The origins of primary health care and selective primary health care

American Journal of Public Health

Volumn 94, Issue 11, 2004, Pages 1864-1874

  Cueto, Marcos ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSIDAD PERUANA CAYETANO HEREDIA   (Peru)

^b NONE   (Peru)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION; HEALTH PROGRAM; HUMAN; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE; REVIEW; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

EID: 7244250128     PISSN: 00900036     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.94.11.1864     Document Type: Review

References (90)

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29. See H. T. Mahler, "Health - A Demystification of Medical Technology," Lancet ii (1975): 829-833.
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33. "WHA32.30, Formulating Strategies for Health for all by the Year 2000, World Health Organization, 32nd World Health Assembly, Geneva, 7-25 May 1979," available at http://policy.who.int/cgi-bin/om_isapi.dll? infobase=WHA&softpage=Browse_Fra me_Pg42, accessed June 25, 2004; H. T. Mahler, "Salud con Justicia," Salud Mundial (May 1978); "What Is Health for All?" World Health (November 1979): 3-5; Mahler, "The Meaning of Health for All by the Year 2000," World Health Forum 2 (1981): 5-22; Mahler, "The Political Struggle for Health: Address at the 29th Session of WHO Regional Committee for the Western Pacific"; Mahler, "Eighteen Years to Go to Health for All, Address to the 21st Pan American Sanitary Conference, Geneva" (all Mahler articles from Mahler Speeches/Lectures, Box 1, WHO Library, Geneva).
34. "WHA32.30, Formulating Strategies for Health for all by the Year 2000, World Health Organization, 32nd World Health Assembly, Geneva, 7-25 May 1979," available at http://policy.who.int/cgi-bin/om_isapi.dll? infobase=WHA&softpage=Browse_Fra me_Pg42, accessed June 25, 2004; H. T. Mahler, "Salud con Justicia," Salud Mundial (May 1978); "What Is Health for All?" World Health (November 1979): 3-5; Mahler, "The Meaning of Health for All by the Year 2000," World Health Forum 2 (1981): 5-22; Mahler, "The Political Struggle for Health: Address at the 29th Session of WHO Regional Committee for the Western Pacific"; Mahler, "Eighteen Years to Go to Health for All, Address to the 21st Pan American Sanitary Conference, Geneva" (all Mahler articles from Mahler Speeches/Lectures, Box 1, WHO Library, Geneva).
35. "WHA32.30, Formulating Strategies for Health for all by the Year 2000, World Health Organization, 32nd World Health Assembly, Geneva, 7-25 May 1979," available at http://policy.who.int/cgi-bin/om_isapi.dll? infobase=WHA&softpage=Browse_Fra me_Pg42, accessed June 25, 2004; H. T. Mahler, "Salud con Justicia," Salud Mundial (May 1978); "What Is Health for All?" World Health (November 1979): 3-5; Mahler, "The Meaning of Health for All by the Year 2000," World Health Forum 2 (1981): 5-22; Mahler, "The Political Struggle for Health: Address at the 29th Session of WHO Regional Committee for the Western Pacific"; Mahler, "Eighteen Years to Go to Health for All, Address to the 21st Pan American Sanitary Conference, Geneva" (all Mahler articles from Mahler Speeches/Lectures, Box 1, WHO Library, Geneva).
36. "WHA32.30, Formulating Strategies for Health for all by the Year 2000, World Health Organization, 32nd World Health Assembly, Geneva, 7-25 May 1979," available at http://policy.who.int/cgi-bin/om_isapi.dll? infobase=WHA&softpage=Browse_Fra me_Pg42, accessed June 25, 2004; H. T. Mahler, "Salud con Justicia," Salud Mundial (May 1978); "What Is Health for All?" World Health (November 1979): 3-5; Mahler, "The Meaning of Health for All by the Year 2000," World Health Forum 2 (1981): 5-22; Mahler, "The Political Struggle for Health: Address at the 29th Session of WHO Regional Committee for the Western Pacific"; Mahler, "Eighteen Years to Go to Health for All, Address to the 21st Pan American Sanitary Conference, Geneva" (all Mahler articles from Mahler Speeches/Lectures, Box 1, WHO Library, Geneva).
37. "WHA32.30, Formulating Strategies for Health for all by the Year 2000, World Health Organization, 32nd World Health Assembly, Geneva, 7-25 May 1979," available at http://policy.who.int/cgi-bin/om_isapi.dll? infobase=WHA&softpage=Browse_Fra me_Pg42, accessed June 25, 2004; H. T. Mahler, "Salud con Justicia," Salud Mundial (May 1978); "What Is Health for All?" World Health (November 1979): 3-5; Mahler, "The Meaning of Health for All by the Year 2000," World Health Forum 2 (1981): 5-22; Mahler, "The Political Struggle for Health: Address at the 29th Session of WHO Regional Committee for the Western Pacific"; Mahler, "Eighteen Years to Go to Health for All, Address to the 21st Pan American Sanitary Conference, Geneva" (all Mahler articles from Mahler Speeches/Lectures, Box 1, WHO Library, Geneva).
38. K. Kanagaratnam, "A Review of the Bellagio Population and Health Papers," May 9, 1979, Folder "Health and Population," Rockefeller Foundation Archives (hereafter RFA), Record Group (hereafter RG) A82, Series 120, Box 1776, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, NY (hereafter RAC).
39. J. H. Knowles, ed., Doing Better and Feeling Worse (New York: W.W. Norton and Co., 1977).
40. J. H. Knowles to C. Wahren, July 6, 1978, Folder "Health and Population," RFA, RG A82, Series 120, Box 1776, RAC; Martha Finnemore, "Redefining Development at the World Bank," in International Development and the Social Science: Essays in the History and Politics of Knowledge, ed. F Cooper and R. Packard (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 203-227
41. J. H. Knowles to C. Wahren, July 6, 1978, Folder "Health and Population," RFA, RG A82, Series 120, Box 1776, RAC; Martha Finnemore, "Redefining Development at the World Bank," in International Development and the Social Science: Essays in the History and Politics of Knowledge, ed. F Cooper and R. Packard (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 203-227
42. J. A. Walsh and K. S. Warren, "Selective Primary Health Care, an Interim Strategy for Disease Control in Developing Countries," New England Journal of Medicine 301 (1979): 967-974; it also appeared in Social Science and Medicine 14C (1980): 145-163 as part of an issue devoted to the Bellagio meeting.
43. J. A. Walsh and K. S. Warren, "Selective Primary Health Care, an Interim Strategy for Disease Control in Developing Countries," New England Journal of Medicine 301 (1979): 967-974; it also appeared in Social Science and Medicine 14C (1980): 145-163 as part of an issue devoted to the Bellagio meeting.
44. J. Ruxin, "Magical Bullet: The History of Oral Rehydration Therapy," Medical History 38 (1991): 363-397.
45. S. Plank and M.L. Milanesi, "Infant Feeding and Infant Mortality in Rural Chile," Bulletin of the World Health Organization 48 (1973): 203-210.
46. Protecting the World's Children: Vaccines and Immunization Within Primary Health Care, Conference Report (New York: Rockefeller Foundation, 1984).
47. J. Evans, K. Hall, and J. Warford, "Health Care in the Developing World: Problems of Scarcity and Choice," New England Journal of Medicine 305 (1981): 1117-1127.
48. On Grant, see C. Bellamy, P. Adamson, S. B. Tacon, et al., Jim Grant: UNICEF Visionary (Florence, Italy: UNICEF Innocenti Research Center, 2001), available at http://www.unicef.org/ about/who/index_bio_grant.html, accessed March 19, 2004.
49. UNICEF, The State of the World's Children: 1982/1983 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983). See also K. S. Warren, "Introduction," in Strategies for Primary Health Care: Technologies Appropriate for the Control of Disease in the Developing World, ed. J. Walsh and K. S. Warren (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1986), ix-xi; K.S. Warren, "The Evolution of Selective Primary Health Care," Social Science and Medicine 26 (1988): 891-898.
50. UNICEF, The State of the World's Children: 1982/1983 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983). See also K. S. Warren, "Introduction," in Strategies for Primary Health Care: Technologies Appropriate for the Control of Disease in the Developing World, ed. J. Walsh and K. S. Warren (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1986), ix-xi; K.S. Warren, "The Evolution of Selective Primary Health Care," Social Science and Medicine 26 (1988): 891-898.
51. UNICEF, The State of the World's Children: 1982/1983 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983). See also K. S. Warren, "Introduction," in Strategies for Primary Health Care: Technologies Appropriate for the Control of Disease in the Developing World, ed. J. Walsh and K. S. Warren (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1986), ix-xi; K.S. Warren, "The Evolution of Selective Primary Health Care," Social Science and Medicine 26 (1988): 891-898.
52. Examples of the debate are the letters sent to the editor that appeared in the "Correspondence" section of the New England Journal of Medicine 302 (1980): 757-759. See also S. Riflan and G. Walt, "Why Health Improves: Defining the Issues Concerning 'Comprehensive Primary Health Care' and 'Selective Primary Health Care,'" Social Science and Medicine 23 (1986): 559-566; J.P. Unger and J. Killingsworth, "Selective Primary Health Care: A Critical Review of Methods and Results," Social Science and Medicine 10 (1986): 1001-1002; the special issue "Selective or Comprehensive Primary Health Care" of Social Science and Medicine 26(9) (1988).
53. Examples of the debate are the letters sent to the editor that appeared in the "Correspondence" section of the New England Journal of Medicine 302 (1980): 757-759. See also S. Riflan and G. Walt, "Why Health Improves: Defining the Issues Concerning 'Comprehensive Primary Health Care' and 'Selective Primary Health Care,'" Social Science and Medicine 23 (1986): 559-566; J.P. Unger and J. Killingsworth, "Selective Primary Health Care: A Critical Review of Methods and Results," Social Science and Medicine 10 (1986): 1001-1002; the special issue "Selective or Comprehensive Primary Health Care" of Social Science and Medicine 26(9) (1988).
54. Examples of the debate are the letters sent to the editor that appeared in the "Correspondence" section of the New England Journal of Medicine 302 (1980): 757-759. See also S. Riflan and G. Walt, "Why Health Improves: Defining the Issues Concerning 'Comprehensive Primary Health Care' and 'Selective Primary Health Care,'" Social Science and Medicine 23 (1986): 559-566; J.P. Unger and J. Killingsworth, "Selective Primary Health Care: A Critical Review of Methods and Results," Social Science and Medicine 10 (1986): 1001-1002; the special issue "Selective or Comprehensive Primary Health Care" of Social Science and Medicine 26(9) (1988).
55. Examples of the debate are the letters sent to the editor that appeared in the "Correspondence" section of the New England Journal of Medicine 302 (1980): 757-759. See also S. Riflan and G. Walt, "Why Health Improves: Defining the Issues Concerning 'Comprehensive Primary Health Care' and 'Selective Primary Health Care,'" Social Science and Medicine 23 (1986): 559-566; J.P. Unger and J. Killingsworth, "Selective Primary Health Care: A Critical Review of Methods and Results," Social Science and Medicine 10 (1986): 1001-1002; the special issue "Selective or Comprehensive Primary Health Care" of Social Science and Medicine 26(9) (1988).
56. "WHO Indicators for Monitoring Progress Towards Health for All: Discussion Paper, Geneva March 17, 1980," HPC/MPP/DPE/80.2, WHO Library, Geneva.
57. "Primary Health: A First Assessment," People Report on Primary Health Care (1985): 6-9, WHO Library, Geneva.
58. Venediktov, "Lessons," 336.
59. O. Gish, "Selective Primary Care: Old Wine in New Bottles," Social Science and Medicine 16 (1982): 1054.
60. J. E. Post [associate professor of management policy at Boston University School of Management] to R. Bartley [editor of the Wall Street Journal], November 13, 1979, Folder "The Protection and Promotion of Breast Feeding," CF-NYH-09 D 5-81 Heyward T011 A 138, UNICEF Archives, New York, NY.
61. J. E. Post [associate professor of management policy at Boston University School of Management] to R. Bartley [editor of the Wall Street Journal], November 13, 1979, Folder "The Protection and Promotion of Breast Feeding," CF-NYH-09 D 5-81 Heyward T011 A 138, UNICEF Archives, New York, NY.
62. H. I. Sheefild, "Boycott to Save Lives of Third World Babies," Michigan Chronicle, December 29, 1979 [newspaper clipping], Folder "The Protection and Promotion of Breastfeeding," CF-NYH-09 D 05-81 Heyward T011 A138, UNICEF Archives.
63. H. I. Sheefild, "Boycott to Save Lives of Third World Babies," Michigan Chronicle, December 29, 1979 [newspaper clipping], Folder "The Protection and Promotion of Breastfeeding," CF-NYH-09 D 05-81 Heyward T011 A138, UNICEF Archives.
64. "Criticism Mounts Over Use of Baby Formulas Among World's Poor," Washington Post, April 21, 1981 [newspaper clipping], Folder "The Protection and Promotion of breastfeeding," CF-NYH-09 D 05-81 Heyward T011 A138, UNICEF Archives; J. E. Post and E. Baer, "The International Code of Marketing for Breast Milk Substitutes: Consensus, Compromise and Conflict in the Infant Formula Controversy," The Review: International Commission of Jurists 25 (December 1980): 52-61; M. B. Bader, "Breast-Feeding: The Role of the Multinational Corporations in Latin America," International Journal of Health Services 6 (1976): 604-626.
65. "Criticism Mounts Over Use of Baby Formulas Among World's Poor," Washington Post, April 21, 1981 [newspaper clipping], Folder "The Protection and Promotion of breastfeeding," CF-NYH-09 D 05-81 Heyward T011 A138, UNICEF Archives; J. E. Post and E. Baer, "The International Code of Marketing for Breast Milk Substitutes: Consensus, Compromise and Conflict in the Infant Formula Controversy," The Review: International Commission of Jurists 25 (December 1980): 52-61; M. B. Bader, "Breast-Feeding: The Role of the Multinational Corporations in Latin America," International Journal of Health Services 6 (1976): 604-626.
66. "Criticism Mounts Over Use of Baby Formulas Among World's Poor," Washington Post, April 21, 1981 [newspaper clipping], Folder "The Protection and Promotion of breastfeeding," CF-NYH-09 D 05-81 Heyward T011 A138, UNICEF Archives; J. E. Post and E. Baer, "The International Code of Marketing for Breast Milk Substitutes: Consensus, Compromise and Conflict in the Infant Formula Controversy," The Review: International Commission of Jurists 25 (December 1980): 52-61; M. B. Bader, "Breast-Feeding: The Role of the Multinational Corporations in Latin America," International Journal of Health Services 6 (1976): 604-626.
67. "Criticism Mounts Over Use of Baby Formulas Among World's Poor," Washington Post, April 21, 1981 [newspaper clipping], Folder "The Protection and Promotion of breastfeeding," CF-NYH-09 D 05-81 Heyward T011 A138, UNICEF Archives; J. E. Post and E. Baer, "The International Code of Marketing for Breast Milk Substitutes: Consensus, Compromise and Conflict in the Infant Formula Controversy," The Review: International Commission of Jurists 25 (December 1980): 52-61; M. B. Bader, "Breast-Feeding: The Role of the Multinational Corporations in Latin America," International Journal of Health Services 6 (1976): 604-626.
68. During these years, most developing countries significantly improved the coverage figures. "Expanded Programme on Immunization, November 24, 1978," Folder "WHO-UNICEF Joint Study," CF-NYH-09 D Heyward T010 A128, UNICEF Archives.
69. T. Hill, R. Kim-Farley, and J. Rohde, "Expanded Programme on Immunization: A Goal Achieved Towards Health for All," in Reaching Health For All, ed. J. Rohde, M. Chatterjee, and D. Morley (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1993), 403-422.
70. G. Nossal, "Protecting Our Progeny: The Future of Vaccines," Perspectives in Health Magazine 7 (2002): 8-13.
71. UNICEF, UNICEF in the Americas, for the Children of Three Decades, UNICEF, History Series 85, Monograph IV, 1995, UNICEF Library, New York City.
72. F. Muller, "Participation, Poverty and Violence: Health and Survival in Latin America," in Reaching Health for All, 103-129.
73. There were even radical critiques of the original Alma Ata Declaration, such as V. Navarro, "A Critique of the Ideological and Political Positions of the Willy Brandt Report and the WHO Alma Ata Declaration" [1984], in V. Navarro, Crisis, Health and Medicine: A Social Critique (London: Tavistock Publications, 1986), 212-232.
74. K. W Newell, "Selective Primary Health Care: The Counter Revolution," Social Science and Medicine 26 (1988): 903-906, quote from p. 906.
75. J. Goodfield, A Chance to Live (New York: MaMillan International, 1991), 25-42.
76. Mahler himself mentions it in H. T. Mahler, "The Political Struggle for Health: Address of the Director General at the 29th Session of the Regional Committee for the Western Pacific, Manila, August 21, 1978," Mahler Speeches/Lectures, Box 1, WHO Library, Geneva.
77. A. W. Parker, J. M. Walsh, and M. A. Coon, "Normative Approach to the Definition of Primary Health Care," Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 54 (1976): 415-438.
78. See J. Frenk, "First Contact, Simplified Technology or Risk Anticipation? Defining Primary Health Care," Academic Medicine 65 (1990): 676-679.
79. See J. Breilh, "Community Medicine Under Imperialism: A New Medical Police," International Journal of Health Services 9 (1979): 5-24; M. Testa, ¿Atención Primaria o primitiva? De Salud," in Segundas Jornadas de Atención Primaria de la Salud (Buenos Aires: Asociación de Médicos Residentes del Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, 1988), 75-90; A. Ugalde, "Ideological Dimensions of Community Participation in Latin American Health Programs," Social Science and Medicine 21 (1985): 41-53.
80. See J. Breilh, "Community Medicine Under Imperialism: A New Medical Police," International Journal of Health Services 9 (1979): 5-24; M. Testa, ¿Atención Primaria o primitiva? De Salud," in Segundas Jornadas de Atención Primaria de la Salud (Buenos Aires: Asociación de Médicos Residentes del Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, 1988), 75-90; A. Ugalde, "Ideological Dimensions of Community Participation in Latin American Health Programs," Social Science and Medicine 21 (1985): 41-53.
81. See J. Breilh, "Community Medicine Under Imperialism: A New Medical Police," International Journal of Health Services 9 (1979): 5-24; M. Testa, ¿Atención Primaria o primitiva? De Salud," in Segundas Jornadas de Atención Primaria de la Salud (Buenos Aires: Asociación de Médicos Residentes del Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, 1988), 75-90; A. Ugalde, "Ideological Dimensions of Community Participation in Latin American Health Programs," Social Science and Medicine 21 (1985): 41-53.
82. The concern appears in some UNICEF documents, such as "Memorandum From F. L. Fazzi, December 22, 1977 Un-edited Redraft on Budgeting of [Primary Health Care]," Folder "WHO and UNICEF Fund Raising," CF-NYH-09 D, UNICEF Archives.
83. M. Patel, "An Economic Evaluation of Health For All," Health and Policy and Planning 1 (1986): 37-47.
84. S. B. Rifkin, F. Muller, and V. Bichmann, "Primary Health Care: On Measuring Participation," Social Science and Medicine 26 (1988): 931-940.
85. H. T. Mahler, "World Health 2000 and Beyond: Address to the 41st World Health Assembly 3 May 1984," Mahler Speeches/Lectures, Box 1, WHO Library.
86. A.J. Rubel, "The Role of Social Science Research in Recent Health Programs in Latin America," Latin American Research Review 2 (1966): 37-56.
87. H. T. Mahler, Primary Health Care, an Analysis of Some Constraints, an Address Delivered to the Special Congregation for the Conferment of an Honorary Degree on Dr. Halfan T. Mahler at the University of Lagos (Lagos: University of Lagos Press, 1980), 10, Mahler Speeches/Lectures, Box 1, WHO Library, Geneva.
88. Pan American Health Organization, Salud para Todos en el Siglo Veintinuno (Washington, DC: PAHO, 1997).
89. D. Werner and D. Sanders, Questioning the Solution: The Politics of Primary Health Care and Child Survival, With an In-Depth Critique of Oral Rehydration Therapy (Palo Alto, Calif: Health Rights, 1997). See also "Round Table: [Primary Health Care] - What Still Needs to Be Done?" World Health Forum 11 (1990): 359-366.
90. D. Werner and D. Sanders, Questioning the Solution: The Politics of Primary Health Care and Child Survival, With an In-Depth Critique of Oral Rehydration Therapy (Palo Alto, Calif: Health Rights, 1997). See also "Round Table: [Primary Health Care] - What Still Needs to Be Done?" World Health Forum 11 (1990): 359-366.