta, 228, 449-457.
85. Rasmann, S. & Turlings, T.C.J. (2007) Simultaneous feeding by aboveground and belowground herbivores attenuates plant-mediated attraction of their respective natural enemies. Ecology Letters, 10, 926-936.
86. Rasmann, S., Kollner, T.G., Degenhardt, J., Hiltpold, I., Toepfer, S., Kuhlmann, U., Gershenzon, J. & Turlings, T.C.J. (2005) Recruitment of entomopathogenic nematodes by insect-damaged maize roots. Nature, 434, 732-737.
87. Rasmann, S., Agrawal, A.A., Cook, S.C. & Erwin, A.C. (2009) Cardenolides, induced responses, and interactions between above- and belowground herbivores of milkweed (Asclepias spp.). Ecology, 90, 2393-2404.
88. Rasmann, S., Erwin, A.C., Halitschke, R. & Agrawal, A.A. (2011) Direct and indirect plant defences of milkweed (Asclepias syriaca): trophic cascades, trade-offs and novel methods for studying subterranean herbivory. Journal of Ecology, 99, 16-25.
89. de Román, M., Fernández, I., Wyatt, T., Sahrawy, M., Heil, M. & Pozo, M.-J. (2011) Elicitation of foliar resistance mechanisms transiently impairs root association with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Journal of Ecology, 99, 7-15.
90. Rostás, M. & Eggert, K. (2008) Ontogenetic and spatio-temporal patterns of induced volatiles in Glycine max in the light of the optimal defence hypothesis. Chemoecology, 18, 29-38.
91. Schoonhoven, L.M., Jermy, T. & van Loon, J.J.A. (1998) Insect-Plant Biology. From Physiology to Evolution. Chapmann & Hall, London.
92. Schwachtje, J. & Baldwin, I.T. (2008) Why does herbivore attack reconfigure primary metabolism? Plant Physiology, 146, 845-851.
93. Shah, J. (2003) The salicylic acid loop in plant defense. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 6, 365-371.
94. Soler, R., Bezemer, T.M., Van der Putten, W.H., Vet, L.E.M. & Harvey, J.A. (2005) Root herbivore effects on above-ground herbivore, parasitoid and hyperparasitoid performance via changes in plant quality. Journal of Animal Ecology, 74, 1121-1130.
95. Soler, R., Bezemer, T.M., Cortesero, A.M., Van der Putten, W.H., Vet, L.E.M. & Harvey, J.A. (2007a) Impact of foliar herbivory on the development of a root-feeding insect and its parasitoid. Oecologia, 152, 257-264.
96. Soler, R., Harvey, J.A., Kamp, A.F.D., Vet, L.E.M., Van der Putten, W.H., Van Dam, N.M., Stuefer, J.F., Gols, R., Hordijk, C.A. & Martijn Bezemer, T. (2007b) Root herbivores influence the behaviour of an aboveground parasitoid through changes in plant-volatile signals. Oikos, 116, 367-376.
97. Soler, R., Schaper, S.V., Bezemer, T.M., Cortesero, A.M., Hoffmeister, T.S., Van der Putten, W.H., Vet, L.E.M. & Harvey, J.A. (2009) Influence of presence and spatial arrangement of belowground insects on host-plant selection of aboveground insects: a field study. Ecological Entomology, 34, 339-345.
98. Sonnemann, I., Streicher, N.M. & Wolters, V. (2005) Root associated organisms modify the effectiveness of chemically induced resistance in barley. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 37, 1837-1842.
99. Spaepen, S., Vanderleyden, J. & Okon, Y. (2009) Plant growth-promoting actions of rhizobacteria. Plant Innate Immunity (ed L.C. Van Loon ). pp. 284-321, Elsevier, London.
100. Staswick, P.E. & Tiryaki, I. (2004) The oxylipin signal jasmonic acid is activated by an enzyme that conjugates it to isoleucine in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell, 16, 2117-2127.
101. Thaler, J.S., Fidantsef, A.L. & Bostock, R.M. (2002) Antagonism between jasmonate- and salicylate-mediated induced plant resistance: Effects of concentration and timing of elicitation on defense-related proteins, herbivore, and pathogen performance in tomato. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 28, 1131-1159.
102. Vannette, R.L. & Hunter, M.D. (2011) Plant defence theory re-examined: non-linear expectations based on the cost and benefits of resource mutualisms. Journal of Ecology, 99, 66-76.
103. de Vleeschauwer, D. & Höfte, M. (2009) Rhizobacteria-induced systemic resistance. Plant Innate Immunity (ed L.C. van Loon ). pp. 224-283, Elsevier, London.
104. Wardle, D.A., Bardgett, R.D., Klironomos, J.N., Setala, H., van der Putten, W.H. & Wall, D.H. (2004) Ecological linkages between aboveground and belowground biota. Science, 304, 1629-1633.
105. Wasternack, C. (2007) Jasmonates: an update on biosynthesis, signal transduction and action in plant stress response, growth and development. Annals of Botany, 100, 681-697.
106. Wurst, S. & van der Putten, W.H. (2007) Root herbivore identity matters in plant-mediated interactions between root and shoot herbivores. Basic and Applied Ecology, 8, 491-499.
107. Yang, J.W., Yi, H.S., Lee, B., Lee, S., Ghim, S.-Y. & Ryu, C.-M. (2011) Whitefly infestation of pepper plants elicits defence responses against bacterial pathogens in leaves and roots and changes the below-ground microflora. Journal of Ecology, 99, 46-56.
108. Zangerl, A.R. & Rutledge, C.E. (1996) The probability of attack and patterns of constitutive and induced defense: A test of optimal defense theory. American Naturalist, 147, 599-608.
109. Zehnder, G.W., Yao, C., Murphy, J.F., Sikora, E.J., Kloepper, J.W., Schuster, D.J. & Polston, J.E. (2001) Microbe-induced resistance against pathogens and herbivores: evidence of effectiveness in agriculture. Induced Plant Defenses Against Pathogens and Herbivores: Biochemistry, Ecology, and Agriculture (eds A.A. Agrawal, S. Tuzun & E. Bent ). pp. 335-355, The American Phytopathological Society Press, St. Paul, Minnesota.