Mind your mannerisms: Behavioral mimicry elicits stereotype conformity

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

Volumn 47, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 195-201

  Leander, N Pontus ^a   Chartrand, Tanya L ^a   Wood, Wendy ^b  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Mimicry; Motivation; Social influence; Stereotypes

Indexed keywords

EID: 78650014371     PISSN: 00221031     EISSN: 10960465     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2010.09.002     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Aarts H., Dijksterhuis A. The silence of the library: Environment, situational norm, and social behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2003, 84(1):18-28.
2. Aiken L.S., West S.G. Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions 1991, Sage, Newbury Park, CA.
3. Ashton-James C., van Baaren R.B., Chartrand T.L., Decety J., Karremans J.C. Mimicry and me: The impact of mimicry on self-construal. Social Cognition 2007, 25(4):518-535.
4. Bailenson J.N., Yee N. Digital chameleons: Automatic assimilation of nonverbal gestures in immersive virtual environments. Psychological Science 2005, 16(10):814-819.
5. Bargh J.A., Chartrand T.L. The mind in the middle: A practical guide to priming and automaticity research. Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology 2000, 253-285. Cambridge University Press, New York. H.T. Reis, C.M. Judd (Eds.).
6. Bernieri F.J., Rosenthal R. Interpersonal coordination: Behavior matching and interactional synchrony. Fundamentals of nonverbal behavior 1991, 401-432. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England. R.S. Feldman, B. Rimé (Eds.).
7. Cadinu M., Maass A., Frigerio S., Impagliazzo L., Latinotti S. Stereotype threat: The effect of expectancy on performance. European Journal of Social Psychology 2003, 33:267-285.
8. Chartrand T.L., Bargh J.A. The chameleon effect: The perception-behavior link and social interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1999, 76(6):893-910.
9. Chartrand T.L., van Baaren R. Human mimicry. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 2009, 219-274. Academic Press. M.P. Zanna (Ed.).
10. Chen M., Bargh J.A. Nonconscious behavioral confirmation processes: The self-fulfilling consequences of automatic stereotype activation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 1997, 33:541-560.
11. Cheng C.M., Chartrand T.L. Self-monitoring without awareness: Using mimicry as a nonconscious affiliation strategy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2003, 85(6):1170-1179.
12. Dabbs J.M. Similarity of gestures and interpersonal influence. Paper presented at the 77th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C. 1969.
13. Dalton A.N., Chartrand T.L., Finkel E.J. The schema-driven chameleon: How mimicry affects executive and self-regulatory resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2010, 98(4):605-617.
14. Devine P.G. Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1989, 56(1):5-18.
15. Dijksterhuis A., Van Knippenberg A. The relation between perception and behavior or how to win a game of Trivial Pursuit. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1998, 74:865-877.
16. Finkel E.J., Campbell W.K., Brunell A.B., Dalton A.N., Scarbeck S.J., Chartrand T.L. High-maintenance interaction: Inefficient social coordination impairs self-regulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2006, 91(3):456-475.
17. Hove M.J., Risen J.L. It's all in the timing: Interpersonal synchrony increases affiliation. Social Cognition 2009, 27(6):949-960.
18. Lakin J., Chartrand T.L. Using nonconscious behavioral mimicry to create affiliation and rapport. Psychological Science 2003, 14(4):334-339.
19. Lakin J., Jefferis V.E., Cheng C.M., Chartrand T.L. The chameleon effect as social glue: Evidence for the evolutionary significance of nonconscious mimicry. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 2003, 27(3):145-162.
20. Leary M.R., Kowalski R.M. Impression management: A literature review and two-component model. Psychological Bulletin 1990, 107(1):34-47.
21. Likowski, K. U., Schubert, T. W., Fleischman, B., Landgraf, J., & Volk, A. (2008). Positive effects of mimicry are limited to the ingroup. Manuscript submitted for publication, Universitat Wurzburt.
22. Maddux W.W., Mullen E., Galinsky A.D. Chameleons bake bigger pies and take bigger pieces: Strategic behavioral mimicry facilitates negotiation outcomes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2008, 44:461-468.
23. Preacher K.J., Curran P.J., Bauer D.J. Computational tools for probing interactions in multiple linear regression, multilevel modeling, and latent curve analysis. Journal of Education and Behavioral Statistics 2006, 31(4):437-448.
24. Rudman L.A., Fairchild K. Reactions to counterstereotypic behavior: The role of backlash in cultural stereotype maintenance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2004, 87(2):157-176.
25. Sekaquaptewa D., Thompson M. Solo status, stereotype threat, and performance expectancies: Their effects on women's performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2003, 39:68-74.
26. Shih M., Pittinsky T.L., Ambady N. Stereotype susceptibility: Identity salience and shifts in quantitative performance. Psychological Science 1999, 10:80-83.
27. Sinclair S., Huntsinger J., Skorinko J., Hardin C.D. Social tuning of the self: Consequences for the self-evaluations of stereotype targets. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2005, 89(2):160-175.
28. Snyder M. Motivational foundations of behavioral confirmation. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 1992, 25:67-114.
29. Steele C.M., Aronson J. Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1995, 69(5):797-811.
30. Steen L.A. Mathematics education: A predictor of scientific competitiveness. Science 1987, 237(4812):251-302.
31. Stel M., Blascovich J., McCall C., Mastop J., van Baaren R., Vonk R. Mimicking disliked others: Effects of a priori liking on the mimicry-liking link. European Journal of Social Psychology 2010, 40:867-880.
32. Swim J.K. Perceived versus meta-analytic effect sizes: An assessment of the accuracy of gender stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1994, 66(1):21-36.
33. Tanner R.J., Ferraro R., Chartrand T.L., Bettman J.R., Van Baaren R.B. Of chameleons and consumption: The impact of mimicry on choice and preferences. Journal of Consumer Research 2008, 34(6):754-766.
34. Tickle-Degnen L., Rosenthal R. Group rapport and nonverbal behavior. Review of Personality and Social Psychology 1987, 9:113-136.
35. Tiedens L.Z., Fragale A.R. Power moves: Complementarity in dominant and submissive nonverbal behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2003, 84(3):558-568.
36. van Baaren R.B., Holland R.W., Kawakami K., van Knippenberg A. Mimicry and prosocial behavior Psychological Science 2004, 15(1):71-74.
37. van Baaren R.B., Holland R.W., Steenaert B., van Knippenberg A. Mimicry for money: Behavioral consequences of imitation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2003, 39:393-398.
38. van Baaren, R. B., Janssen, L., Chartrand, T. L., & Dijksterhuis, A. (2009). Where is the Love? The social aspects of mimicry. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 364, 2381-2389.
39. von Baeyer C.L., Sherk D.L., Zanna M.P. Impression management in the job interview: When the female applicant meets the male (chauvinist) interviewer. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 1981, 7(1):45-51.
40. Vorauer J.D., Main K.J., O'Connell G.B. How do individuals expect to be viewed by members of lower status groups? Content and implications of meta-stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1998, 75(4):917-937.
41. Witt, M., & Wood, W. (2008). Self-regulation of gendered behavior in everyday life. Unpublished manuscript, Duke University.
42. Wood W., Christensen P.N., Hebl M.R., Rothgerber H. Conformity to sex-typed norms, affect, and the self-concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1997, 73(3):523-535.
43. Wood W., Eagly A.H. Gender. Handbook of social psychology 2010, Vol. 1:629-667. Wiley, New York. 5 ed. S.T. Fiske, D.T. Gilbert, G. Lindzey (Eds.).
44. Zanna M.P., Pack S.J. On the self-fulfilling nature of apparent sex differences in behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 1975, 11:583-591.