The right to health fifty years on: Still skeptical?

Health and Human Rights

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 7-25

  Kirby, Michael ^a  

^a NONE   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HUMAN RIGHTS;

HEALTH POLICY; HUMAN RIGHTS; SOCIAL POLICY;

HEALTH CARE AND PUBLIC HEALTH; LEGAL APPROACH; UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS;

BIOETHICS; HISTORY, 18TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HISTORY, MEDIEVAL; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMAN RIGHTS; HUMANS; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; WORLD HEALTH;

EID: 0032847325     PISSN: 10790969     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/4065166     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. J. Mann, "Health and Human Rights: If Not Now, When?" Health and Human Rights 1997, 2(3): 118.
2. Berlin, "Two Concepts of Liberty," in: Four Essays on Liberty (1970), pp. 118, 129 (quoting Concordet). Cited in S. P. Marks, "From the 'Single Confused Page' to the 'Decalogue for Six Billion Persons': The Roots of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the French Revolution," Human Rights Quarterly 1998, 20: 472.
3. The 1793 Draft referred to property and taxation. See Marks (note 2), p. 507.
4. Cited in Marks (see note 2), p. 487.
5. Declaration of St Petersburg, 1856. See M. Lippman, "Human Rights Revisited: The Protection of Human Rights under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights," California West International Law Journal 1994, 10: 454.
6. Geneva Convention, 1864. See also the Hague Conferences 1899-1901; see Lippman (note 5), pp. 454-55.
7. Lippman (see note 5), p. 454.
8. A. Cassese, Human Rights in a Changing World (London: Temple University Press, 1990), p. 29.
9. Cassese (see note 8), p. 30.
10. Marks (see note 2), p. 509.
11. Lippman (see note 5), p. 457.
12. Lippman (see note 5), p. 457.
13. Lippman (see note 5), p. 463.
14. Lippman (see note 5), p. 464.
15. Charter of the United Nations, Article 1.
16. Lippman (see note 5), p. 459.
17. Lippman (see note 5), p. 462.
18. H. Steiner and P. Alston, International Human Rights in Context: Law, Politics and Morals (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 119.
19. M. Waters, "Globalisation and the Social Construction of Human Rights," Australia and New Zealand Journal of Sociology 1995, 31: 33.
20. K. TomaSevski, "Before AIDS, Beyond AIDS: Human Rights of People with Contagious Diseases," in: K. E. Mahoney and P. Mahoney, Human Rights in the T\venty-first Century: A Global Challenge (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1993), p. 135. See also G. Annas and M. Grodin, The Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code: Human Rights in Human Experimentation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992); I. Cotler (ed),
21. Nuremberg: Forty Years Later (Montreal: McGill University Press, 1995).
22. Lippman (see note 5), p. 466.
23. Cassese (see note 8), p. 46.
24. Cassese (see note 8), pp. 35-36.
25. Cassese (see note 8), p. 42.
26. Cassese (see note 8), p. 43.
27. UN Doc. E/CN.4/AC.2/SR.8, p. 11, cited in B. Ramcharan, "The Universality of Human Rights," International Committee of Jurists: The Review 1994, 53: 110.
28. D. P. Cumaraswamy, "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights," International Committee of Jurists: The Review 1994, 53: 120-22.
29. Ramcharan (see note 26), p. 106.
30. The Bangkok Declaration is described in Cumaraswamy (see note 27), p. 120.
31. Cf. Justice Thurgood Marshall: "The Government they devised was defective from the start, requiring several amendments, a civil war and a momentous social transformation to attain the system of constitutional government, and its respect for the individual freedoms and human rights, that we hold as fundamental today." T. Marshall, "Reflections on the Bicentennial of the United States Constitution," Harvard Law Review 1987, 101(1): 2. See also E. Dumbutshena, "Human Rights in the 21st Century," in: Commonwealth Law Conference, Conference Papers (Auckland, 1990), p. 603.
32. Cf. Toonen v. Australia, Communication No. 488/1992, UN Doc. CCPR/C/50/D/488/1992 (1994).
33. Reform [annual journal of the Australian Law Reform Commission] 1989:38.
34. Lippman (see note 5), p. 513.
35. Marks (see note 2), p. 513.
36. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, G.A. Res. 217A (III), UN GAOR, Res. 71, UN Doc. A/810 (1948), art. 16.1 and 25.2.
37. Cassese (see note 8), p. 47.
38. Dumbutshena (see note 30), p. 604.
39. Dumbutshena (see note 30), p. 605.
40. Waters (see note 19), p. 34.
41. Hendriks, "The Right to Health," European Journal of Health Law 1994, 1: 194.
42. Cassese (see note 8), p. 47.
43. Cassese (see note 8), p. 46.
44. Dumbutshena (see note 30), p. 609.
45. B. Graefrath, "Universal Declaration of Human Rights: 1988," GDR Committee for Human Rights Bulletin 1988, 14(3): 167.
46. H. Lauterpacht, An International Bill of Rights of Man (1945), p. 54, cited in Marks (note 2), p. 512.
47. Iran.
48. Ramcharan (see note 26), p. 115.
49. Steiner and Alston (see note 18), p. 121.
50. For example, IW v. City of Perth, Commonwealth Law Reports 1997, 191(1) (HCtAust).
51. B. Watt, "The Legal Protection of HIV+ Healthcare Workers and the
52. Human Rights Jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice," European Human Rights Law Review 1998: 301.
53. M. D. Kirby, "HIV: Why is Governance so Critical?" in: UNDP, The Convergence of Government and HIV: Aspects Critical for an Effective Response (Manila, 1997), p. 23.
54. Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights, UNESCO, adopted at the General Conference 11 November 1997.
55. D. Beyeveld and R. Brownsword, "Human Dignity, Human Rights and Human Genetics," Modern Law Review 1998, 61: 663.
56. O. O'Neill, "Insurance and Genetics: The Current State of Play," Modern Law Review 1998, 61: 716.
57. A. Pottage, "The Inscription of Life in Law: Genes, Patents and Biopolitics," Modern Law Review 1998, 61: 740.
58. The Genome Declaration provides in Article 11 that "Practises which are contrary to human dignity, such as reproductive cloning of human beings, shall not be permitted. States and competent international organisations are invited to cooperate in identifying such practises and in taking, at national or international level, the measures necessary to ensure that the principles set out in this Declaration are respected." Cf. United States National Bioethics Advisory Commission, Cloning Human Beings, 1997.
59. Breen v. Williams, Commonwealth Law Reports 1996, 186: 71 (HCt Aust). Cf. Breen v. Williams, New South Wales Law Review 1994,35:522 (New South Wales Court of Appeals).
60. D. Morgan, "Health Rights, Ethics and Justice: The Opportunity Costs of Rhetoric," in: S. McLean (ed), Contemporary Issues in Law, Medicine and Ethics (Dartmouth, NH: Dartmouth University Press, 1996), p. 19.
61. A. de Jonge, "Aboriginal Women's Health and Australia's International Human Rights Obligations," in: R. Piotrowicz (ed), Proceedings of the 49th Annual Conference of the Australasian Law Teachers' Association (Hobart, 1994), p. 235.
62. World Health Organization, International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems: Mental and Behavioural Disorders, 9th ed. (1978), p. 40. Contrast the report of the Working Group on Sexual Orientation and Human Rights in Human Rights Tribune 1998, 5: 31. The Working Group took part in the meeting of representatives of nongovernmental organizations in Ottawa, Canada, in June 1998 to mark the fifth anniversary of the Vienna World Conference on Human Rights and the 50th anniversary of the UDHR.
63. Washington v. Glucksberg, 117 SCt 2258 at 2263 (1997). See C. L'Heureux-Dubé, "The Importance of Dialogue: Globalization and the International Impact of the Rehnquist Court," unpublished paper, September 1998, Tulsa, citing from Rodriguez v. British Colombia (AttorneyGeneral) 107 DLR (4th) 342 (1993).
64. See, e.g., M. Battista, "An Enforceable Human Right to Health," in: Papers ofSäo Paulo Conference on the Law of the World (Sâo Paulo, 1981). See also V. A. Leary, "Implications of a Right to Health," in: K. E. Mahoney and P. Mahoney, Human Rights in the T\venty-first Century: A Global Challenge (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1993), pp. 491-93. The author states that WHO has "shown little interest in defining the content of a right to health as an international human right. The Organization undertakes little normative activity and has not been greatly interested in the normative activity of other Organizations with regard to health issues. It has also given little attention to human rights issues, apparently regarding them as unduly political and not within the technical mandate of the Organization." GPA and the International Code on Breast Milk Substitutes are cited as exceptions.
65. Mr. Flasche, cited in Hendriks (see note 40), p. 194.
66. Mr. Flasche, cited in Hendriks (see note 40), p. 194.
67. Preamble, Constitution of the World Health Organization, adopted by the International Health Conference, New York, 19 June-22 July 1946, and signed on 22 July 1946 by the representatives of 61 States.
68. Mann (see note 1), p. 120.