메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 25, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 1-8

A precautionary principle for dual use research in the life sciences

Author keywords

Biological weapons; Dual use; Life science research; Precautionary principle; Responsibility

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BIOLOGICAL WARFARE; BIOMEDICINE; ETHICS; HUMAN; MEDICAL RESEARCH; POLICY; RISK ASSESSMENT; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; UNCERTAINTY;

EID: 78650281347     PISSN: 02699702     EISSN: 14678519     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8519.2009.01740.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (34)

References (51)
  • 1
    • 78650303203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Weapons of mass destruction (or WMDs) cover nuclear, chemical, biological and radiological weapons. The term WMD is contested with regards to the capacity of chemical and biological weapons to invoke mass destruction and some prefer to call it disruption
    • Weapons of mass destruction (or WMDs) cover nuclear, chemical, biological and radiological weapons. The term WMD is contested with regards to the capacity of chemical and biological weapons to invoke mass destruction and some prefer to call it disruption.
  • 3
    • 54049115097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Taking Due Care: Moral Obligations in Dual Use Research
    • F. Kuhlau et al. Taking Due Care: Moral Obligations in Dual Use Research. Bioethics 2008; 22: 477-487.
    • (2008) Bioethics , vol.22 , pp. 477-487
    • Kuhlau, F.1
  • 4
    • 33749513771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Dual-use Dilemma for the Life Sciences: Perspectives, Conundrums, and Global Solutions
    • 276
    • R.M. Atlas & M.R. Dando. The Dual-use Dilemma for the Life Sciences: Perspectives, Conundrums, and Global Solutions. Biosecur Bioterror 2006; 4: 276-286: 276.
    • (2006) Biosecur Bioterror , vol.4 , pp. 276-286
    • Atlas, R.M.1    Dando, M.R.2
  • 5
    • 33750823327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), World Commission on the Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and Technology (COMEST). Paris: UNESCO: 30. Available at: [Accessed 29 Oct 2008]
    • 2005. The Precautionary Principle. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), World Commission on the Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and Technology (COMEST). Paris: UNESCO: 30. Available at: [Accessed 29 Oct 2008].
    • (2005) The Precautionary Principle
  • 6
    • 23944514801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Precautionary maybe, but what's the principle? The Precautionary Principle, the Regulation of Risk, and the Public Domain
    • 375
    • M. Feintuck. Precautionary maybe, but what's the principle? The Precautionary Principle, the Regulation of Risk, and the Public Domain. J law Soc 2005; 32: 371-398: 375
    • (2005) J law Soc , vol.32 , pp. 371-398
    • Feintuck, M.1
  • 7
    • 22844453938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dimensions of the Precautionary Principle
    • 889
    • P. Sandin. Dimensions of the Precautionary Principle. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 1999; 5: 889-907: 889.
    • (1999) Hum Ecol Risk Assess , vol.5 , pp. 889-907
    • Sandin, P.1
  • 8
    • 78650259534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Wingspread Conference Centre. Racine: Wisconsin, 23-25 January. Available at: [Accessed 7 Oct 2008]
    • 1998. Wingspread Statement on the Precautionary Principle. The Wingspread Conference Centre. Racine: Wisconsin, 23-25 January. Available at: [Accessed 7 Oct 2008].
    • Wingspread Statement on the Precautionary Principle
  • 9
    • 78650271161 scopus 로고
    • The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. Rio de Janeiro: Brazil, 3-14 June. Available at: [Accessed 6 Oct 2008]
    • 1992. Rio Declaration on Environment and Development. The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. Rio de Janeiro: Brazil, 3-14 June. Available at: [Accessed 6 Oct 2008].
    • (1992) Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
  • 10
    • 78650278959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), World Commission on the Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and Technology (COMEST), op. cit. note 4
    • United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), World Commission on the Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and Technology (COMEST), op. cit. note 4, p. 25.
  • 11
    • 33745355693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Precautionary Principle is Incoherent
    • 596
    • M. Peterson. The Precautionary Principle is Incoherent. Risk Anal 2006; 26: 595-601: 596.
    • (2006) Risk Anal , vol.26 , pp. 595-601
    • Peterson, M.1
  • 12
    • 78650297451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The remainder of this article will explore the Precautionary Principle from scientists' perspective and not as a formalized principle for policy-making
    • The remainder of this article will explore the Precautionary Principle from scientists' perspective and not as a formalized principle for policy-making.
  • 14
    • 0009704789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Precautionary Principle, the Catastrophe Argument, and Pascal's Wager
    • The concepts of 'burden-removing' and 'burden-adding' principles can be found
    • N.A. Manson. The Precautionary Principle, the Catastrophe Argument, and Pascal's Wager, J Univ Aberdeen Centre for Philosophy Technology, & Society The concepts of 'burden-removing' and 'burden-adding' principles can be found 1999; 4, 1: 12-16.
    • (1999) J Univ Aberdeen Centre for Philosophy Technology, & Society , vol.4 , Issue.1 , pp. 12-16
    • Manson, N.A.1
  • 15
    • 50049116407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulating BFRs - From Science to Policy
    • 147
    • S-O. Hansson. Regulating BFRs - From Science to Policy. Chemosphere 2008; 73: 144-147: 147.
    • (2008) Chemosphere , vol.73 , pp. 144-147
    • Hansson, S.-O.1
  • 16
    • 78650260549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • op. cit. note 11
    • Manson, op. cit. note 11.
    • Manson1
  • 17
    • 78650291191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • op. cit. note 2
    • Kuhlau, op. cit. note 2.
    • Kuhlau1
  • 18
    • 22844453938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dimensions of the Precautionary Principle
    • 890-891
    • P. Sandin. Dimensions of the Precautionary Principle. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 1999; 5: 889-907: 890-891
    • (1999) Hum Ecol Risk Assess , vol.5 , pp. 889-907
    • Sandin, P.1
  • 19
    • 33644856956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A paradox out of context: Harris and Holm on the precautionary principle
    • 178
    • P. Sandin. A paradox out of context: Harris and Holm on the precautionary principle. Camb Q Healthc Ethic 2006; 15: 175-183: 178.
    • (2006) Camb Q Healthc Ethic , vol.15 , pp. 175-183
    • Sandin, P.1
  • 20
    • 33644856956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A paradox out of context: Harris and Holm on the precautionary principle
    • 178
    • P. Sandin. A paradox out of context: Harris and Holm on the precautionary principle. Camb Q Healthc Ethic 2006; 15: 175-183: 178.
    • (2006) Camb Q Healthc Ethic , vol.15 , pp. 175-183
    • Sandin, P.1
  • 21
    • 22844453938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dimensions of the Precautionary Principle
    • 890-891
    • P. Sandin. Dimensions of the Precautionary Principle. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 1999; 5: 889: 890-891.
    • (1999) Hum Ecol Risk Assess , vol.5 , pp. 889
    • Sandin, P.1
  • 22
    • 78650262360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • op. cit. note 17
    • Sandin, op. cit. note 17, pp. 177-178.
    • Sandin1
  • 24
    • 15544388995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethics: A Weapon to Counter Bioterrorism
    • 1881
    • M.A. Somerville & M.R. Atlas. Ethics: A Weapon to Counter Bioterrorism. Science 2005; 307: 1881-1882: 1881.
    • (2005) Science , vol.307 , pp. 1881-1882
    • Somerville, M.A.1    Atlas, M.R.2
  • 27
    • 78650271160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • op. cit. note 22
    • Buzan, Waever & De Wilde, op. cit. note 22.
    • Buzan, W.1    De Wilde2
  • 28
    • 78650296522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • Examples include the uncovering of Iraq's biological weapon programme and revelations about the massive offensive biological weapon programme of the Soviet Union. In order to prevent the spread of biological weapons from countries where they previously existed and to prevent terrorists or states from acquiring biological materials and know-how, so-called threat reduction activities have been undertaken. They include eliminating biological weapon-relevant equipment and infrastructure and redirecting the efforts of former weapon scientists to peaceful activities to avoid so called 'brain-drain'. The most cited cases of successful and attempted events include the Rajneesh using salmonella on food in Dalles, Oregon in 1984, the Japanese group Aum Shinrikyo which unsuccessfully attempted to produce and disseminate anthrax and botulinum toxin in 1990-94, the unsuccessful efforts by al-Qaida to obtain anthrax and prepare a facility in which to do microbiological work in 1999 and 2001. In 2001, a perpetrator succeeded in distributing high-quality dry powder anthrax spores via letters in the US. After seven years of speculations the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) announced in August 2008 that a research microbiologist, Bruce Ivins, working at the US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases for more than 28 years was solely responsible for the attacks.
  • 29
    • 72049096584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stockholm, Sweden: Swedish National Defence College and Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). 2008. Anthrax Investigation: Closing a Chapter. Washington: FBI. Available at: [Accessed 17 Nov 2008]
    • M. Leitenberg. 2004. The Problem of Biological Weapons. Stockholm, Sweden: Swedish National Defence College and Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). 2008. Anthrax Investigation: Closing a Chapter. Washington: FBI. Available at: [Accessed 17 Nov 2008].
    • (2004) The Problem of Biological Weapons
    • Leitenberg, M.1
  • 30
    • 0038579536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is the Precautionary Principle Unscientific?
    • 336
    • D.B. Resnik. Is the Precautionary Principle Unscientific? Stud. Hist Phi. Bio. & Biomed Sci 2003; 34: 329-344: 336
    • (2003) Stud. Hist Phi. Bio. & Biomed Sci , vol.34 , pp. 329-344
    • Resnik, D.B.1
  • 31
    • 0035404347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learning From the Law to Address Uncertainty in the Precautionary Principle
    • 318
    • C.F. Cranor. Learning From the Law to Address Uncertainty in the Precautionary Principle. Sci Eng Ethics 2001; 7: 313-326: 318.
    • (2001) Sci Eng Ethics , vol.7 , pp. 313-326
    • Cranor, C.F.1
  • 33
    • 78650286058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Committee on Research Standards and Practices to Prevent the Destructive Applications of Biotechnology. Washington, DC: National Academies Press
    • 2004. Biotechnology in an age of Bioterrorism. Committee on Research Standards and Practices to Prevent the Destructive Applications of Biotechnology. Washington, DC: National Academies Press: 5.
    • (2004) Biotechnology in an age of Bioterrorism , pp. 5
  • 34
    • 78650287905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Bioterrorism Agents/Diseases. Available at: [Accessed 7 Oct 2008]
    • US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Bioterrorism Agents/Diseases. Available at: [Accessed 7 Oct 2008].
  • 35
    • 85023970425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Five Charges Against the Precautionary Principle
    • 288
    • P. Sandin, et al. Five Charges Against the Precautionary Principle. J Risk Res 2002; 5: 287-299: 288.
    • (2002) J Risk Res , vol.5 , pp. 287-299
    • Sandin, P.1
  • 36
    • 2142809620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implications of the Precautionary Principle for Primary Prevention and Research
    • 199
    • P. Grandjean. Implications of the Precautionary Principle for Primary Prevention and Research. Annu. Rev Public Health 2004; 25: 199-223: 199
    • (2004) Annu. Rev Public Health , vol.25 , pp. 199-223
    • Grandjean, P.1
  • 37
    • 78650269942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), World Commission on the Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and Technology (COMEST) op. cit. note 4
    • United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), World Commission on the Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and Technology (COMEST) op. cit. note 4, p. 49.
  • 38
    • 78650263834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • op. cit. note 19
    • Sandin, op. cit. note 19, p. 893.
    • Sandin1
  • 39
    • 33744824795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Paralyzing Principle: Does the PP Point Us in Any Helpful Direction?
    • C.R. Sunstein. The Paralyzing Principle: Does the PP Point Us in Any Helpful Direction? Regulation 2002/2003; 24: 32-37
    • (2002) Regulation , vol.24 , pp. 32-37
    • Sunstein, C.R.1
  • 40
    • 0033615026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Precautionary Principle Stifles discovery
    • S. Holm & J. Harris. Precautionary Principle Stifles discovery. Nature 1999; 400: 398.
    • (1999) Nature , vol.400 , pp. 398
    • Holm, S.1    Harris, J.2
  • 41
    • 22844457328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adjusting Scientific Practices to the Precautionary Principle
    • 909
    • S-O. Hansson. Adjusting Scientific Practices to the Precautionary Principle. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 1999; 5: 909-921: 909.
    • (1999) Hum Ecol Risk Assess , vol.5 , pp. 909-921
    • Hansson, S.-O.1
  • 42
    • 78650292733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • op. cit. note 32
    • Holm & Harris, op. cit. note 32.
    • Holm1    Harris2
  • 43
    • 78650285814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • op. cit. note 29
    • Sandin, et al., op. cit. note 29, p. 291.
    • Sandin1
  • 44
    • 78650288640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • op. cit. note 9
    • Peterson, op. cit. note 9, pp. 596-597.
    • Peterson1
  • 45
    • 78650296521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • op. cit. note 2
    • Kuhlau, op. cit. note 2, pp. 481-482.
    • Kuhlau1
  • 46
    • 78650282942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • op. cit. note 21
    • Somerville & Atlas, op. cit. note 21, pp. 1881-1882.
    • Somerville1    Atlas2
  • 47
    • 78650275645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • op. cit. note 30
    • Grandjean, op. cit. note 30, p. 209.
    • Grandjean1
  • 48
    • 78650277440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Medical Association (WMA), op. cit. note 20
    • World Medical Association (WMA), op. cit. note 20.
  • 49
    • 78650257600 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Society for Microbiology (AMS). 2005. Code of Ethics: 2
    • American Society for Microbiology (AMS). 2005. Code of Ethics: 2.
  • 50
    • 78650270452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • op. cit. note 29
    • Sandin, et al., op. cit. note 29, p. 296.
    • Sandin1
  • 51
    • 78650260814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), World Commission on the Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and Technology (COMEST), op. cit. note 4
    • United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), World Commission on the Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and Technology (COMEST), op. cit. note 4, p. 18.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.