Philosophy of Science after Feminism

Philosophy of Science after Feminism

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-176

  Kourany, Janet A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME   (United States)

Author keywords

Epistemic; Ethics; Feminism; Ideal of science; Philosophy of science; Science; Scientific rationality; Socially responsible; Societal context

Indexed keywords

EID: 78650182294     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199732623.001.0001     Document Type: Book

References (317)

1. Abplanalp, Judith M. 1983. "Premenstrual Syndrome: A Selective Review." Women and Health 8: 107-123.
2. Agin, Dan P. 2006. Junk Science: How Politicians, Corporations, and Other Hucksters Betray Us. New York: St. Martin's Press.
3. American Cancer Society. 2008a. Cancer Facts and Figures 2008. At (accessed August 16, 2008).
4. American Cancer Society. 2008b. Cancer Prevention & Early Detection Facts and Figures. At (accessed August 6, 2008).
5. American Cancer Society. 2008c. Cancer Statistics 2008: A Presentation from the American Cancer Society. At (accessed August 6, 2008).
6. American Chemical Society. 1994. "The Chemist's Code of Conduct." At (accessed September 19, 2006).
7. American Institute of Biological Sciences. 2002. "Ethics Statement." At (accessed June 5, 2008).
8. American Physical Society. 2002. "Guidelines for Professional Conduct." At (accessed September 19, 2006).
9. American Psychological Association. 2002. "Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct." At (accessed September 18, 2006).
10. American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 1998. "Code of Ethics." At (accessed October 18, 2006).
11. American Society for Microbiology. 2005. "Code of Ethics." At (accessed June 5, 2008).
12. Anastas, Paul T., and John C. Warner. 1998. Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
13. Anderson, Elizabeth. 1995. "Knowledge, Human Interests, and Objectivity in Feminist Epistemology." Philosophical Topics 23, no. 2: 27-58.
14. Anderson, Elizabeth. 2004. "Uses of Value Judgments in Science: A General Argument, with Lessons from a Case Study of Feminist Research on Divorce." Hypatia 19, no. 1: 1-24.
15. Antony, Louise. 1993. "Quine as Feminist: The Radical Import of Naturalized Epistemology." In Louise Antony and Charlotte Witt, eds., A Mind of One's Own: Feminist Essays on Reason and Objectivity. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 110-153.
16. Antony, Louise. 1995. "Sisters, Please, I'd Rather Do It Myself: A Defense of Individualism in Feminist Epistemology." Philosophical Topics 23, no. 2: 59-94.
17. Associazione Lucacoscioni. 2005. "Presentation World Congress." At (accessed February 26, 2008).
18. Barnes, Barry, and R. G. A. Dolby. 1970. "The Scientific Ethos: A Deviant Viewpoint." European Journal of Sociology 11: 3-25.
19. Baty, Phil. 2005. "When Access to Data Is a Real Bone of Contention." Times Higher Education Supplement (November 25). At .
20. Baxter, Jane Eva. 2005. The Archaeology of Childhood: Children, Gender, and Material Culture. Walnut Creek, Calif.: AltaMira.
21. Bell, Robert. 1992. Impure Science: Fraud, Compromise, and Political Influence in Scientific Research. New York: Wiley.
22. Bergmann, Gustav. [1938] 1993. "Memories of the Vienna Circle: Letter to Otto Neurath (1938)." In Friedrich Stadler, ed., Scientific Philosophy: Origins and Developments. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 193-208.
23. Bernal, John Desmond. 1971. Science in History, Vol. 2: The Scientific and Industrial Revolutions. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
24. Biagioli, Mario. 1993. Galileo, Courtier: The Practice of Science in the Culture of Absolutism. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
25. Biology and Gender Study Group. 1988. "The Importance of Feminist Critique for Contemporary Cell Biology." Hypatia 3: 61-76.
26. Blackwell, Richard J. 2006. Behind the Scenes at Galileo's Trial. Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press.
27. Bleier, Ruth. 1984. Sex and Gender. New York: Pergamon.
28. Broad, William, and Nicholas Wade. 1982. Betrayers of the Truth: Fraud and Deceit in the Halls of Science. New York: Simon & Schuster.
29. Brumfiel, Geoff. 2002. "Misconduct Finding at Bell Labs Shakes Physics Community." Nature 419 (October 3): 419-421.
30. Bullock, Merry, and Sangeeta Panicker. 2003. "Ethics for All: Differences across Scientific Society Codes." Science and Engineering Ethics 9, no. 2: 159-170.
31. Bush, Vannevar. 1945. Science: The Endless Frontier. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
32. Campbell, Richmond. 1998. Illusions of Paradox: A Feminist Epistemology Naturalized. Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield.
33. Campbell, Richmond. 2001. "The Bias Paradox in Feminist Epistemology." In Nancy Tuana and Sandra Morgen, eds., Engendering Rationalities. Albany: State University of New York Press.
34. Caplan, Jeremy B., and Paula J. Caplan. 2005. "The Perseverative Search for Sex Differences in Mathematics Ability." In Ann M. Gallagher and James C. Kaufman, eds., Gender Differences in Mathematics: An Integrative Psychological Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 25-47.
35. Carnap, Rudolf. 1963. "Intellectual Autobiography." In Paul Arthur Schilpp, ed., The Philosophy of Rudolf Carnap. La Salle, Ill.: Open Court, 1-84.
36. Carnap, Rudolf, Hans Hahn, and Otto Neurath. [1929] 1973. "The Scientific Conception of the World: The Vienna Circle." In Marie Neurath and Robert S. Cohen, eds., Empiricism and Sociology. Dordrecht: Reidel, 299-318. Originally published as Wissenschaftliche Weltauffassung: Der Wiener Kreis (Vienna: Artur Wolf, 1929). Also reprinted in Sahotra Sarkar, ed., The Emergence of Logical Empiricism: From 1900 to the Vienna Circle (New York and London: Garland, 1996), 321-340.
37. Cartwright, Nancy, Jordi Cat, Lola Fleck, and Thomas Uebel. 1996. Otto Neurath: Philosophy between Science and Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
38. Ceci, Stephen J., and Wendy M. Williams, eds. 2007. Why Aren't More Women in Science? Top Researchers Debate the Evidence. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
39. Ceci, Stephen J. 2010. The Mathematics of Sex: How Biology and Society Conspire to Limit Talented Women and Girls. New York: Oxford University Press.
40. Chrisler, John C., and Paula Caplan. 2002. "The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde: How PMS Became a Cultural Phenomenon and a Psychiatric Disorder." Annual Review of Sex Research 13: 274-306.
41. Committee on Equal Opportunities in Science and Engineering. 2007. 2005-2006 Biennial Report to Congress. National Science Foundation. At (accessed June 5, 2008).
42. Committee on Maximizing the Potential of Women in Academic Science and Engineering/Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy, National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. 2007. Beyond Bias and Barriers: Fulfilling the Potential of Women in Academic Science and Engineering. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. At (accessed June 5, 2008).
43. Conkey, Margaret W. 2008. "One Thing Leads to Another: Gendering Research in Archaeology." In Londa Schiebinger, ed., Gendered Innovations in Science and Engineering. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 43-64.
44. Conkey, Margaret W., and Sarah H. Williams. 1991. "Original Narratives: The Political Economy of Gender in Archaeology." In Micaela di Leonardo, ed., Gender at the Crossroads of Knowledge: Feminist Anthropology in the Postmodern Era. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 102-139.
45. Creager, Angela N., Elizabeth Lunbeck, and Londa Schiebinger, eds. 2001. Feminism in Twentieth-Century Science, Technology, and Medicine. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
46. Dean, Cornelia. 2008. "Handle with Care." New York Times (August 12): D1, 4.
47. De Beauvoir, Simone. [1949] 1972. The Second Sex, trans. H. M. Pershley. New York: Penguin.
48. Deichmann, Ute. 1996. Biologists under Hitler, trans. Thomas Dunlap. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
49. Di Leonardo, Micaela, 1992. "Women, Culture, and Society Revisited: Feminist Anthropology for the 1990s." In Cheris Kramarae and Dale Spender, eds., The Knowledge Explosion. New York and London: Teachers College Press, 118-124.
50. Douglas, Heather. 2000. "Inductive Risk and Values in Science." Philosophy of Science 67, no. 4: 559-579.
51. Duhem, Pierre. [1908] 1969. To Save the Phenomena: An Essay on the Idea of Physical Theory from Plato to Galileo, trans. Edmund Doland and Chaninah Maschler. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
52. Dupré, John. 2007. "Fact and Value." In John Dupré, Harold Kincaid, and Alison Wylie, eds., Value-Free Science: Ideals and Illusions? New York: Oxford University Press.
53. Easteal, Patricia Weiser. 1991. "Women and Crime: Premenstrual Issues." Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice Series, 31. At (accessed February 10, 2007).
54. Eichler, Margrit. 1980. The Double Standard: A Feminist Critique of Feminist Social Science. New York: St. Martin's Press.
55. Eichler, Margrit. 1988. Nonsexist Research Methods: A Practical Guide. Boston: Allen & Unwin.
56. Elkana, Yehuda. 1982. "The Myth of Simplicity." In Gerald Holton and Yehuda Elkana, eds., Albert Einstein: Historical and Cultural Perspectives. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
57. Epstein, Samuel S. 1998. The Politics of Cancer Revisited. Fremont Center, N.Y.: East Ridge.
58. Epstein, Steven. 1996. Impure Science: AIDS, Activism, and the Politics of Knowledge. Berkeley: University of California Press.
59. Estin, Ann Laquer. 2005. "Can Families Be Efficient? A Feminist Appraisal." In Martha Albertson Fineman and Terence Dougherty, eds., Feminism Confronts Homo Economicus: Gender, Law, and Society. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
60. Etzioni, Amitai, and Alyssa Bowditch, eds. 2006. Public Intellectuals: An Endangered Species? Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield.
61. European Union. 2000. "Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union." Official Journal of the European Communities, 18.12.2000/C 364/1-22. At (accessed February 26, 2008).
62. European Union. n.d. "Frequently Asked Questions: Everything You Want to Know about the Charter." At (accessed February 26, 2008).
63. Evers, Kathinka. 2001. Standards for Ethics and Responsibility in Science: An Analysis and Evaluation of Their Content, Background and Function. International Council for Science, Standing Committee on Responsibility and Ethics in Science. At (accessed May 31, 2008).
64. Fahrenkamp-Uppenbrink, Julia. 2002. "Chemistry Goes Green." Science 297, no. 5582 (August 2): 798.
65. Fausto-Sterling, Anne. 1985. Myths of Gender. New York: Basic Books.
66. Fausto-Sterling, Anne. 1992. Myths of Gender, 2nd ed. New York: Basic Books.
67. Fausto-Sterling, Anne. 2000. Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality. New York: Basic Books.
68. Fedigan, Linda Marie. 2001. "The Paradox of Feminist Primatology: The Goddess's Discipline?" In Angela N. Creager, Elizabeth Lunbeck, and Londa Schiebinger, eds., Feminism in Twentieth-Century Science, Technology, and Medicine. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 46-72.
69. Fee, Elizabeth. 1983. "Women's Nature and Scientific Objectivity." In Marian Lowe and Ruth Hubbard, eds., Women's Nature: Rationalizations of Inequality. New York: Pergamon, 9-27.
70. Feldhay, Rivka. 1995. Galileo and the Church: Political Inquisition or Critical Dialogue? Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
71. Ferber, Marianne A., and Julie A. Nelson, eds. 1993. Beyond Economic Man: Feminist Theory and Economics. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
72. Ferber, Marianne A., and Julie A. Nelson, eds. 2003. Feminist Economics Today: Beyond Economic Man. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
73. Feyerabend, Paul. 1970. "Philosophy of Science: A Subject with a Great Past." In Roger H. Stuewer, ed., Historical and Philosophical Perspectives of Science. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 172-183.
74. Fineman, Martha Albertson, and Terence Dougherty, eds. 2005. Feminism Confronts Homo Economicus: Gender, Law, and Society. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
75. Foreign Policy/Prospect. 2008. "Top 100 Public Intellectuals." At (accessed February 20, 2009).
76. Forman, Paul. 1987. "Behind Quantum Electronics: National Security as Basis for Physical Research in the United States, 1940-1960." Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 18, no. 1: 149-229.
77. Frank, Philipp. 1949. Modern Science and Its Philosophy. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
78. Frank, Philipp. 1951. Relativity: A Richer Truth. London: Jonathan Cape.
79. Geiger, Roger. 1994. "Review of The Cold War and American Science: The Military-Industrial-Academic Complex at MIT and Stanford." Technology and Culture 34: 629-631.
80. Gibbons, Michael, Camille Limoges, Helga Nowotny, Simon Schwartzman, Peter Scott, and Martin Trow. 1994. The New Production of Knowledge: The Dynamics of Science and Research in Contemporary Societies. London: Sage.
81. Giere, Ronald N. 1999. Science without Laws. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
82. Gilman, Sander L. 1993. Freud, Race, and Gender. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
83. Goodstein, David. 1995. "The Fading Myth of the Noble Scientist." In Nathaniel J. Pallone and James J. Hennessy, eds., Fraud and Fallible Judgment: Varieties of Deception in the Social and Behavioral Sciences. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 21-33.
84. Gordon, Jill. 1997. "John Stuart Mill and the 'Marketplace of Ideas.'" Social Theory and Practice 23, no. 2: 235-249.
85. Gough, Michael, ed. 2003. Politicizing Science: The Alchemy of Policymaking. Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press and George C. Marshall Institute.
86. Graham, Loren R. 1987. Science, Philosophy, and Human Behavior in the Soviet Union. New York: Columbia University Press.
87. Gura, Trisha. 1995. "Estrogen: Key Player in Heart Disease among Women." Science 269, no. 5225 (August 11): 771-773.
88. Guston, David H. 2000. Between Politics and Science: Assuring the Integrity and Productivity of Research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
89. Guston, David H. 2004. "Forget Politicizing Science. Let's Democratize Science!" Issues in Science and Technology (Fall): 25-28.
90. Halpern, Diane F. 2000. Sex Differences in Cognitive Abilities. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
91. Hamilton, Colin. 2008. Cognition and Sex Differences. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
92. Hanson, Norwood Russell. 1958. Patterns of Discovery: An Inquiry into the Conceptual Foundations of Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
93. Harding, Sandra. 1991. Whose Science? Whose Knowledge? Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
94. Hegarty, Peter, and Carmen Buechel. 2006. "Androcentric Reporting of Gender Differences in APA Journals: 1965-2004." Review of General Psychology 10, no. 4: 377-389.
95. Heilbron, John L. 1987. "Applied History of Science." Isis 78: 552-563.
96. Heschel, Abraham J. (1965). Who Is Man? Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
97. Hess, David J. 1997. Science Studies: An Advanced Introduction. New York: New York University Press.
98. Hesse, Mary. 1980. Revolutions and Reconstructions in the Philosophy of Science. Brighton, U.K.: Harvester.
99. Hines, Melissa. 2001. "Book Review: Sex and Cognition." Archives of Sexual Behavior 30, no. 5: 551-554.
100. Hoag, Hannah. 2008. "The Greening of Chemistry." Chemical Heritage 26, no. 2 (Summer 2008): 26-30.
101. Horney, Karen. 1950. The Collected Works of Karen Horney. New York: W. W. Norton.
102. Horvath, Christopher. 2004. "The Developmental Challenge to Genetic Determinism: A Model Explanation for Sexual Attraction." Talk delivered at the Center for Philosophy of Science, University of Pittsburgh, February 13.
103. Hounshell, David A. 2001. "Epilogue: Rethinking the Cold War; Rethinking Science and Technology in the Cold War; Rethinking the Social Study of Science and Technology." Social Studies of Science 31, no. 2: 289-297.
104. Howard, Don. 2003. "Two Left Turns Make a Right: On the Curious Political Career of North-American Philosophy of Science at Mid-Century." In Alan Richardson and Gary Hardcastle, eds., Logical Empiricism in North America. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
105. Howson, Colin, ed. 1976. Method and Appraisal in the Physical Sciences: The Critical Background to Modern Science, 1800-1905. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
106. Hrdy, Sarah Blaffer. 1986. "Empathy, Polyandry, and the Myth of the Coy Female." In Ruth Bleier, ed., Feminist Approaches to Science. New York: Pergamon.
107. Hubbard, Ruth. 1979. "Have Only Men Evolved?" In Ruth Hubbard, Mary Sue Henifin, and Barbara Fried, eds., Women Look at Biology Looking at Women: A Collection of Feminist Critiques. Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman.
108. Hvistendahl, Mara. 2006. "Advocacy: What's Changed-and What Hasn't, China." Seed 2, no. 6: 58.
109. Hyde, Janet Shibley. 2000. "Review: A Gendered Brain?" The Journal of Sex Research 37, no. 2: 191.
110. Interlandi, Jeneen. 2006. "An Unwelcome Discovery." New York Times (October 22). At .
111. International Council for Science's Standing Committee on Responsibility and Ethics in Science. 1999. "Ethics and the Responsibility of Science: Background Paper," Forum I, Session 11 ("Introduction"). At (accessed September 17, 2006).
112. Iverson, Margot, Mark S. Frankel, and Sanyin Siang. 2003. "Scientific Societies and Research Integrity: What Are They Doing and How Well Are They Doing It?" Science and Engineering Ethics 9, no. 2: 141-158.
113. Jacoby, Russell. 1987. The Last Intellectuals: American Culture in the Age of Academe. New York: Basic Books.
114. Jensen, Allan Astrup. 2001. Establishment of a European Green and Sustainable Chemistry Award. Copenhagen: European Environment Agency.
115. Jewish Virtual Library. 2007. "Nazi Medical Experiments." At .
116. Johnson, George. 2002. "At Lawrence Berkeley, Physicists Say a Colleague Took Them for a Ride." New York Times (October 15): F1. At .
117. Joy, Bill. 2000. "Why the Future Doesn't Need Us." Wired 8, no. 4. At (accessed August 16, 2008).
118. Joyce, Rosemary. 2000. "Girling the Girl and Boying the Boy: The Production of Adulthood in Ancient Mesoamerica." World Archaeology 31, no. 3: 473-483.
119. Judson, Horace Freeland. 2004. The Great Betrayal: Fraud in Science. Orlando, Fla.: Harcourt.
120. Karafyllis, Nicole C., and Gotlind Ulshofer, eds. 2008. Sexualized Brains: Scientific Modeling of Emotional Intelligence from a Cultural Perspective. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
121. Katz, Jay. 1996. "The Nuremberg Code and the Nuremberg Trial: A Reappraisal." Journal of the American Medical Association 276, no. 20: 1662-1666.
122. Keefer, Michael. 2006. "The Vaccine: Report from the Lab, USA." Seed 2, no. 6: 66.
123. Keller, Evelyn Fox. 1983. A Feeling for the Organism. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.
124. Keller, Evelyn Fox. 1985. Reflections on Gender and Science. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
125. Kevles, Daniel. 1990. "Cold War and Hot Physics: Science, Security, and the American State, 1945-56." Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 20, no. 2: 239-264.
126. Kevles, Daniel. 1998. The Baltimore Case: A Trial of Politics, Science, and Character. New York: W. W. Norton.
127. Kieper, Adam, Michael Gough, Steven Hayward, Robert Walker, and Wiliam O'Keefe. 2004. "Who Is Politicizing Science? Understanding the Interactions and Interests in Science and Politics." Washington Roundtable on Science and Public Policy. Washington, D.C.: George C. Marshall Institute. At .
128. Kimura, Doreen. 2000a. "Don't Discriminate with Grants." National Post (January 8): B7. At .
129. Kimura, Doreen. 2000b. Sex and Cognition. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
130. Kimura, Doreen. 2001. "Biological Constraints on Parity between the Sexes." Psynopsis 23 (Winter): 3. At .
131. Kimura, Doreen. 2002a. "Preferential Hiring of Women." UBC Reports (January 10): 2.
132. Kimura, Doreen. 2002b. "Sex Hormones Influence Human Cognitive Pattern." Neuroendocrinology Letters 23 (suppl. 4): 67-77.
133. Kimura, Doreen. 2004a. "Human Sex Differences in Cognition: Fact, Not Predicament." Sexualities, Evolution & Gender 6: 45-53.
134. Kimura, Doreen. 2004b. "Hysteria Trumps Academic Freedom." Vancouver Sun (February 1): A13.
135. Kimura, Doreen. 2006. "'Underrepresentation' or Misrepresentation?" In Stephen J. Ceci and Wendy M. Williams, eds., Why Aren't More Women in Science? Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 39-46.
136. Kitcher, Philip. 1993. The Advancement of Science. Science without Legend, Objectivity without Illusion. New York: Oxford University Press.
137. Kitcher, Philip. 2001. Science, Truth, and Democracy. New York: Oxford University Press.
138. Kitcher, Philip, and Nancy Cartwright. 1996. "Science and Ethics: Reclaiming Some Neglected Questions." Perspectives on Science 4, no. 2: 145-153.
139. Kline, Stephen J., and Nathan Rosenberg. 1986. "An Overview of Innovation." In Ralph Landau and Nathan Rosenberg, eds., The Positive Sum Strategy: Harnessing Technology for Economic Growth. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 275-305.
140. Knorr-Cetina, Karin. 1981. The Manufacture of Knowledge. Oxford: Pergamon.
141. Knorr-Cetina, Karin, and Michael Mulkay, eds. 1983. Science Observed: Perspectives on the Social Study of Science. London: Sage.
142. Kourany, Janet A. 2000. "A Successor to the Realism/Antirealism Question." Philosophy of Science 67 (Proceedings): S87-S101.
143. Kramer, Lloyd. 1996. "Habermas, Foucault, and the Legacy of Enlightenment Intellectuals." In Leon Fink, Stephen T. Leonard, and Donald M. Reid, eds., Intellectuals and Public Life: Between Radicalism and Reform. Ithaca, N.Y., and London: Cornell University Press, 29-50.
144. Kuhn, Thomas S. 1962. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
145. Kuhn, Thomas S. 1963. "The Function of Dogma in Scientific Research." In A. C. Crombie, ed., Scientific Change. New York: Basic Books, 347-369.
146. Kuhn, Thomas S. 1970. "Postscript-1969." In Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 174-210.
147. Kuhn, Thomas S. 1977. "Objectivity, Value Judgment, and Theory Choice." In Thomas S. Kuhn, The Essential Tension: Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
148. Ladner, Joyce. 1971. Tomorrow's Tomorrow: The Black Woman. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday.
149. LaFollette, Marcel. 1992. Stealing into Print: Fraud, Plagiarism, and Misconduct in Scientific Publishing. Berkeley: University of California Press.
150. Lakatos, Imre. 1970. "Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes." In Imre Lakatos and Alan Musgrave, eds., Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
151. Lakatos, Imre. 1976. "History of Science and Its Rational Reconstructions." In C. Howson, ed., Method and Appraisal in the Physical Sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
152. Lalli, Chiara, and Carmen Sorrentino, eds. 2007. Proceedings of the World Congress for Freedom of Scientific Research. Rome: Cooper-Darwin. At (accessed on February 26, 2008).
153. Langreth, Robert, and Matthew Herper. 2005. "Merck's Deleted Data." Forbes (December 8). At .
154. Latour, Bruno. 1987. Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers through Society. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
155. Latour, Bruno, and Steve Woolgar. 1979. Laboratory Life: The Social Construction of Scientific Facts. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage.
156. Laudan, Larry. 1977. Progress and Its Problems. Berkeley: University of California Press.
157. Leaf, Clifton. 2004. "Why We're Losing the War on Cancer (and How to Win It)." Fortune 77 (March 22): 77-92.
158. Leslie, Stuart W. 1993. The Cold War and American Science: The Military-Industrial-Academic Complex at MIT and Stanford. New York: Columbia University Press.
159. Lewontin, Richard C. 2004. "Dishonesty in Science." New York Review of Books 51, no. 18 (November 18). At .
160. Lewontin, Richard, and Richard Levins. 1976. "The Problem of Lysenkoism." In Hilary Rose and Steven Rose, eds., The Radicalisation of Science: Ideology of/in the Natural Sciences. London: Macmillan, 32-64.
161. Lock, Stephen, Frank Wells, and Michael Farthing, eds. 2001. Fraud and Misconduct in Biomedical Research, 3rd ed. London: British Medical Journal Books.
162. Long, J. Scott, Paul Allison, and Robert McGinness. 1979. "Entrance into the Academic Career." American Sociological Review 44: 816-830.
163. Longino, Helen. 1990. Science as Social Knowledge: Values and Objectivity in Scientific Inquiry. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
164. Longino, Helen. 1994. "In Search of Feminist Epistemology," Monist 77: 472-485.
165. Longino, Helen. 1995. "Gender, Politics, and the Theoretical Virtues." Synthese 104: 383-397.
166. Longino, Helen. 1997. "Cognitive and Non-Cognitive Values in Science: Rethinking the Dichotomy." In Lynn Hankinson Nelson and Jack Nelson, eds., Feminism, Science, and the Philosophy of Science. Dordrecht, Neth.: Kluwer, 39-58.
167. Longino, Helen. 2002. The Fate of Knowledge. Princeton, N.J., and Oxford: Princeton University Press.
168. Longino, Helen. 2008. "Values, Heuristics, and the Politics of Knowledge." In Martin Carrier, Don Howard, and Janet Kourany, eds., The Challenge of the Social and the Pressure of Practice: Science and Values Revisited. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 68-86.
169. Mann, Charles. 1995. "Women's Health Research Blossoms." Science 269, no. 5225 (August 11): 766-770.
170. Marburger, John H. III. 2004. Statement of the Honorable John H. Marburger III on Scientific Integrity in the Bush Administration. At .
171. Marecek, Jeanne. 1995. "Psychology and Feminism: Can This Relationship Be Saved?" In Domna C. Stanton and Abigail J. Stewart, eds., Feminisms in the Academy. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press, 101-132.
172. Martinson, Brian, Melissa Anderson, and Raymond De Vries. 2005. "Scientists Behaving Badly." Nature 435 (June 9): 737-738.
173. McCook, Alison. 2005. "Journal Prints Rejected Paper-As Ad." The Scientist. At .
174. McCumber, John. 2001. Time in the Ditch: American Philosophy and the McCarthy Era. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press.
175. McGarity, Thomas, and Wendy Wagner. 2008. Bending Science: How Special Interests Corrupt Public Health Research. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
176. McGinness, Robert, Paul Allison, and J. Scott Long. 1982. "Postdoctoral Training in Bioscience: Allocation and Outcomes." Social Forces 60: 701-722.
177. McMullin, Ernan. 1968. "What Do Physical Models Tell Us?" In B. van Rootselaar and J. F. Staal, eds., Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science III. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 385-396.
178. McMullin, Ernan. 1976. "The Fertility of Theory and the Unit of Appraisal in Science." In R. S. Cohen, P.K. Feyerabend, and M.W. Wartofsky, eds., Essays in Memory of Imre Lakatos. Dordrecht: Reidel, 395-432.
179. McMullin, Ernan. 1983. "Values in Science." In Peter Asquith and Tom Nickles, eds., PSA1982, vol. 2. East Lansing, Mich.: Philosophy of Science Association.
180. McMullin, Ernan. 1984. "The Rational and the Social in the History of Science." In James Brown, ed., Scientific Rationality: The Sociological Turn. Dordrecht: Reidel.
181. Meinert, Curtis L. 1995. "The Inclusion of Women in Clinical Trials." Science 269, no. 5225 (August 11): 795-796.
182. Merchant, Carolyn. 1980. The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology, and the Scientific Revolution. San Francisco: Harper & Row.
183. Merton, Robert K. [1938] 1973. "Science and the Social Order." In Norman W. Storer, ed., The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 254-266.
184. Merton, Robert K. [1942] 1973. "The Normative Structure of Science." In Norman W. Storer, ed., The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 267-278.
185. Merton, Robert K. [1957] 1973. "Priorities in Scientific Discovery." In Norman W. Storer, ed., The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 286-324.
186. Meskell, Lynn. 1998. "Intimate Archaeologies: The Case of Kha and Merit." World Archaeology 29, no. 3: 363-379.
187. Mill, John Stuart. [1859] 1956. On Liberty, ed. Currin V. Shields. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.
188. Misztal, Barbara A. 2007. Intellectuals and the Public Good: Creativity and Civil Courage. New York: Cambridge University Press.
189. Mitroff, Ian. 1974. "Norms and Counternorms in a Select Group of the Apollo Moon Scientists: A Case Study of the Ambivalence of Scientists. American Sociological Review 39: 579-595.
190. Mulkay, Michael J. 1976. "Norms and Ideology in Science." Social Science Information 15: 637-656.
191. Mulkay, Michael J. 1980. "Interpretation and the Use of Rules: The Case of the Norms of Science." In T. F. Gieryn, ed., Science and Social Structure: A Festschrift for Robert K. Merton. New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 111-125.
192. Mutari, Ellen, Heather Boushey, and William Fraher IV. 1997. Gender and Political Economy: Incorporating Diversity into Theory and Policy. Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe.
193. National Women's Law Center. 2009. "Congress Must Act to Close the Wage Gap for Women: Facts on Women's Wages and Pending Legislation" (April). At (accessed January 19, 2010).
194. Nelson, Donna J. 2007. A National Analysis of Minorities in Science and Engineering Faculties at Research Universities. Diversity in Science Association. At (accessed June 5, 2008).
195. Nelson, Julie A. 1996a. Feminism, Objectivity and Economics. London and New York: Routledge.
196. Nelson, Julie A. 1996b. "The Masculine Mindset of Economic Analysis." Chronicle of Higher Education 42, no. 42: B3.
197. Neurath, Otto. [1913] 1983. "The Lost Wanderers of Descartes and the Auxiliary Motive (On the Psychology of Decision)." In Robert S. Cohen and Marie Neurath, eds. and trans., Otto Neurath, Philosophical Papers, 1913-1946. Dordrecht: Reidel, 1-12.
198. Neurath, Otto. [1928] 1973. "Personal Life and Class Struggle." In Marie Neurath and Robert S. Cohen, eds., Empiricism and Sociology. Dordrecht: Reidel, 249-298
199. Neurath, Otto. [1930] 1983. "Ways of the Scientific World-Conception." In Robert S. Cohen and Marie Neurath, eds. and trans., Otto Neurath, Philosophical Papers, 1913-1946. Dordrecht: Reidel, 32-47.
200. Neurath, Otto. [1931] 1973. "Empirical Sociology." In Marie Neurath and Robert S. Cohen, eds., Empiricism and Sociology. Dordrecht: Reidel, 319-421.
201. Neurath, Otto. [1934] 1983. "Radical Physicalism and the 'Real World.'" In Robert S. Cohen and Marie Neurath, eds. and trans., Otto Neurath, Philosophical Papers, 1913-1946. Dordrecht: Reidel, 100-114.
202. Neurath, Otto. [1935] 1983. "The Unity of Science as a Task." In Robert S. Cohen and Marie Neurath, eds. and trans., Otto Neurath, Philosophical Papers, 1913-1946. Dordrecht: Reidel, 115-120.
203. Neurath, Otto. 1938. "Unified Science as Encyclopedic Integration." In Otto Neurath, Rudolf Carnap, and Charles Morris, eds., International Encyclopedia of Unified Science, vol. 1. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1-27. Reprinted in Sahotra Sarkar, ed., Science and Philosophy in the Twentieth Century: Basic Works of Logical Empiricism (New York and London: Garland, 1996), 309-335.
204. Newton-Smith, William. 1981. The Rationality of Science. Oxford: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
205. New Zealand Archaeological Association. 1999. "NZAA Code of Ethics." At (accessed September 16, 2006).
206. Nickles, Thomas, ed. 1978. Scientific Discovery: Case Studies. Dordrecht: Reidel.
207. Nickles, Thomas, ed. 1980. Scientific Discovery, Logic, and Rationality. Boston: Kluwer.
208. Nowotny, Helga, Peter Scott, and Michael Gibbons. 2001. Rethinking Science: Knowledge and the Public in an Age of Uncertainty. Cambridge: Polity.
209. Okin, Susan. 1999. Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women? Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
210. Osler, Margaret J. 1998. "Mixing Metaphors: Science and Religion or Natural Philosophy and Theology in Early Modern Europe." History of Science 36: 91-113.
211. Parlee, Mary Brown. 1973. "The Premenstrual Syndrome." Psychological Bulletin 80: 454-465.
212. Pinker, Steven. 2002. The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature. New York: Viking Penguin.
213. Pinker, Steven. 2005. "The Science of Gender and Science: Pinker vs. Spelke-A Debate." Harvard University Mind/Brain/Behavior Initiative, May 16. At .
214. Polanyi, Michael. 1951. The Logic of Liberty. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
215. Polanyi, Michael. 1962. "The Republic of Science: Its Political and Economic Theory." Minerva 1: 54-74.
216. Polanyi, Michael. 1967. The Tacit Dimension. New York: Anchor.
217. Posner, Richard A. 2001. Public Intellectuals: A Study of Decline. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
218. Price, Derek J. de Solla. 1965. "Is Technology Historically Independent of Science? A Study in Statistical Historiography." Technology and Culture 6, no. 4: 553-568.
219. Price, Don K. 1965. The Scientific Estate. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
220. Proctor, Robert N. 1988. Racial Hygiene: Medicine under the Nazis. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
221. Proctor, Robert N. 1991. Value-Free Science? Purity and Power in Modern Knowledge. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
222. Proctor, Robert N. 1995. Cancer Wars: How Politics Shapes What We Know and Don't Know about Cancer. New York: Basic Books.
223. Proctor, Robert N. 1999. The Nazi War on Cancer. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
224. Proctor, Robert N. 2000. "Nazi Science and Nazi Medical Ethics: Some Myths and Misconceptions." Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 43, no. 3: 335-346.
225. Prospect/Foreign Policy. 2005. "Top 100 Public Intellectuals." At (accessed February 20, 2009).
226. Putnam, Hilary. 2002. The Collapse of the Fact/Value Dichotomy. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
227. Rabounski, Dmitri. 2006. "Declaration of Academic Freedom (Scientific Human Rights)." Progress in Physics 1 (January): 57-60. At .
228. Reichenbach, Hans. 1938. Experience and Prediction. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
229. Reisch, George. 2005. How the Cold War Transformed Philosophy of Science: To the Icy Slopes of Logic. New York: Cambridge University Press.
230. Reskin, Barbara. 1976. "Sex Differences in Status Attainment in Science: The Case of Postdoctoral Fellowships." American Sociological Review 41: 597-613.
231. Rittenhouse, C. Amanda. 1991. "The Emergence of Premenstrual Syndrome as a Social Problem." Social Problems 38, no. 3: 412-425.
232. Roco, Mihail C., and William Sims Bainbridge. 2001. Societal Implications of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. Dordrecht and Boston: Springer.
233. Roll-Hansen, Nils. 2005. The Lysenko Effect: The Politics of Science. New York: Humanity Books.
234. Rose, Steven. 2009. "Should Scientists Study Race and IQ? No: Science and Society Do Not Benefit." Nature 457 (7231): 786-788.
235. Rosenberg, Nathan. 1986. "The Impact of Technological Innovation: A Historical View." In Ralph Landau and Nathan Rosenberg, eds., The Positive Sum Strategy: Harnessing Technology for Economic Growth. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 17-32.
236. Rosser Sue. 1990. Female-Friendly Science: Applying Women's Studies Methods and Theories to Attract Students. New York: Pergamon.
237. Rosser Sue. 1994. Women's Health-Missing from U.S. Medicine. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
238. Rouse, Joseph. 1997. "Feminism and the Social Construction of Scientific Knowledge." In Lynn Hankinson Nelson and Jack Nelson, eds., Feminism, Science, and the Philosophy of Science. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
239. Royal Society of Chemistry. 2006. "Announcing the 2005 Canadian Green Chemistry Medal." At (accessed July 10, 2008).
240. Ruse, Michael. 1999. Mystery of Mysteries: Is Evolution a Social Construction? Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
241. Sanday, Peggy. 1981. "The Socio-cultural Context of Rape: A Cross-cultural Study." Journal of Social Issues 37, no. 4: 5-27.
242. Sanday, Peggy. 1990. Fraternity Gang Rape: Sex, Brotherhood and Privilege on Campus. New York: New York University Press.
243. Sanday, Peggy. 1996. A Woman Scorned: Acquaintance Rape on Trial. New York: Doubleday.
244. Santosuosso, Amedeo, Elisabetta Fabio, and Valentina Sellaroli. 2007. "What Constitutional Protection for Freedom of Scientific Research?" In Chiara Lalli and Carmen Sorrentino, eds., Proceedings of the World Congress for Freedom of Scientific Research. Rome: Cooper-Darwin, 275-283.
245. Sarewitz, Daniel. 2004. "How Science Makes Environmental Controversies Worse." Environmental Science and Policy 7: 385-403.
246. Sarewitz, Daniel. 2006. "Institutional Ecology and Societal Outcomes." NSF Workshop on the Social Organization of Science and Science Policy, July 13-14. At (accessed August 17, 2006).
247. Sarewitz, Daniel, Guillermo Foladori, Noela Invernizzi, and Michele S. Garfinkel. 2004. "Science Policy in Its Social Context." Philosophy Today suppl.: 67-83.
248. Schiebinger, Londa. 1989. The Mind Has No Sex? Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
249. Schiebinger, Londa. 1999. Has Feminism Changed Science? Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
250. Schmidt, Robert, and Barbara Voss, eds. 2000. Archaeologies of Sexuality. London: Routledge.
251. Schummer, Joachim, and Davis Baird. 2006. Nanotechnology Challenges: Implications for Philosophy, Ethics and Society. Hackensack, N.J.: World Scientific.
252. Schweber, Silvan. 2000. In the Shadow of the Bomb: Bethe, Oppenheimer, and the Moral Responsibility of the Scientist. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
253. Shapere, Dudley. 1974. "Scientific Theories and Their Domains." In Frederick Suppe, ed., The Structure of Scientific Theories. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 518-565.
254. Shapere, Dudley. 1984. Reason and the Search for Knowledge. Dordrecht: Reidel.
255. Shapin, Steven, and Simon Schaffer. 1985. Leviathan and the Air-Pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
256. Sherif, Carolyn Wood. 1979. "Bias in Psychology." In Julia Sherman and Evelyn Torton Beck, eds., The Prism of Sex: Essays in the Sociology of Knowledge. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
257. Sherman, Linda Ann, Robert Temple, and Ruth B. Merkatz. 1995. "Women in Clinical Trials: An FDA Perspective." Science 269, no. 5225 (August 11): 793-795.
258. Shrader-Frechette, Kristin. 1994. Ethics of Scientific Research. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield.
259. Society for American Archaeology. 1996. "Principles of Archaeological Ethics." At (accessed August 16, 2008).
260. Solomon, Miriam. 2001. Social Empiricism. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
261. Solovey, Mark. 2001. "Project Camelot and the 1960s Epistemological Revolution: Rethinking the Politics-Patronage-Social Science Nexus." Social Studies of Science 31, no. 2: 171-206.
262. Stanley, Liz, and Sue Wise. 1983. Breaking Out: Feminist Consciousness and Feminist Research. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
263. Stefan, Susan. 1996. "Reforming the Provision of Mental Health Treatment." In Kary L. Moss, ed., Man-made Medicine: Women's Health, Public Policy, and Reform. Durham, N.C., and London: Duke University Press, 195-218.
264. Stokes, Donald E. 1997. Pasteur's Quadrant: Basic Science and Technological Innovation. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
265. Suppe, Frederick. 1974. "The Search for Philosophic Understanding of Scientific Theories." In Frederick Suppe, ed., The Structure of Scientific Theories. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1-241.
266. Swazey, Judith P., Melissa S. Anderson, and Karen Seashore Louis. 1993. "Ethical Problems in Academic Research." American Scientist 81, no. 6: 542-553.
267. Toulmin, Stephen. 1953. The Philosophy of Science: An Introduction. London: Hutchinson & Co.
268. Toulmin, Stephen. 1961. Foresight and Understanding. New York: Harper and Row.
269. Uebel, Thomas. 1998. "Enlightenment and the Vienna Circle's Scientific World-Conception." In Amelie Oksenberg Rorty, ed., Philosophers on Education: Historical Perspectives. London and New York: Routledge, 418-438.
270. Uebel, Thomas. 2003. "History of Philosophy of Science and the Politics of Race and Ethnic Exclusion." In Michael Heidelberger and Friedrich Stadler, eds., Wissenschaftsphilosophie und Politik, Philosophy of Science and Politics. Vienna: Springer-Verlag, 91-117.
271. UNAIDS. 2006. "2006 Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic: A UNAIDS 10th Anniversary Special Edition." At (accessed August 10, 2008).
272. UNAIDS. 2008. "2008 Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic." At (accessed August 10, 2008).
273. UNESCO. 2006. The Ethics and Politics of Nanotechnology. Paris: UNESCO. At (accessed August 20, 2008).
274. UNFPA (United Nations Population Fund). 2005. "Violence against Women Fact Sheet: State of World Population 2005." At (accessed August 2008).
275. UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund). 2006. The State of the World's Children 2007: Women and Children-The Double Dividend of Gender Equality. New York: UNICEF. At (accessed August 2008).
276. UNIFEM (United Nations Development Fund for Women). 2007. "Violence against Women-Facts and Figures." At (accessed August 2008).
277. Union of Concerned Scientists. 2004a. Restoring Scientific Integrity in Policy Making. At .
278. Union of Concerned Scientists. 2004b. Scientific Integrity in Policymaking: An Investigation into the Bush Administration's Misuse of Science. At .
279. Union of Concerned Scientists. 2004c. Scientific Integrity in Policy Making: Further Investigation of the Bush Administration's Misuse of Science. At .
280. UN News Centre. 2007. "Preference for Sons in Asia Could Have Severe Social Consequences: UN Agency." News release, October 29. At (accessed August 2008).
281. UN News Service. 2008. "BBC to Broadcast UN-Funded Documentary on India's Preference for Sons." August 13. UNHCR Refworld. At (accessed April 18, 2009).
282. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2008. "The Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge." At (accessed July 11, 2008).
283. U.S. House of Representatives. 2003. Politics and Science in the Bush Administration. Committee on Government Reform, Minority Staff. Washington, D.C. At .
284. Valian, Virginia. 1998. Why So Slow? The Advancement of Women. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
285. Valian, Virginia. 2005. Tutorials for Change: Gender Schemas and Science Careers. Retrieved November, 2009 from
286. Van Fraassen, Bas C. 1980. The Scientific Image. Oxford: Clarendon.
287. Wainberg, Mark A. 2006. "Overview: The Making of an Era." Seed 2, no. 6: 57.
288. Wanjiku, Joy. 2006. "Money: The Swindler, Kenya." Seed 2, no. 6: 64.
289. Waring, Marilyn J. 1992. "Economics." In Cheris Kramarae and Dale Spender, eds., The Knowledge Explosion. New York and London: Teachers College Press, 303-309.
290. Waring, Marilyn J. 1997. Three Masquerades: Essays on Equity, Work, and Hu(man) Rights. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
291. Wartofsky, Marx W. 1996. "Positivism and Politics: The Vienna Circle as a Social Movement." In Sahotra Sarkar, ed., The Legacy of the Vienna Circle: Modern Reappraisals. New York and London: Garland, 53-75.
292. Watson, Patty Jo, and Mary C. Kennedy. 1991. "The Development of Horticulture in the Eastern Woodlands of North America: Women's Role." In Joan M. Gero and Margaret W. Conkey, eds., Engendering Archaeology: Women and Prehistory. Oxford and Cambridge, Mass.: Basil Blackwell, 255-275.
293. Weisman, Carol S., and Sandra D. Cassard. 1994. "Health Consequences of Exclusion or Underrepresentation of Women in Clinical Studies (I)." In Anna C. Mastroianni, Ruth Faden, and Daniel Federman, eds., Women and Health Research, vol. 2. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 35-40.
294. Wells, Frank, and Michael Farthing. 2008. Fraud and Misconduct in Biomedical Research, 4th ed. London: Royal Society of Medicine.
295. West, Carolyn. 2002. "Black Battered Women: New Directions for Research and Black Feminist Theory." In Lynn Collins, Michelle Dunlap, and Joan Chrisler, eds., Charting a New Course for Feminist Psychology. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 216-237.
296. West, Carolyn, ed. 2004. Violence in the Lives of Black Women: Battered, Black, and Blue. New York: Haworth.
297. West, Martha S., and John W. Curtis. 2006. AAUP Faculty Gender Equity Indicators 2006. Washington, D.C.: American Association of University Professors. At (accessed June 5, 2008).
298. Westfall, Richard S. 1989. Essays on the Trial of Galileo. Vatican City: Vatican Observatory.
299. Wheeler, Carolynne. 2006. "Conflict: The Security Threat, Palestine." Seed 2, no. 6: 63.
300. Wilholt, Torsten. Forthcoming. "Scientific Freedom: Its Grounds and Their Limitations." Studies in History and Philosophy of Science.
301. Wilkie, Laurie. 2003. The Archaeology of Mothering: An African-American Midwife's Tale. London: Routledge.
302. Wilkinson, Sue. 1997. "Still Seeking Transformation: Feminist Challenges to Psychology." In Liz Stanley, ed., Knowing Feminisms: On Academic Borders, Territories and Tribes. London: Sage, 97-108.
303. Wohn, D. Yvette, and Dennis Normile. 2006. "Hwang Indicted for Fraud, Embezzlement." Science NOW Daily News (May 12). At .
304. "Women's Health Research." 1995. Science 269: 765-801.
305. World Congress for Freedom of Scientific Research. 2009. "From the Body to the Body Politic." Second Meeting of the World Congress for Freedom of Scientific Research, Brussels, March 5-7, 2009. Program at Video at (accessed December 26, 2009)
306. Wylie, Alison. 1996. "Ethical Dilemmas in Archaeological Practice: Looting, Repatriation, Stewardship, and the (Trans)formation of Disciplinary Identity." Perspectives on Science 4, no. 2: 154-194.
307. Wylie, Alison. 1997. "The Engendering of Archaeology: Refiguring Feminist Science Studies." In Sally Kohlstedt and Helen Longino, eds., Women, Gender, and Science: New Directions, Osiris 12: 80-99.
308. Wylie, Alison. 1999. "Science, Conservation, and Stewardship: Evolving Codes of Conduct in Archaeology." Science and Engineering Ethics 5: 319-336.
309. Wylie, Alison. 2001. "Doing Social Science as a Feminist: The Engendering of Archeology." In Angela N. Creager, Elizabeth Lunbeck, and Londa Schiebinger, eds., Feminism in Twentieth-Century Science, Technology, and Medicine. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 23-45.
310. Wylie, Alison. 2003. "Why Standpoint Matters." In Robert Figueroa and Sandra Harding, eds., Science and Other Cultures: Issues in Philosophies of Science and Technology. New York and London: Routledge.
311. Wylie, Alison. 2005. "The Promise and Perils of an Ethic of Stewardship." In Lynn Meskell and Peter Pels, eds., Embedding Ethics. Oxford: Berg, 47-68.
312. Wylie, Alison. 2007. "The Feminism Question in Science: What Does It Mean to 'Do Social Science as a Feminist'?" In Sharlene Nagy Hesse-Biber, ed., Handbook of Feminist Research: Theory and Praxis. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage.
313. Wylie, Alison, and Lynn Hankinson Nelson. 2007. "Coming to Terms with the Values of Science: Insights from Feminist Science Studies Scholarship." In Harold Kincaid, John Dupré, and Alison Wylie, eds., Value-Free Science? Ideals and Illusions. New York: Oxford University Press.
314. Wylie, Alison, Janet R. Jakobsen, and Gisela Fosado. 2007. Women, Work, and the Academy: Strategies for Responding to "Post-Civil Rights Era" Gender Discrimination. New York: Barnard Center for Research on Women. At (accessed February 24, 2008).
315. Ziman, John. 2000a. "Postacademic Science: Constructing Knowledge with Networks and Norms." In Ullica Segerstrale, ed., Beyond the Science Wars: The Missing Discourse about Science and Society. Albany: State University of New York Press, 135-154.
316. Ziman, John. 2000b. Real Science: What It Is, and What It Means. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
317. Zuckerman, Harriet. 1988. "The Sociology of Science." In Neil J. Smelser, ed., Handbook of Sociology. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 511-574.