Global health governance and the contentious politics of human rights: Mainstreaming the right to health for public health advancement

Stanford Journal of International Law

Volumn 46, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 1-50

  Meier, Benjamin Mason ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^b GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY LAW CENTER   (United States)

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EID: 78650015290     PISSN: 07315082     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (346)

1. See generally BRIGIT C. A. TOEBES, THE RIGHT TO HEALTH AS A HUMAN RIGHT IN INTERNATIONAL LAW (1999).
2. FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT, THE ANNUAL MESSAGE TO CONGRESS (Jan. 6, 1941)
3. reprinted in 9 THE PUBLIC PAPERS AND ADDRESSES OF FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT 663, 672 (Samuel I. Rosenman ed., Russel & Russel 1969).
4. Franklin Delano Roosevelt, President Franklin Roosevelt's 11 January 1944 Message on the State of the Union, in 90 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD 55, 57 (U. S. Gov't Printing Office 1944).
5. See U. S. DEP'T OF STATE, WASHINGTON CONVERSATIONS ON INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION, DUMBARTON OAKS 2297 (U. S. Gov't Printing Office 1945).
6. See CORE OBLIGATIONS: BUILDING A FRAMEWORK FOR ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND CULTURAL RIGHTS (Audrey R. Chapman & Sage Russell eds., 2002).
7. JACK DONNELLY, UNIVERSAL HUMAN RIGHTS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE 20-21 (2d ed. 2003).
8. U. N. Charter preamble.
9. Id. art. 62, para. 2.
10. Health and the Nations, 246 LANCET 177, 177 (1945).
11. Interview with Szeming Sze, WHO: From Small Beginnings, in 9 WHO FORUM 29, 29-34 (1988).
12. U. N. Econ. & Soc. Council [ECOSOC], U. N. Doc. E/9/Rev. l. (Feb. 15, 1946).
13. News from the Field: Summary of Actions Related to Public Health During United Nations Conference in San Francisco, 35 AM. J. PUB. HEALTH 1106, 1106 (1945).
14. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, G. A. Res. 217 A (III), at 71, U. N. GAOR, 3d Sess., 1st plen. mtg., U. N. Doc. A/810 (Dec. 10, 1948).
15. Id. art. 25 (1) (emphasis added).
16. See U. N., THESE RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS (1950);
17. Article 25, reprinted in THE UNIVERSAL Declaration of Human Rights: A Commentary 384, 384 (Asbjorn Eide et al. eds., 1993).
18. See WILLIAM BEVERIDGE, SOCIAL INSURANCE AND ALLIED SERVICES 7-13 (1942).
19. American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man, Organization for American States Res. XXX, art. XI, OEA/Ser. L/V/II.23, doc. 21 rev. 6 (1948).
20. Konstitutsiia SSSR, art. 120 (1936)
21. reprinted in USSR, SIXTY YEARS OF THE UNION 1922-1982: A COLLECTION OF LEGISLATIVE ACTS AND OTHER DOCUMENTS 229 (M. Georgadze ed., 1982).
22. See ALBERT VERDOODT, NAISSANCE ET SIGNIFICATION DE LA DÉCLARATION UNIVERSELLE DES DROITS DE L'HOMME 233-41 (1964).
23. Wilbur A. Sawyer, Achievements of UNRRA as an International Health Organization, 37 AM. J. PUB. HEALTH 41, 56 (1947).
24. Szeming Sze, Today's Global Frontiers in Public Health, 35 AM. J. PUB. HEALTH 96, 98 (1945);
25. Trygve Lie, Secretary-General's Message to the 2nd Session of the Interim Commission of the WHO (Nov. 6, 1946) (on file with author).
26. Neville M. Goodman, First World Health Assembly, 252 LANCET 265, 265 (1948).
27. See RUTH D. MASTERS, INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION IN THE FIELD OF PUBLIC HEALTH (1947);
28. Frank Gutteridge, The World Health Organization: Its Scope and Achievements, 37 TEMPLE L. Q. 1, 3-4 (1963).
29. Constitution of the World Health Organization preamble, July 22, 1946, 62 Stat. 2697
30. U. N. T. S. 185 [hereinafter WHO Constitution].
31. Charles C. Ascher, Problems in the World Health Organization's Program, 6 INT'L ORG. 27, 27 (1952).
32. Andrija Štampar, Suggestions Relating to the Constitution of an International Health Organization, in 1 WHO OFFICIAL RECORDS ANNEX 9, 54 (1949).
33. See JOHN A. RYLE, CHANGING DISCIPLINES: LECTURES ON THE HISTORY, METHOD AND MOTIVES OF SOCIAL PATHOLOGY 100 (1948);
34. RENE SAND, L'ÉCONOMIE HUMAINE PAR LA MÉDECINE SOCIALE 14 (1934);
35. HENRY ERNEST SIGERIST, MEDICINE AND HUMAN WELFARE (1941).
36. WHO Constitution preamble, supra note 24.
37. Thomas Parran, Remarks at Concluding Meeting of International Health Conference, U. N. Doc. E/H/VP/18. at 2 (1946)
38. reprinted in Thomas Parran, Chapter for World Health, 61 PUB. HEALTH REP. 1259, 1265 (1946).
39. Charles E. Allen, World Health and World Politics, 4 INT'L ORG. 27, 30 (1950).
40. See Sissela Bok, Rethinking the WHO Definition of Health 2-5 (Harvard Ctr. for Population and Dev. Studies, Working Paper Vol. 17, No. 1, 2004).
41. U. N. Charter art. 62 (1).
42. ECOSOC Res. 1/5, at 123 (Feb. 16, 1946) (on file with author).
43. U. N. Charter art. 62 (2).
44. See H. D. C. ROSCAM ABBING, INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN EUROPE AND THE RIGHT TO HEALTH CARE 77-89 (1979).
45. T. C. Routley, Aims and Objects of the World Medical Association, 1 WORLD MED. ASS'N BULL. 18, 18 (1949).
46. See ZENON BANKOWSKI & ROBERT J. LEVINE, ETHICS AND RESEARCH ON HUMAN SUBJECTS: INTERNATIONAL GUIDELINES (1993).
47. Philip Alston, The United Nations' Specialized Agencies and Implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 18 COLUM. J. TRANSNAT'L L. 79, 88 (1979).
48. Sofia Gruskin, Edward J. Mills & Daniel Tarantola, History, Principles, and Practice of Health and Human Rights, 370 LANCET 449, 449 (2007).
49. International Health or World Health?, 252 LANCET 260, 260 (1948).
50. F. H. QUIMBY, THE POLITICS OF GLOBAL HEALTH: PREPARED FOR THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON NATIONAL SECURITY POLICY AND SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENTS OF THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS, U. S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 13 (U. S. Gov't Printing Office 1971).
51. who, THE FIRST TEN YEARS OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION 37 (1958).
52. B. C. Chisholm, Is the World Health Organisation Succeeding in Its Work?, in UPHILL: NINE LEADING FIGURES ON UN'S PROGRESS AND DIFFICULTIES 24, 27 (Pollak ed., 1951).
53. EDGAR SYDENSTRICKER, HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT 85 (1933).
54. See J. B. Grant, International Trends in Health Care, 38 AM. J. PUB. HEALTH 381, 381-82 (1948).
55. G. H. de Paula Souza, Today's Global Frontiers in Public Health: Discussion, 35 AM. J. PUB. HEALTH 111, 112 (1945).
56. See Grant, supra note 45, at 382.
57. Paul F. Russell, International Preventive Medicine, 71 SCI. MONTHLY 393, 399 (1950).
58. See J. A. Doull & M. Kramer, The First World Health Assembly, 63 PUB. HEALTH REP. 1379, 1379-403 (1948).
59. See MASTERS, supra note 23, at 23-30.
60. WHO Dir-Gen., Explanatory Memorandum, in 37 WHO Official Records 330 (1951).
61. See F. A. E. CREW, MEASUREMENTS OF THE PUBLIC HEALTH: ESSAYS ON SOCIAL MEDICINE (Oliver and Boyd 1948).
62. The WHO Director-General, Report of the Director-General on the Work of the WHO in 1952, delivered to the World Health Assembly and the United Nations, U. N. Doc. E/2416/Add.1.
63. Id.
64. e.g., S. M. Keeney, Two Cooperative Projects of WHO and UNICEF, 68 PUB. HEALTH REP. 606, 606-08 (1953).
65. Henry van Zile Hyde, The Nature of the World Health Organization, 68 PUB. HEALTH REP. 601, 605 (1953).
66. See George A. Codding, Jr., Contributions of the World Health Organization and the International Civil Aviation Organization to the Development of International Law, 59 AM. SOC'Y INT'L L. PROC. 147, 147-48 (1965);
67. Krzysztof Skubiszewski, Enactment of Law by International Organizations, 41 BRITISH YEARBOOK INT'L L. 198, 216-18 (1965).
68. M. C. Balfour, Problems in Health Promotion in the Far East, 28 MILBANK MEMORIAL FUND Q. 84, 94 (1950).
69. Memorandum from John P. Humphrey, Dir., Div. of Human Rights, U. N., to Dagmar H. Schlesinger, Liaison, U. N. Specialized Agencies (Jan. 24, 1951).
70. See ECOSOC, Comm'n on Human Rights, Compilation of the Comments of Governments on the Draft International Covenant on Human Rights and on the Proposed Additional Articles, U. N. Doc. E/CN.4/365 (Mar. 22, 1950).
71. United States v. Karl Brandt, in TRIALS OF WAR CRIMINALS BEFORE THE NUREMBERG MILITARY TRIBUNALS (1948)
72. reprinted in JAY KATZ, ALEXANDER M. CAPRON & ELEANOR S. GLASS, EXPERIMENTATION WITH HUMAN BEINGS: THE AUTHORITY OF THE INVESTIGATOR, SUBJECT, PROFESSIONS, AND STATE IN THE HUMAN EXPERIMENTATION PROCESS 296, 296 (1972).
73. The Nuremberg Code, reprinted in GEORGE J. ANNAS & MICHAEL A. GRODIN, THE NAZI DOCTORS AND THE NUREMBERG CODE: HUMAN RIGHTS IN HUMAN EXPERIMENTATION, inside cover (1992).
74. George J. Annas & Michael A. Grodin, Medical Ethics and Human Rights: Legacies of Nuremberg, 3 HOFSTRA L. & POL'Y SYMP. 111, 115 (1999);
75. see M. Cherif Bassiouni, Thomas G. Baffes & John T. Evrard, An Appraisal of Human Experimentation in International Law and Practice: The Need for International Regulation of Human Experimentation, 72 J. CRIM. L. & CRIMINOLOGY 1597 (1981).
76. Letter from Henri Laugier, Assistant Sec'y-Gen., U. N., to Brock Chisholm, Dir.-Gen., WHO (Jun. 1, 1949) (on file with author).
77. ROSCAM ABBING, supra note 35, at 131.
78. Letter from Brock Chisholm, Dir.-Gen., WHO, to Alva Myrdal, Acting Assistant Sec'y-Gen., U. N. (Feb. 1, 1950) (on file with author).
79. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, G. A. Res. 2200 A (XXI), art. 7, U. N. Doc. A/6316 (1966).
80. Letter from Brock Chisholm, Dir.-Gen., WHO, to Trygve Lie, Sec'y-Gen., U. N. (Oct. 17, 1951) (on file with author).
81. G. A. Res. 421 (V), ¶ 7, U. N. Doc. A/RES/421 (V) (Dec. 4, 1950).
82. See ECOSOC Res. 349 (XII), U. N. Doc. E/RES/349 (XII) (Feb. 23, 1951).
83. Memorandum from A. H. Feller, Acting Assistant Sec'y-Gen., Legal Dep't, U. N., to Alva Myrdal, Acting Assistant Sec'y-Gen., U. N. (May 23, 1950) (on file with author).
84. Letter from Henri Laugier, Assistant Sec'y-Gen., U. N., to Brock Chisholm, Dir.-Gen., WHO (Jan. 3, 1951) (on file with author).
85. Letter from Brock Chisholm, Dir.-Gen., WHO, to Henri Laugier, Assistant Sec'y-Gen., U. N. (Jan. 12, 1951) (on file with author).
86. Id.
87. See Alston, supra note 38, at 82-92.
88. Letter from William P. Forrest, Div. of Coordination of Planning and Liaison, WHO, to Henri Laugier, Assistant Sec'y-Gen., U. N. (Feb. 13, 1951) (on file with author).
89. The Secretary-General, Survey of the Activities of Bodies of the United Nations Other than the Commission on Human Rights, and of the Specialized Agencies, in Matters within the Scope of Articles 22-27 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, ¶¶ 121-31, delivered to the Commission on Human Rights, U. N. Doc. E/CN.4/364 (Mar. 17, 1951).
90. Letter from Brock Chisholm, Dir.-Gen., WHO, to Trygve Lie, Sec'y-Gen., U. N. (Mar. 7, 1951) (available at U. N. Doc. E/1880/Add3) (on file with author).
91. Letter from P. Dorolle, Assistant Dir.-Gen., WHO, to Henri Laugier, Assistant Sec'y-Gen., U. N. (Mar. 7, 1951) (on file with author);
92. Memorandum from John P. Humphrey, Dir, Div. of Human Rights, U. N., to Egon Schwelb, Assistant Dir., Div. of Human Rights, U. N. (July 11, 1951) (on file with author).
93. Letter from Henry van Zile Hyde, U. S. Representative to Executive Bd., WHO, to Brock Chisholm, Dir.-Gen., WHO (Mar. 28, 1951) (on file with author).
94. WHO Director-General, Draft International Covenant on Human Rights and Measures of Implementation, submitted to the Commission on Human Rights. U. N. Doc. E/CN.4/544 (Apr. 18, 1951) (on file with author) [hereinafter WHO Draft International Covenant].
95. Id.
96. See Richard Pierre Claude & Bernardo W. Issel, Health, Medicine and Science in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 3 HEALTH & HUM. RTS. 126, 136-38 (1998).
97. See WHO Draft International Covenant, supra note 80.
98. ECOSOC, Comm'n on Human Rights, Summary Record of the Two Hundred and Twenty-Third Meeting, 8-12, U. N. Doc. E/CN.4/SR.223 (June 13, 1951) (citing U. N. Doc. E/CN.4/582, U. N. Doc. E/CN.4/583, and U. N. Doc. E/CN.4/589).
99. Id. at 8-9.
100. See WHO Draft International Covenant, supra note 80 (containing the WHO proposal);
101. ECOSOC, Comm'n on Human Rights, Report of the Seventh Session, ¶ 45, U. N. Doc. E/CN.4/1992. (containing the ECOSOC proposal);
102. ECOSOC, Comm'n on Human Rights, Compilation of Proposals Relating to Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, at 1, U. N. Doc. E/CN.4/AC.14/2/Add.4 (April 27, 1951) (containing proposals of the United States, World Health Organization, Denmark and Egypt);
103. ECOSOC, Comm'n on Human Rights, Summary Record of the Two Hundred and Twenty-Third Meeting, at 8-20, U. N. Doc. E/CN.4/SR.223 (June 13, 1951) (citing U. N. Doc. E/CN.4/582, U. N. Doc. E/CN.4/583, and U. N. Doc. E/CN.4/589) (containing proposals of the United Kingdom and Chile);
104. ECOSOC, Comm'n on Human Rights, Draft International Measures on Human Rights and Measures of Implementation, at 1, U. N. Doc. E/CN.4/588 (May 2, 1951) (containing the original United Kingdom oroposal);
105. ECOSOC, Comm'n on Human Rights, Draft International Measures on Human Rights and Measures of Implementation, at 1, U. N. Doc. E/CN.4/583 (May 1, 1951) (containing the U. S. S. R. proposal).
106. Id. at 11-12
107. ECOSOC, Comm'n on Human Rights, Report of the Seventh Session, ¶ 45, U. N. Doc. E/CN.4/1992.
108. th Sess., Co-operation with the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, at 13, U. N. Doc. EB8/39 (June 2, 1951).
109. Id. at 14.
110. Id. at 15-16.
111. See id.
112. Memorandum from Margaret Kitchen to John P. Humphrey, Dir., Div. of Human Rights, U. N. (June 9, 1951) (on file with author).
113. See The Secretary-General, Activities of the United Nations and the Specialized Agencies in the Field of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, delivered to the Commission on Human Rights, U. N. Doc. E/CN.4/364/Rev. l (Jan. 1952).
114. Letter from William P. Forrest, Dir., Div. of Co-ordination of Planning & Liaison, WHO, to Martin Hill, Dir. of Co-ordination for Specialized Agencies & Econ. & Soc. Matters, U. N. (June 26, 1951) (on file with author).
115. Letter from Louis H. Bauer, Sec'y-Gen., World Med. Ass'n, to Trygve Lie, Sec'y-Gen., U. N. (Oct. 9, 1951) (on file with author).
116. E.g., Memorandum from G. Brand, Div. of Human Rights, U. N., to Egon Schwelb, Assistant Dir., Div. of Human Rights, U. N. (June 9, 1951) (on file with author).
117. The Secretary-General, Activities of the United Nations and the Specialized Agencies in the Field of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, supra note 94, ¶ 132.
118. Letter from John P. Humphrey, Dir., Div. of Human Rights, U. N., to Lin Mousheng, Div. of Human Rights, U. N. (Jan. 3, 1952) (on file with author).
119. G. A. Res. 543 (VI), ¶ 5, U. N. Doc. A/RES/543 (VI) (Feb. 5, 1952).
120. Id.
121. Draft International Covenant on Human Rights, WHO, Executive Bd. Res. 102, U. N. Doc. EB9/R/102 (Feb. 4, 1952).
122. WHO, Executive Bd., 9th Sess., U. N. Doc. EB9/R/102 (Jan. 29 1952).
123. Memorandum from Egon Schwelb, Deputy Dir., Div. of Human Rights, U. N., to Lin Mousheng, Dir., Div. of Human Rights, U. N. (Feb. 4, 1952) (on file with author).
124. Report of the United Nations Delegation at the 9th Session of the Executive Board of the World Health Organization, 6, U. N. Doc. SG/SA/54 (Mar. 7, 1952) (on file with author).
125. Letter from P. Dorolle, Assistant Dir.-Gen., WHO, to Guillaume Georges-Picot, Assistant Sec'y-Gen., U. N. (Feb. 27, 1952) (on file with author).
126. Report of the United Nations Delegation at the 9th Session of the Executive Board of the World Health Organization, supra note 105, at 6.
127. See ECOSOC, Comm'n on Human Rights, Draft International Covenant on Human Rights and Measures of Implementation, U. N. Doc. E/CN.4/666/Add.9 (May 16, 1952).
128. Letter from A. H. Robertson, Secretariat-Gen., Council of Eur., to John P. Humphrey, Dir., Div. of Human Rights, U. N. (Jan. 24, 1952) (on file with author).
129. E.g., Letter from the U. K. Delegation to the U. N., to Trygve Lie, Sec'y-Gen., U. N., U. N. Doc. 95/1732/18/52E (Mar. 15, 1952) (on file with author).
130. See ECOSOC, Comm'n on Human Rights, Draft International Covenant on Human Rights and Measures of Implementation, supra note 108.
131. ECOSOC, Comm'n on Human Rights, Draft International Covenants on Human Rights and Measures of Implementation, U. N. Doc. E/CN.4/L.79/rev. l (May 2, 1952).
132. ECOSOC, Comm'n on Human Rights, Draft International Covenants on Human Rights and Measures of Implementation of the Draft Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Text Adopted by the Commission at Its 296th Meeting on May 15, 1952, U. N. Doc. E/CN.4/666/Add.9 (May 16, 1952).
133. ECOSOC Res. 440 (XIV), 197, U. N. Doc. E/2256 (July 30, 1952).
134. See Letter from Brock Chisholm, Dir.-Gen., WHO, to Guillaume Georges-Picot, Assistant Sec'y-Gen., U. N. (Dec. 5, 1952) (on file with author).
135. See Klaus T. Samson, Human Rights Co-ordination Within the U. N. System, in THE UNITED NATIONS AND HUMAN RIGHTS: A CRITICAL APPRAISAL 620 (Philip Alston ed., 1992).
136. See COLIN FRASER BROCKINGTON, WORLD HEALTH (1958).
137. Gutteridge, supra note 23, at 8.
138. FRANCIS W. HOOLE, POLITICS AND BUDGETING IN THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION 33-62 (1976).
139. See ROBERT BERKOV, THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION: A STUDY IN DECENTRALIZED INTERNATIONAL ADMINISTRATION (1957).
140. See Socrates Litsios, The Health, Poverty, and Development Merry-Go-Round: The Tribulations of WHO, in UNDERSTANDING THE GLOBAL DIMENSIONS OF HEALTH 15, 20-23 (S. William et al. eds., 2005).
141. See Ascher, supra note 25.
142. See Dorothy Porter, The Decline of Social Medicine in Britain in the 1960s, in SOCIAL MEDICINE AND MEDICAL SOCIOLOGY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY 97, 97-113 (Dorothy Porter ed., 1997).
143. See NEVILLE M. GOODMAN, INTERNATIONAL HEALTH ORGANIZATIONS AND THEIR WORK 147-148 (2d ed. 1971).
144. See Mervyn Susser, Ethical Components in the Definition of Health, 4 INT'L J. HEALTH SERVICES 539, 541 (1974).
145. See EDWARD S. GOLUB, THE LIMITS OF MEDICINE: HOW SCIENCE SHAPES OUR HOPE FOR THE CURE 215 (1994).
146. See CHARLES O. PANNENBORG, A NEW INTERNATIONAL HEALTH ORDER: AN INQUIRY INTO THE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS OF WORLD HEALTH AND MEDICAL CARE 186 (1979).
147. Marcolino G. Candau, World Health Catalysts, 47 AM. J. OF PUB. HEALTH 675, 676 (1957), available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/ PMC1551052/pdf/amjphnation01089-0001.pdf.
148. See John W. Peabody, An Organizational Analysis of the World Health Organization: Narrowing the Gap Between Promise and Performance, 40 SOC. SCI. & MED 31, 735-36 (1995).
149. E.g., World Health Assembly, Draft Requirements for Good Manufacturing Practice in the Manufacture and Quality Control of Drugs and Pharmaceutical Specialties (1968). (on file with author).
150. See Henry van Zile Hyde, The Nature of the World Health Organization, 68 PUB. HEALTH REP. 601, 603-04 (1953).
151. Steven D. Jamar, The International Human Right to Health, 22 S. U. L. REV. 1, 45 (1994).
152. WHO, THE FIRST TEN YEARS OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION 59 (1958).
153. WHO, THE SECOND TEN YEARS OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION ix (1968).
154. See ECOSOC Res. 501 B (XVI), at 10, U. N. Doc. E/2508 (Aug. 3, 1953).
155. Letter from M. G. Candau, Dir.-Gen., WHO, to Guillaume Georges-Picot, Assistant Sec'y-Gen., U. N. (Sept. 22, 1953) (on file with author).
156. See The Secretary-General, Draft International Covenant on Human Rights and Measures of Implementation: Existing Procedures for Periodic Reporting to Specialized Agencies, delivered to ECOSOC, U. N. Doc. E/CN.4/590/Add.5 (Dec. 9, 1953).
157. Letter from M. G. Candau, Dir.-Gen., WHO, to Guillaume Georges-Picot, Assistant Sec'y-Gen., U. N. (Nov. 9, 1953) (on file with author).
158. See Memorandum from Egon Schwelb, Acting Dir., Div. of Human Rights, U. N., to Guillaume Georges-Picot, Assistant Sec'y-Gen., U. N. and John P. Humphrey, Acting Principal Dir., Dep't of Soc. Affairs, U. N., Draft Covenants on Human Rights (Apr. 23, 1954) (on file with author).
159. See G. A. Res. 833 (IX), at 20, U. N. Doc. A/2890 (Dec. 4, 1954).
160. See The Secretary-General, Draft International Covenants on Human Rights. Annotation Prepared by the Secretary-General, delivered to the General Assembly, U. N. Doc. A/2929 (July 1, 1955);
161. see also Memorandum from Egon Schwelb, Acting Dir., Div. of Human Rights, U. N., to John P. Humphrey, Acting Principal Dir., Dep't of Soc. Affairs, U. N., Draft International Covenants on Human Rights: Implementation of G. A. Resolution of 4 December 1954 (Dec. 9, 1954) (on file with author).
162. GAOR, Austria, U. S. S. R., & U. K., Draft International Covenants on Human Rights. Observations by Governments, U. N. Doc. A/2910/Add.l (July 27, 1955).
163. Id.
164. See Letter from P. M. Kaul, Dir. of Offices of External Relations & Tech. Assistance, WHO, to Philippe de Seynes, Under-Sec'y, Dep't of Econ. & Soc. Affairs, U. N. (Jan. 18, 1955) (on file with author).
165. See G. A. Res. 1041 (XI), at 19-20, U. N. Doc. A/C.3/L.589 (1957).
166. Draft International Covenants on Human Rights: Belgium's Sub-Amendment to the Amendments of Afghanistan and the Philippines, U. N. GAOR, 11th Sess., 764th mtg., U. N. Doc. A/C.3/L.593 (Jan. 30, 1957).
167. See ECOSOC, Social, Humanitarian and Cultural Questions, 13 INT'L ORG. 99 (1959).
168. See U. N. GAOR, 11th Sess., 747th mtg., U. N. Doc. A/C.3/SR.747 (Jan. 30, 1957).
169. Memorandum from John P. Humphrey, Dir., Div. of Human Rights, U. N., to Philippe de Seynes, Under-Sec'y, Dept. of Econ. & Soc. Affairs, U. N., 747th Meeting of the Third Committee (Jan. 31, 1957) (on file with author).
170. See KATARINA TOMASEVSKI, THE RIGHT TO FOOD: GUIDE THROUGH APPLICABLE INTERNATIONAL LAW 34-35 (1987).
171. See Egon Schwelb, Notes on the Early Legislative History of the Measures of Implementation of the Human Rights Covenants, in MÉLANGES OFFERTS À POLYS MODINOS: PROBLÈMES DES DROITS DE L'HOMME ET DE L'UNIFICATION EUROPÉENNE 270, 270-89 (1968).
172. See G. A. Res. 926 (X), at 13, U. N. Doc. A/RES/10/926 (Dec. 14, 1955).
173. Letter from M. G. Candau, Dir.-Gen., WHO, to U. Thant, Sec'y-Gen., U. N. (Feb. 27, 1956) (on file with author).
174. Letter from P. Dorolle, Deputy Dir.-Gen., WHO, to C. V. Narasimhan, Chef de Cabinet, U. N. (Aug. 7, 1962) (on file with author).
175. The Secretary-General, Draft International Covenants on Human Rights: Existing Procedures for Periodic Reporting to Specialized Agencies, at 14, delivered to the General Assembly, U. N. Doc. A/C.3/L.1015 (Oct. 31, 1962) (emphasis added).
176. See David M. Trubek, Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights in the Third World: Human Rights Law and Human Needs Programs, in HUMAN RIGHTS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW: LEGAL AND POLICY ISSUES 205 (Theodor Meron ed., 1984).
177. See International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, G. A. Res. 2200 (XXI), Supp. No. 16, Art. 40 (3), U. N. GAOR, 21st Sess., U. N. Doc. A/6316 (Dec. 16, 1966) [hereinafter ICESCR].
178. Alston, supra note 38, at 117.
179. See ICESCR, supra note 157.
180. WHO, Notes for the Record: Meeting with Mr. Marc Schreiber, Director, United Nations Division of Human Rights on Friday, 5 May 1972 (May 29, 1972) (on file with author).
181. See ROSCAM ABBING, supra note 35, at 77-88.
182. See Memorandum from PHA Section to P. M. Kaul, Assistant Dir.-Gen., WHO, Human Rights Commission, 15th Session, Rights of the Child (Jan. 28, 1959) (on file with author).
183. See Memorandum from Michael Sacks, Dir., U. N. Liaison Office, WHO, to P. Dorolle Deputy Dir.-Gen., WHO, Report on the Fifteenth Session of the Commission on Human Rights (Apr. 21, 1959) (on file with author).
184. See G. A. Res. 1921 (XVIII), at 41, U. N. Doc. A/5606 (1963).
185. Memorandum from F. Gutteridge, Dir., Legal Office, WHO, to P. Dorolle, Deputy Dir.-Gen., WHO, Discrimination Against Women (Feb. 12, 1964) (on file with author).
186. Letter from P. Dorolle, Deputy Dir.-Gen., WHO, to John P. Humphrey, Dir., Div. of Human Rights, U. N. (Feb. 17, 1964).
187. Letter from L. Bernard, Assistant Dir.-Gen., WHO, to John P. Humphrey, Dir., Div. of Human Rights, U. N. (Dec. 16, 1965) (on file with author).
188. WHO, Notes for the Record: Meeting with Mr. Marc Schreiber, Director, United Nations Division of Human Rights on Friday, 5 May 1972, supra note 160.
189. See ECOSOC Res. 624B (XXII), U. N. Doc. E/2928 (Aug. 14, 1956).
190. Memorandum from B. Howell, Liaison to the U. N., WHO, to P. M. Kaul, Dir., Offices of External Relations & Tech. Assistance, WHO, Human Rights Commission Twelfth Session Resolution on Annual Reports (Apr. 27, 1956) (on file with author).
191. Letter from M. G. Candau, Dir.-Gen., WHO, to Martin Hill, Deputy Under-Sec'y for Econ. & Soc. Affairs, U. N. (Feb. 19, 1957) (on file with author).
192. See Memorandum from P. Bertrand, Assistant Dir.-Gen., WHO, to P. Dorolle, Deputy Dir.-Gen., WHO, Participation de L'oms awe Rapports Periodiques sur les Droits de L'Homme (July 23, 1958) (on file with author).
193. See ECOSOC, Comm'n on Human Rights, Draft Report of the Fourteenth Session of the Commission to the Economic and Social Council, U. N. Doc. E/CN.4/L.477/Add.4 (Apr. 2, 1958) (on file with author).
194. See Memorandum from B. Howell, Liaison to the U. N., WHO, to P. Bertrand, Assistant Dir.-Gen., WHO, Periodic Reports on Human Rights: Notes of Conversation with Mrs. Bruce of the U. N. Department of Human Rights on 4 July 1958 (July 7, 1958) (on file with author).
195. Id.
196. Letter from Humphrey Trevelyan, Under-Sec'y in Charge of Special Pol. Affairs, U. N., to P. Dorolle, Deputy Dir.-Gen., WHO (Aug. 21, 1958) (on file with author).
197. See Memorandum from Michael Sacks, Dir., U. N. Liaison Office, WHO, to P. Dorolle, Deputy Dir.-Gen., WHO, Periodic Reports on Human Rights: Your Cable No. 6 of 4 February and Your Letter of 5 February 1959 (Feb. 9, 1959) (on file with author).
198. The Secretary-General, Periodic Reports on Human Rights, delivered to the Economic and Social Council Commission on Human Rights, ¶ 2, U. N. Doc. E/CN.4/776/Add.2 (Mar. 6, 1959).
199. See Memorandum from P. Dorolle, Deputy Dir.-Gen., WHO, to B. Howell, Liaison to the U. N., WHO, Rapports Periodiques sur les Droits de L 'Homme (Feb. 5, 1959) (on file with author).
200. Letter from P. Dorolle, Deputy Dir.-Gen., WHO, to John P. Humphrey, Dir., Div. of Human Rights, U. N. (Feb. 24, 1959) (on file with author).
201. See Memorandum from Michael Sacks, Dir., U. N. Liaison Office, WHO, to P. Dorolle, Deputy Dir.-Gen., WHO, Report on the Fifteenth Session of the Commission on Human Rights (Apr. 21, 1959) (on file with author).
202. See Letter from A. Bellerive, Dir., Div. of Co-ordination and Evaluation, WHO, to M. Schreiber, Dir., Div. of Human Rights, U. N., Ref. SO 214 (2-1-2) 1965-68 (July 11, 1968) (on file with author);
203. Letter from L. Bernard, Assistant Dir.-Gen., WHO, to E. Lawson, Deputy Dir., Div. of Human Rights, U. N., Ref. SO 214 (2-1-2) 1965-1967 (Oct. 4, 1965) (on file with author);
204. Letter from L. Bernard, Assistant Dir.-Gen., WHO, to M. Schreiber, Dir., Div. of Human Rights, U. N., Ref. SO 214 (2-3-2) 1963-66 (Sept. 23, 1966) (on file with author);
205. Letter from P. Dorolle, Deputy Dir.-Gen., WHO, to John P. Humphrey, Dir., Div. of Human Rights, U. N. Ref. N64/180/5 (Feb. 7, 1963) (on file with author);
206. Letter from P. Dorolle, Deputy Dir.-Gen., WHO, to C. V. Narasimhan, Under-Sec'y for Special Political Affairs, U. N., Ref. SO 214 (2-1-2) (July 11, 1960) (on file with author).
207. UNITED NATIONS, THE UNITED NATIONS AND HUMAN RIGHTS (1968).
208. The Secretary-General, Measures and Activities Undertaken in Connexion with the International Year for Human Rights, 74-83, delivered to the General Assembly, U. N. Doc. A/7195 (Sept. 24, 1968).
209. See Letter from L. Bernard, Assistant Dir.-Gen., WHO, to Michael Sacks, Dir., U. N. Liaison Office, WHO, International Year for Human Rights, U. N. Ref. N64/180/5 (b) (Oct. 10, 1968) (on file with author).
210. Memorandum from Michael Sacks, Dir., U. N. Liaison Office, WHO, to L. Bernard, Assistant Dir.-Gen., WHO, at 2 (Dec. 31, 1968) (on file with author).
211. See Jack Donnelly, International Human Rights: A Regime Analysis, 40 INT'L ORG. 599, 633-39 (1986).
212. See Kiyoteru Tsutsui & Christine Min Wotipka, Global Civil Society and the International Human Rights Movement: Citizen Participation in Human Rights International Nongovernmental Organizations, 83 SOC. FORCES 587, 593 (2004).
213. See Rennie Moon, From Charity to Human Right: Discourse and Global Expansion of Health and Health Education, 1650-1997 (2003) (unpublished Master's thesis, Stanford University), available at http://www.stanford.edu/dept/SUSE/ ICE/monographs/Moon.pdf.
214. See Administrative Committee on Coordination, Annual Report of the Administrative Committee on Co-ordination for 1973-74, U. N. Doc. E/5488 (May 20, 1974).
215. See The Secretary-General, Further Promotion and Encouragement of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, U. N. Doc. E/CN.4/1193 (Jan. 28, 1976);
216. The Secretary-General, Further Promotion and Encouragement of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Including the Question of the Programme and Methods of Work of the Commission, U. N. Doc. E/CN. 4/1433 (Dec. 16, 1981).
217. See BIPLAB DASGUPTA & DUDLEY SEERS, STATISTICAL POLICY IN LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES (Univ. of Sussex, Inst. Of Dev. Studies 1975).
218. See George L. Engel, The Need for a New Medical Model: A Challenge for Biomedicine, 196 SCIENCE 129, 131-32 (1977).
219. RENÉ J. DUBOS, MAN ADAPTING 237-38 (1965).
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225. THOMAS MCKEOWN, THE ROLE OF MEDICINE: DREAM, MIRAGE, OR NEMESIS? 179 (1976).
226. Karl Evang, Human Rights: Health for Everyone, 26 WORLD HEALTH 3, 5-6 (1973).
227. Sir John Charles, Origins, History and Achievements of the World Health Organization, BRIT. MED. J., May 4, 1968, at 293-96.
228. See WHO, INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN HEALTH PROGRAMMES AND SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (1973);
229. Halfdan Mahler, Dir.-Gen., WHO, Statement to the Second Session of the Ad Hoc Committee: The Restructuring of the United Nations in the Economic and Social Sectors (Feb. 13, 1976).
230. L. A. Kaprio, Dir., WHO Reg'l Office for Eur., Address to the 19th International Hospital Congress: Recent Trends in Health Service Patterns, Zagreb, at 8 (June 1976).
231. See EMILIO PAMPANA, A TEXTBOOK OF MALARIA ERADICATION (2d ed. 1969).
232. See Victor W. Sidel & Ruth Sidel, Self-Reliance and the Collective Good: Medicine in China, in ETHICS AND HEALTH POLICY 57 (Robert M. Veatch & Roy Branson, eds. 1976).
233. WHO, THE WORK OF WHO 1966 (1967).
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237. See World Health Assembly Res. 26.35 (May 1973).
238. See ROSCAM ABBING, supra note 35, at 71.
239. Theodore M. Brown, Marcus Cueto & Elizabeth Fee, The World Health Organization and the Transition from "International" to "Global" Public Health, 96 AM. J. PUB. HEALTH 62, 66 (2006).
240. World Health Assembly Res. 23.61, Basic Principles for the Development of Health Services (1970).
241. Allyn Lise Taylor, The World Health Organization and the Right to Health 7 (1991) (unpublished LL. M thesis, Columbia Law School) (on file with author).
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245. HALFDAN MAHLER, INTRODUCTION OF THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL ON THE ACTIVITIES OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION: THE NEW INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ORDER 1 (1976).
246. See DJUKANOVIC & MACH, supra note 215.
247. INTRODUCING WHO 80-81 (1976).
248. Declaration on the Establishment of a New International Economic Order, G. A. Res. 3201, U. N. Doc. A/9559 (May 1, 1974);
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254. See A. GLENN MOWER, INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION FOR SOCIAL JUSTICE: GLOBAL AND REGIONAL PROTECTION OF ECONOMIC/SOCIAL RIGHTS (1985).
255. S. W. A. Gunn, The Right to Health Through International Cooperation, in Il Diritto alia Tutela della Salute: Acts of the International Colloquium on the Right to Health Protection 20 (1983).
256. T. A. Lambo, Towards Justice in Health, WORLD HEALTH, July 1979, at 2, 4.
257. René Jean Dupuy, Foreword to THE RIGHT TO HEALTH AS A HUMAN RIGHT 3 (René Jean Dupuy ed., Sijthoff & Noordhoff 1979).
258. Theo C. van Boven, The Right to Health: Paper Submitted by the United Nations Division of Human Rights, in THE RIGHT TO HEALTH AS A HUMAN RIGHT, supra note 229, at 54.
259. Maurice Sédeuilh, Le Droit à Santé, in THE RIGHT TO HEALTH AS A HUMAN RIGHT, supra note 229, at 101.
260. Claude-Henri Vigne, Droit à la Santé et Coordination, in THE RIGHT TO HEALTH AS A HUMAN RIGHT, supra note 229, at 304.
261. Human Rights Day 10 December, 1978: Thirtieth Anniversary, WORLD HEALTH 16 (1978).
262. WHO, Report on the Implementation of Article 12 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Report on the Right to Health in Article 12 ICESCR, U. N. Doc. E/1980/24 (Feb. 22, 1980).
263. See Question of a Convention on the Rights of a Child, ECOSOC, Comm'n on Human Rights Res. 20 (XXXIV), U. N. Doc. E/1978/34 (Mar. 8, 1978).
264. Carl Taylor & Richard Jolly, The Straw Men of Primary Health Care, 26 SOC. SCI. & MED. 971, 976 (1988).
265. WHO, Declaration of Alma-Ata, International Conference on Primary Health Care, Alma-Ata, USSR, Sept. 6-12, 1978, U. N. Doc. A56/27 (1978).
266. Id § VI.
267. Id. §V.
268. BRITISH MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, THE MEDICAL PROFESSION AND HUMAN RIGHTS: HANDBOOK FOR A CHANGING AGENDA 317 (2001).
269. Frank P. Grad & Ilise L. Feitshans, Article 12-Right to Health, in U. S. RATIFICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANTS ON HUMAN RIGHTS 206, 206-35 (H. Hannum & D. D. Fischer eds., 1993).
270. Declaration of Alma-Ata, supra note 237, § VII.
271. WHO, PRIMARY HEALTH CARE: REPORT OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PRIMARY HEALTH CARE 18, 24, 74 (1978) [hereinafter WHO, PRIMARY HEALTH CARE].
272. Virginia Leary, Implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Day of General Discussion on the Right to Health, U. N. Doc. E/C. 12/1993/WP.27 (1993).
273. Declaration of Alma-Ata, supra note 237, § IV.
274. Id.
275. WHO, PRIMARY HEALTH CARE, supra note 243, at 76.
276. Taylor, supra note 214, at 42-43.
277. See Sev S. Fluss & Frank Gutteridge, Some Contributions of the World Health Organization to Legislation, in ISSUES IN CONTEMPORARY INTERNATIONAL HEALTH 35 (Thomas A. Lambo & Stacey B. Day eds., 1990).
278. See THOMAS H. MACDONALD, HEALTH, HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE UNITED NATIONS: INCONSISTENT AIMS AND INHERENT CONTRADICTIONS? (2008).
279. WHO Executive Board Res. 21, U. N. Doc. EB63/R21 (Jan. 1979).
280. See Samson, supra note 116.
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282. Taylor, supra note 214, at 72-74.
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284. Memorandum from F. Gutteri dge, Dir., Legal Office, WHO, to Milton P. Siegel, Assistant Dir.-Gen., WHO (Oct. 27, 1966) (on file with author).
285. Letter from P. Dorolle, supra note 179.
286. HENRIK KARL NIELSEN, THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION: IMPLEMENTING THE RIGHT TO HEALTH 48 (1999);
287. Alison Lakin, The Legal Powers of the World Health Organization, 3 MED. L. INT'L 23, 32 (1997);
288. Alison Lakin, The World Health Organisation and the Right to Health 140 (2001) (unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, King's College) [hereinafter Lakin dissertation].
289. Mark E. Battista, An Enforceable Human Right to Health: A New Role for WHO 11 (World Peace Through Law Center 1981) (citing Letter from Alberto Rodriguez, Legal Officer, Pan American Health Org., to Mark E. Battista (Apr. 3, 1981)).
290. Virginia Leary et. al., Health Human Rights and International Law, 82 AM. SOC'Y INT'L L. PROC. 122, 129 (1988).
291. Taylor, supra note 214, at 42.
292. Lakin dissertation, supra note 258, at 114, 140.
293. See THE RIGHT TO HEALTH IN THE AMERICAS: A COMPARATIVE CONSTITUTIONAL STUDY (Hernán L. Fuenzalida-Puelma & Susan Scholle Connor eds., 1989).
294. See Fluss & Gutteridge, supra note 249.
295. Gutteridge, supra note 23, at 7-8.
296. David P. Fidler. The Future of the World Health Organization: What Role for International Law?, 31 VAND. J. TRANSNAT'LL. 1079, 1086-89 (1998).
297. Taylor, supra note 214, at 6-14.
298. See WHO, supra note 234.
299. Trubek, supra note 156, at 244.
300. Taylor, supra note 214, at 47.
301. See CORE OBLIGATIONS, supra note 5.
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303. D. Rajagopalan-Vorburger, World Health Organization and the Right to Health: A Legal Analysis of Its Interaction with Other Institutions (2002) (unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Institut Universitaire de Hautes Etudes Internationales).
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308. Marcus Cueto, The Origins of Primary Health Care and Selective Primary Health Care, 94 AM. J. PUB. HEALTH 1864, 1869 (2004).
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310. See Milton I. Roemer, Analysis of Health Services Systems: A General Approach, in REORIENTING HEALTH SERVICES: APPLICATION OF A SYSTEMS APPROACH 47 (Charles O. Pannenborg et al. eds., 1984);
311. JOHN M. STARRELS, THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION: RESISTING THIRD WORLD IDEOLOGICAL PRESSURES (1985).
312. Kenneth Newell, Selective Primary Health Care: The Counter Revolution, 26 SOC. SCI. & MED. 903, 906 (1988).
313. Abraham Horwitz, Changing Concepts of Health and Health Services: New Opportunities for Nutrition Promotion, 17 BULL. PAN AM. HEALTH ORG. 61, 61-63 (1983).
314. Strengthening Primary Health Care, World Health Assembly Res. 41.34 (May 13, 1988).
315. Ruth Roemer, The Right to Health Care, in THE RIGHT TO HEALTH IN THE AMERICAS: A COMPARATIVE CONSTITUTIONAL STUDY, supra note 263, at 17.
316. Benjamin Mason Meier & Larisa M. Mori, The Highest Attainable Standard: Advancing a Collective Human Right to Public Health, 37 COLUM. HUM. RTS. L. REV. 101, 117-18 (2005);
317. See Maria Stuttaford, Balancing Collective and Individual Rights to Health and Health Care, L., SOC. JUST. & GLOBAL DEV. J. 2004 (1), available at http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/law/elj/lgd/2004-l/stuttaford/.
318. See, e.g., WHO Reg'l Office for Eur., Draft European Declaration on the Rights of Patients, ICP/HLE 117 (1990) (on file with author).
319. Global Strategy for the Prevention and Control of AIDS, World Health Assembly Res. 40.26, (May 15, 1987);
320. Jonathan M. Mann, The World Health Organization's Global Strategy for the Prevention and Control of AIDS, 147 WEST. J. MED. 732, 734 (1987).
321. Halfdan Mahler, Foreword to MACDONALD, supra note 250;
322. Daniel Tarantola, A Perspective on the History of Health and Human Rights: From the Cold War to the Gold War, 29 J. PUB. HEALTH POL'Y 42, 45-46 (2008).
323. Lincoln C. Chen & Giovanni Berlinguer, Health Equity in a Globalizing World, in CHALLENGING INEQUITIES IN HEALTH: From ETHICS TO ACTION 34 (Timothy Evans et al. eds., 2001);
324. see HEALTH IMPACTS OF GLOBALIZATION: TOWARDS GLOBAL GOVERNANCE (Kelley Lee ed., 2003).
325. A. J. McMichael & R. Beaglehole, The Changing Global Context of Public Health, 356 LANCET 495, 497 (2000).
326. Letter from Alison Katz, Bd. Member, Centre Eur. Tiers Monde, to Margaret Chan, Dir.-Gen., WHO (Jan. 22, 2007), available at http://www.phmovement.org/ files/alison-letter.pdf.
327. Joyce Millen, A. Irwin & Jim Yong Kim, Introduction: What Is Growing? Who Is Dying?, in DYING FOR GROWTH: GLOBAL INEQUALITY AND THE HEALTH OF THE POOR 4 (Jim Yong Kim et al. eds., 2000).
328. DAVID P. FIDLER, INTERNATIONAL LAW AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES 12 (1999).
329. Kelley Lee et al., Who Should Be Doing What in International Health: A Confusion of Mandates in the United Nations?, 312 BRIT. MED. J. 302-07 (1996);
330. Benjamin Mason Meier & Ashley Fox, Development as Health: Employing the Collective Right to Development to Achieve the Goals of the Individual Right to Health, 30 HUM. RTS. Q. 259, 314 (2008).
331. Michael Kirby, The Right to Health Fifty Years On: Still Skeptical?, 4 HEALTH & HUM. RTS. 6, 13 (1999).
332. WHO COMM'N ON MACROECONOMICS AND HEALTH, MACROECONOMICS AND HEALTH: INVESTING IN HEALTH FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 25 (World Health Organization 2001);
333. R. Waitzkin, Report of the WHO Commission on Macroeconomics and Health: A Summary and Critique, 361 LANCET 523-36 (2003).
334. United Nations Millennium Declaration, G. A. Res. 55/2, U. N. Doc. A/RES/55/2 (Sept. 18, 2000), available at http://www.un.org/millennium/ declaration/ares552e.pdf.
335. See WHO, TREATING 3 MILLION BY 2005: MAKING IT HAPPEN (2004).
336. S. Litsios, The Health, Poverty, and Development Merry-Go-Round: The Tribulations of WHO, in UNDERSTANDING THE GLOBAL DIMENSIONS OF HEALTH 15, 15-33 (S. William, A. Gunn, & P. B. Mansourian eds., 2005).
337. U. N. Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights [CESCR], 9th Sess., 42d plen. mtg., at 1-15, U. N. Doc. E/C.12/1993/SR.42 (Nov. 23, 1994) [hereinafter CESCR 1994];
338. CESCR, Substantive Issues Arising in the Implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health, U. N. Doc. E/C. 12/2000/4. (2000) [hereinafter CESCR 2000].
339. U. N. Economic and Social Council, Comm'n on Human Rights, The Right of Everyone to the Enjoyment of the Highest Attainable Standard of Physical and Mental Health: Report of the Special Rapporteur, Paul Hunt, U. N. Doc. E/CN.4/2003/58 (Feb. 13, 2003).
340. Lakin dissertation, supra note 258, at 131-34.
341. CESCR 1994, supra note 299, ¶ 7.
342. See CESCR 2000, supra note 299.
343. Timothy Goodman, Is There a Right to Health?, 30 J. OF MED. AND PHIL. 643, 652-59 (2005);
344. Katherine Gorove, Shifting Norms in International Health Law, 98 AM. SOC'Y OF INT'L L. PROC. 18, 20 (2004).
345. The Secretary-General, Renewing the United Nations: A Programme for Reform, delivered to the General Assembly, U. N. Doc. A/51/950 (July 14, 1997).
346. WHO, WORLD HEALTH REPORT: PRIMARY HEALTH CARE-NOW MORE THAN EVER 2-23 (2008), available at http://www.who.int/whr/2008/whr08-en.pdf.