Influences of culture on self-disclosure as relationally situated in intercultural and interracial friendships from a social penetration perspective

Journal of Intercultural Communication Research

Volumn 39, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 77-98

  Chen, Yea Wen ^a   Nakazawa, Masato ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO   (United States)

Author keywords

Cultural Variability; Intercultural and Interracial Friendships; Relational Intimacy; Self disclosure; Social Penetration

Indexed keywords

EID: 78649974578     PISSN: 17475759     EISSN: 17475767     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Aberson, C. L., Shoemaker, C., & Tomolillo, C. (2004). Implicit bias and contact: The role of interethnic friendships. Journal of Social Psychology, 144, 335-347.
2. Allen, J. L., Long, K. M., O'Mara, J., & Judd, B. B. (2003). Verbal and nonverbal orientations toward communication and the development of intracultural and intercultural relationships. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 32, 129-160.
3. Altman, I., & Taylor, D. (1973). Social penetration: The development of interpersonal relationships. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
4. Antaki, C., Barnes, R., & Leudar, I. (2005). Self-disclosure as a situated interactional practice. British Journal of Social Psychology, 44, 181-199.
5. Avruch, K. (1998). Culture and conflict resolution. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace
6. Azevedo, A., Drost, E. A., & Mullen, M. R. (2002). Individualism and collectivism: Toward a strategy for testing measurement equivalence across culturally diverse groups. Cross-Cultural Management, 9, 19-29.
7. Barnlund, D. C. (1989). Communicative styles of Japanese and Americans: Images and realities. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.
8. Barry, D. T. (2003). Cultural and demographic correlates of self-reported guardedness among East Asian immigrants in the U.S. International Journal of Psychology, 38, 150-159.
9. Cahn, D. D. (1984). Communication in interpersonal relationships in two cultures: Friendship formation and mate selection in the U.S. and Japan. Communication, 13, 31-37.
10. Cai, D. A., Wilson, S. R., & Drake, L. E. (2000). Culture in the context of intercultural negotiation: Individualism-collectivism and paths to integrative agreements. Human Communication Research, 26, 591-617.
11. Chen, G. -M. (1995). Differences in self-disclosure patterns among Americans versus Chinese: A comparative study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 26, 84-91.
12. Chen, L. (2002). Communication in intercultural relationships. In W. B. Gudukunt & B. Mody (Eds.), Handbook of international and intercultural communication (2nd ed., pp. 241-257). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
13. Chen, Y. -W. (2006). Intercultural friendship from the perspectives of East Asian international students. China Media Research, 2(3), 43-58.
14. Collier, M. J. (1996). Communication competence problematic in ethnic friendships.Communication Monographs, 63, 314-336.
15. Derlega, V. J., Winstead, B. A., Wong, P. T. P., & Greenspan, M. (1987). Self-disclosure and relationship development: An attributional analysis. In M. E. Roloff & G. R. Miller (Eds.), Interpersonal processes: New directions in communication research (pp. 172-187). Newbury Park, NJ: Sage.
16. Diggs, R. C., & Clark, K. D. (2002). It's a struggle but worth it: Identifying and managing identities in an interracial friendship. Communication Quarterly, 50, 368-390.
17. Dindia, K. (1997). Self-disclosure, self-identity, and relationship development: A transactional/ dialectical perspective. In S. Duck (Ed.), Handbook of personal relationships: Theory, research and interventions (pp. 411-426). Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons.
18. Earley, P. C. (1998). Taking stock in our progress on individualism-collectivism: 100 years of solidarity and community. Journal of Management, 24(3), 265-304.
19. Emmers, T. M., & Dindia, K. (1995). The effect of relational stage and intimacy on touch: An extension of Guerrero and Andersen. Personal Relationships, 2(3), 225-236.
20. Fitzpatrick, J., Liang, S., Feng, D., Crawford, D., Tsorell, G., & Morgan-Fleming, B. (2006). Social values and self-disclosure: A comparison of Chinese native, Chinese residents (in U.S.) and North American spouses. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 37, 113-127.
21. Furr, R. M., & Bacharach, V. R. (2007). Psychometrics: An introduction. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
22. Gao, G., & Ting-Toomey, S. (1998). Communicating effectively with the Chinese. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
23. Gareis, E. (1995). Intercultural friendship: A qualitative study. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
24. Gareis, E. (1999). Rhetoric and intercultural friendship formation. International and Intercultural Communication Annual: Rhetoric in Intercultural Contexts, 22, 91-117.
25. Gareis, E. (2000). Intercultural friendship: Five cases studies of German students in the USA. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 21, 67-91.
26. Gudykunst, W. B. (1985a). An exploratory comparison of close intracultural and intercultural friendships. Communication Quarterly, 33, 270-283.
27. Gudykunst, W. B. (1985b). The influence of cultural similarity, type of relationship, and self- monitoring on uncertainty reduction progress. Communication Monographs, 52, 203-217.
28. Gudykunst, W. B., Matsumoto, Y., Ting-Toomey, S., Nishida, T., Kim, K., & Heyman, S. (1996). The influence of cultural individualism-collectivism, self-construals, and individual values on communication styles across cultures. Human Communication Research, 22, 510-543.
29. Gudykunst, W. B., & Nishida, T. (1983). Social penetration in Japanese and American close friendships. In R. N. Bostrom & B. H. Westley (Eds.), Communication yearbook (Vol. 7, pp. 592-610). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
30. Gudykunst, W. B., & Nishida, T. (1986). Attributional confidence in low- and high-context cultures. Human Communication Research, 12, 525-549.
31. Hammer, M. R., & Gudykunst, W. B. (1987). The influence of ethnicity and sex on social penetration in close friendships. Journal of Black Studies, 17(4), 418-437.
32. Hofstede, G. (1991). Levels of culture. Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind (pp. 3-19). Maidenhead, UK: McGraw-Hill.
33. Hui, C. H., & Yee, C. (1994). The shortened individualism-collectivism scale: Its relationship to demographic and work-related variables. Journal of Research in Personality, 28, 409-424.
34. Jourard, S. M., & Lasakow, P. (1958). Some factors in self-disclosure. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 56, 91-98.
35. Kito, M. (2005). Self-disclosure in romantic relationships and friendships among American and Japanese college students. Journal of Social Psychology, 145, 127-140.
36. Kline, R. B. (1998). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford Press.
37. Kudo, K., & Simkin, K. A. (2003). Intercultural friendship formation: The case of Japanese students at an Australian university. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 24, 91-114.
38. Lee, P.-W. (2006). Bridging cultures: Understanding the construction of relational identity in intercultural friendship. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 35, 3-22.
39. Levin, T. R., Bresnahan, M. J., Park, H. S., Lapinski, M. K., Wittenbaum, G. M., Shearman, S. M.,et al. (2003). Self-construal scales lack validity. Human Communication Research, 29(2),210-252.
40. Lustig, M. W., & Koester, J. (2006). Intercultural competence: Interpersonal communication across cultures (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
41. Matsushima, R., & Shiomi, K. (2002). Self-disclosure and friendship in junior high school students. Social Behavior and Personality, 30, 515-526.
42. Meng, X. L., Rosenthal, R., & Rubin, D. B. (1992). Comparing correlated correlation coefficients. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 172-175.
43. Miller, R. S., & Lefcourt, H. M. (1982). The assessment of social intimacy. Journal of Personality Assessment, 46(5), 514-518.
44. Morgan, S. E., & Arasaratnam, A. (2003). Intercultural friendships as social excitation: Sensational seeking as a predictor of intercultural friendship seeking behavior. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 3, 175-186.
45. Olaniran, B. A. (1996). Social skills acquisition: A closer look at foreign students on college campuses and factors influencing their levels of social difficulty in social situations. Communication Studies, 47, 72-88.
46. Orbe, M., & Harris, T. M. (2001). Interracial communication: Theory into practice. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.
47. Orbe, M., & Harris, T. M. (2008). Interracial communication: Theory into practice (2nd ed.).Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
48. Pearce, W. B., Sharp, S. T., Wright, P. H., & Slama, K. M. (1974). Affection and reciprocity in self-disclosing communication. Human Communication Research, 1(1), 5-14.
49. Samter, W. (2003). Friendship interaction skills across the life span. In J. O. Greene &B. R. Burleson (Eds.), Handbook of communication and social interaction skills. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
50. Stevens, J. P. (2001). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences (4th ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
51. Tajfel, H. (1978). Interindividual and intergroup behaviour. In H. Tajfel (Ed.), Differentiation between social groups (pp. 27-60). London: Academic Press.
52. Tardy, C. H., & Dindia, K. (2006). Self-disclosure: Strategic revelation of information in personal and professional relationships. In W. Hargie (Ed.), The handbook of communication skills (pp. 229-266). New York: Routledge.
53. Taylor, D. A., & Altman, I. (1987). Communication in interpersonal relationships: Social penetration processes. In M. E. Roloff & G. R. Miller (Eds.), Interpersonal processes:New directions in communication research (pp. 257-277). Newbury Park, NJ: Sage.
54. Ting-Toomey, S. (2005). The matrix of face: An updated face-negotiation theory.In W. B. Gudykunst (Ed.), Theorizing about intercultural communication (pp. 71-92).Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
55. Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview.
56. Triandis, H. C., & Gelfand, M. J. (1998). Converging measurement of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(1), 118-128.
57. Wheeless, L. R. (1978). A follow-up study of the relationships among trust, disclosure, and interpersonal solidarity. Human Communication Research, 4, 143-157.
58. Wheeless, L. R., Erickson, K. V., & Behrens, J. S. (1986). Cultural differences in disclosiveness as a function of locus of control. Communication Monographs, 53, 36-46.
59. Won-Doornink, M. J. (1985). Self-disclosure and reciprocity in conversation: A cross-national study. Social Psychology Quarterly, 48, 97-107.
60. Wright, P. H. (1978). Toward a theory of friendship based on a conception of self. Human Communication Research, 4, 196-207.
61. Zimmermann, S. (1995). Perceptions of intercultural communication competence and international student adaptation to an American campus. Communication Education, 44, 321-335.