Medical cannabis and chronic opioid therapy

Journal of Pain and Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy

Volumn 24, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 356-361

  Reisfield, Gary M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Cannabis; legalization; marijuana; opioids; pain

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; BARBITURIC ACID DERIVATIVE; BENZODIAZEPINE; CANNABINOID; CANNABIS; CARISOPRODOL; OPIATE;

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; DRIVING ABILITY; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG MISUSE; GROUPS BY AGE; HUMAN; LONG TERM CARE; MOTOR VEHICLE; NEUROPATHIC PAIN; PAIN CLINIC; PSYCHOMOTOR DISORDER; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; RESPONSE TIME; REVIEW; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; TRAFFIC ACCIDENT; TREATMENT CONTRAINDICATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ACCIDENTS, TRAFFIC; ALCOHOL DRINKING; ANALGESICS, OPIOID; ANIMALS; CANNABIS; DRUG INTERACTIONS; HUMANS; MARIJUANA SMOKING; NEURALGIA; OPIOID-RELATED DISORDERS; PHYTOTHERAPY; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 78650121812     PISSN: 15360288     EISSN: 15360539     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/15360288.2010.519431     Document Type: Review

References (50)

1. Frosch D. V.A. easing rules for users of medical marijuana. New York Times. July 23, 2010. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/24/health/ policy/24veterans.html? r=1&scp=1&sq=V.A. %20easing%20rules%20for%20users%20of%20medical%20marijuana&st=cse. Accessed August 16, 2010.
2. Ellis RJ, ToperoffW, Vaida F, et al. Smoked medicinal cannabis for neuropathic pain in HIV: a randomized, crossover clinical trial. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2009;34:672-680.
3. Wilsey B, Marcotte T, Tsodikov A, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of cannabis cigarettes in neuropathic pain. J Pain. 2008;9:506-521.
4. Abrams DI, Jay CA, Shade SB, et al. Cannabis in painful HIV-associated sensory neuropathy: a randomized placebocontrolled trial. Neurology. 2007;68:515-521.
5. Wallace M, Schulteis G, Atkinson JH, et al. Dose-dependent effects of smoked cannabis on capsaicin-induced pain and hyperalgesia in healthy volunteers. Anesthesiology. 2007;107:785-796.
6. Hall W, Degenhardt L. Adverse health effects of non-medical cannabis use. Lancet. 2009;374:1383-1391.
7. Gold MS, Roytberg A, Frost-Pineda K, Jacobs WS, Teitelbaum SA. Marijuana. In: Gabbard GO, ed. Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders. 4th ed. Arlington VA: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2006.
8. KalantH. Adverse effects of cannabis on health: an update of the literature since 1996. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2004;28:849-863.
9. 2007 National Roadside Survey of Alcohol and Drug Use by Drivers. Drug results. Available at: http://www.nhtsa.org/DOT/NHTSA/ Traffic%20Injury%20Control/Articles/Associated%20Files/811249.pdf. Accessed August 11, 2010.
10. National Drug Intelligence Center. Domestic cannabis cultivation assessment 2009. National cannabis cultivation trends. July 2009. Available at http://www.justice.gov/ndic/pubs37/37035/national.htm#Figure1. Accessed August 16, 2010.
11. Mehmedic Z, Chandra S, Slade D, et al. Potency trends ofδ9- THC and other cannabinoids in confiscated cannabis preparations from 1993 to 2008. J Forensic Sci. 2010;55:1209-1217.
12. Grotenhermen F. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2003;42:327-360.
13. Clark AJ,Ware MA, Yazer E, Murray TJ, Lynch ME. Patterns of cannabis use among patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2004;62:2098-2100.
14. WareMA, DoyleCR, Woods R, LynchME, ClarkAJ. Cannabis use for chronic non-cancer pain: results of a prospective survey. Pain 2003;102:211-216.
15. Ogborne AC, Smart RG,Weber T, Birchmore-Timney C. Who is using cannabis as a medicine and why: an exploratory study. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2000;32:435-443.
16. Goullé JP, Verstraete A, Boulu R, Costentin J, Foucher JP, Raes E, Tillement JP. [Illicit drugs, medications and traffic accidents]. Ann Pharm Fr. 2008;66:196-205.
17. Davey J, Leal N, Freeman J. Screening for drugs in oral fluid: illicit drug use and drug driving in a sample of Queensland motorists. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2007;26:301-307.
18. Terry P, Wright KA. Self-reported driving behaviour and attitudes towards driving under the influence of cannabis among three different user groups in England. Addict Behav. 2005;30:619-626.
19. Beirness DJ, Beasley EE. A roadside survey of alcohol and drug use among drivers in British Columbia. Traffic Inj Prev. 2010;11:215-221.
20. Walsh GW, Mann RE. On the high road: driving under the influence of cannabis in Ontario. Can J Public Health. 1999;90:260-263.
21. Berghaus G, Scheer N, Schmit P. Effects of cannabis on psychomotor skills and driving performance-a metaanalysis of experimental studies. 13th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety (T95). Available at: http://casr.adelaide.edu.au/T95/paper/s16p2.html. Accessed July 28, 2010.
22. Leirer VO, Yesavage JA, Morrow DG. Marijuana carry over effect on aircraft pilot performance. Aviat Space Environ Med 1991;62:221-227.
23. Hunault CC, Mensinga TT, Böcker KB, et al. Cognitive and psychomotor effects in males after smoking a combination of tobacco and cannabis containing up to 69 mg delta- 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2009;204:85-94.
24. Ramaekers JG, Kauert G, Theunissen EL, Toennes SW, Moeller MR. Neurocognitive performance during acute THC intoxication in heavy and occasional cannabis users. J Psychopharmacol. 2009;23:266-277.
25. Ramaekers JG, Berghaus G, van Laar M, Drummer OH. Dose related risk of motor vehicle crashes after cannabis use. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2004;73:109-119.
26. Khiabani HZ, Bramness JG, Bjorneboe A, Morland J. Relationship between THC concentration in blood and impairment in apprehended drivers. Traffic Inj Prev. 2006;7:111-116.
27. Drummer OH, Gerostamoulos J, Batziris H, et al. The incidence of drugs in drivers killed in Australian road traffic crashes. Forensic Sci Int. 2003;134:154-162.
28. Biecheler MB, Peytavin JF, Facy F, Martineau H. SAM survey on "drugs and fatal accidents": search of substances consumed and comparison between drivers involved under the influence of alcohol or cannabis. Traffic Inj Prevent. 2008;9:11-21.
29. BédardM,Dubois S,Weaver B. The impact of cannabis on driving. Can J Public Health. 2007;98:6-11.
30. Mann RE, Stoduto G, Ialomiteanu A, Asbridge M, Smart RG, Wickens CM. Self-reported collision risk associated with cannabis use and driving after cannabis use among Ontario adults. Traffic Inj Prevent. 2010;11:115-122.
31. Fishbain DA, Cutler RB, Rosomoff HL, Rosomoff RS. Are opioid-dependent/tolerant patients impaired in driving-related skills? A structured evidence-based review. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2003;25:559-577.
32. Chou R, Fanciullo GJ, Fine PG, et al. for the American Pain Society-American Academy of Pain Medicine Opioids Guidelines Panel. Clinical guidelines for the use of chronic opioid therapy in chronic noncancer pain. J Pain. 2009;10:113-130.
33. Dupont RL, Talpins SK. Drugged driving and prescription drug use. Institute for Behavior and Health. Available at: http://www.ibhinc.org/pdfs/ DDCommentaryonDruggedDrivingPrescriptionDrugs3910.pdf. Accessed August 17, 2010.
34. Breivik H. Stable long-term opioid medication per se does not always cause loss of driving ability: the doctor and patient must consider additional risk factors for unsafe driving. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2006;50:651-6522.
35. Kress HG, Kraft B. Opioid medication and driving ability. Eur J Pain. 2005;9:141-144.
36. Dubois S, Bedard M, Weaver B. The association between opioid analgesics and unsafe driving actions preceding fatal crashes. Accid Anal Prev. 2010;42:30-37.
37. Engeland A, Skurtveit S, Mørland J. Risk of road traffic accidents associated with the prescription of drugs: a registry-based cohort study. Ann Epidemiol. 2007;17:597-602.
38. Sewell RA, Poling J, Sofuoglu M. The effect of cannabis compared to alcohol on driving. Am J Addict. 2009;18:185-193.
39. Biecheler MB, Peytavin JF, Facy F, Martineau H. SAM survey on "drugs and fatal accidents": search of substances consumed and comparison between drivers involved under the influence of alcohol or cannabis. Traffic Inj Prev. 2008;9:11-21.
40. Cone EJ, Caplan YH, Black, DL, et al. Urine drug testing of chronic pain patients: licit and illicit drug patterns. J Anal Toxicol. 2008;32:530-543.
41. Crancer A, Crancer A. The involvement of marijuana in California fatal motor vehicle crashes 1998-2008. Institute for Behavior and Health, Inc working paper. Available at: http://druggeddriving.org/pdfs/CAMJStudyJune2010.pdf. Accessed July 27, 2010.
42. Tetrault JM, Desai RA, Becker WC, Fiellin DA, Concato J, Sullivan LE. Gender and non-medical use of prescription opioids: results from a national US survey. Addiction. 2008;103:258-268.
43. Blazer DG, Wu LT. Nonprescription use of pain relievers by middle-aged and elderly community-living adults: National Survey on Drug Use and Health. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009;57:1252-1257.
44. Reisfield GM, Wasan AD, Jamison RN. The prevalence and significance of cannabis use in patients prescribed chronic opioid therapy: a review of the extant literature. Pain Med. 2009;10:1434-1441.
45. Rodriguez JJ, Mackie K, Pickel VM. Ultrastructural localization of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor in mu-opioid receptor patches of the rat caudate putamen nucleus. J Neurosci. 2001;21:823-833.
46. Tanda G, Pontieri FE, Di Chiara G. Cannabinoid and heroin activation of mesolimbic dopamine transmission by a common mu1 opioid receptor mechanism. Science. 1997;276:2048-2050.
47. Collier DA. The genetics of cannabis involvement in humans: a genetic perspective. Addiction. 2006;101:780-781.
48. EllgrenM, Spano SM, Hurd YL. Adolescent cannabis exposure alters opiate intake and opioid limbic neuronal populations in adult rats. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2007;32:607-615.
49. Pesce A, West C, Rosenthal M, et al. Marijuana correlates with use of other drugs in a pain patient population. Pain Physician. 2010;13:283-287.
50. Marijuana & Money: a CNBC special report. A galley of medical marijuana. Available at: id/28561896?slide=6. Accessed August 17, 2010.