Long-range lightning geolocation using a VLF radio atmospheric waveform bank

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 115, Issue 23, 2010, Pages

  Said, R K ^a   Inan, U S ^a,b   Cummins, K L ^c  

^a Stanford University   (United States)

^b KOÇ UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY; ATMOSPHERICS; ELECTROMAGNETIC PULSE; ESTIMATION; IONOSPHERE; NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS;

ARRIVAL TIME; CHANNEL CURRENTS; EARTH IONOSPHERE WAVEGUIDE; EMPIRICAL CORRELATIONS; FIELD STRENGTHS; GEOLOCATIONS; GLOBAL LIGHTNING; LIGHTNING CHANNEL; LIGHTNING DETECTION; LIGHTNING DISCHARGE; LIGHTNING STROKES; M-COMPONENTS; PEAK CURRENTS; PROPAGATION DISTANCES; RADIO ATMOSPHERICS; RETURN STROKE; SPATIAL CLUSTERING; STROKE DETECTION; TIME OF DAY; VERY LOW FREQUENCY; WAVE FORMS;

LIGHTNING;

ACCURACY ASSESSMENT; CLOUD TO GROUND LIGHTNING; ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE; EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS; IONOSPHERE; WAVE PROPAGATION; WAVEFORM ANALYSIS;

EID: 78649921525     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2010JD013863     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Biagi, C. J., K. L. Cummins, K. E. Kehoe, and E. P. Krider (2007), National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) performance in southern Arizona, Texas, and Oklahoma in 2003-2004, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D05208, doi:10.1029/2006JD007341. (Pubitemid 47386311)
2. Burke, C. P., and D. L. Jones (1992), An experimental investigation of ELF attenuation rates in the Earth-ionosphere duct, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 54, 243-250.
3. Burke, C. P., and D. L. Jones (1995), Global radiolocation in the lower elf frequency band, J. Geophys. Res., 100 (D12), 26, 263-26, 272, doi:10.1029/95JD02735.
4. Butler, K. E., and R. D. Russell (2003), Cancellation of multiple harmonic noise series in geophysical records, Geophysics, 68, 1083-1090, doi:10.1190/1.1581080.
5. Caton, P., and E. Pierce (1952), The waveforms of atmospherics, Philos. Mag., 43, 393-409.
6. Chapman, J., and E. T. Pierce (1957), Relations between the character of atmospherics and their place of origin, Proc. Inst. Radio Eng., 45, 804-806.
7. Cherna, E. V., and E. J. Stansbury (1986), Sferics rate in relation to thunderstorm dimensions, J. Geophys. Res., 91 (D8), 8701-8708, doi:10.1029/JD091iD08p08701.
8. Christian, H. J., et al. (1999), The lightning imaging sensor, in 11th International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, edited by H. J. Christian, pp. 746-749, NASA Marshall Space Flight Cent., Huntsville, Ala.
9. Christian, H. J., et al. (2003), Global frequency and distribution of lightning as observed from space by the optical transient detector, J. Geophys. Res., 108 (D1), 4005, doi:10.1029/2002JD002347.
10. Chronis, T., and E. Anagnostou (2003), Error analysis for a long-range lightning monitoring network of ground-based receivers in Europe, J. Geophys. Res., 108 (D24), 4779, doi:10.1029/2003JD003776.
11. Chronis, T. G., and E. Anagnostou (2006), Evaluation of a long-range lightning detection network with receivers in Europe and Africa, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 44, 1504-1510.
12. Cohen, M., U. Inan, and E. Paschal (2010a), Sensitive broadband ELF/VLF radio reception with the AWESOME instrument, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 48, 3-17.
13. Cohen, M. B., U. S. Inan, R. K. Said, and T. Gjestland (2010b), Geolocation of terrestrial gamma-ray flash source lightning, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L02801, doi:10.1029/2009GL041753.
14. Cummins, K. L., and M. J. Murphy (2009), An overview of lightning location systems: History, techniques, and data uses, with and in-depth look at the U. S. NLDN, IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., 51, 499-518, doi:10.1109/TEMC.2009.2023450.
15. Cummins, K. L., E. P. Krider, and M. D. Malone (1998a), The US national lightning detection network™ and applications of cloud-to-ground lightning data by electric power utilities, IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., 40, 465-480, doi:10.1109/15.736207.
16. Cummins, K. L., M. J. Murphy, E. A. Bardo, W. L. Hiscox, R. B. Pyle, and A. E. Pifer (1998b), A combined TOA/MDF technology upgrade of the U. S. national lightning detection network, J. Geophys. Res., 103 (D8), 9035-9044, doi:10.1029/98JD00153.
17. Davies, K. (1990), Ionospheric Radio, Peter Peregrinus Ltd., London.
18. Dowden, R. L., J. B. Brundell, and C. J. Rodger (2002), VLF lightning location by time of group arrival (TOGA) at multiple sites, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 64, 817-830.
19. Fishman, G. J., et al. (1994), Discovery of intense gamma-ray flashes of atmospheric origin, Science, 264, 1313-1316, doi:10.1126/science.264.5163.1313.
20. Gopalakrishna, S., V. S. Varaprasad, and P. Sitaramaswamy (1984), Study of daytime VLF spectral parameters of atmospherics as a function of azimuth, Int. J. Electron., 56(3), 339-348.
21. Horner, F. (1954), The accuracy of the location of sources of atmospherics by radio direction finding, Proc. Inst. Electr. Eng., Part III, 74, 383-390, doi:10.1049/pi-3.1954.0091.
22. Inan, U. S., D. L. Carpenter, R. A. Helliwell, and J. P. Katsufrakis (1985), Subionospheric VLF/LF phase perturbations produced by lightningwhistler induced particle precipitation, J. Geophys. Res., 90 (A8), 7457-7469, doi:10.1029/JA090iA08p07457.
23. Inan, U. S., T. F. Bell, V. P. Pasko, D. D. Sentman, E. M. Wescott, and W. A. Lyons (1995), VLF signatures of ionospheric disturbances associated with sprites, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 3461-3464, doi:10.1029/95GL03507.
24. Inan, U. S., M. B. Cohen, R. K. Said, D. M. Smith, and L. I. Lopez (2006), Terrestrial gamma ray flashes and lightning discharges, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L18802, doi:10.1029/2006GL027085. (Pubitemid 351147933)
25. Jacobson, A. R., R. Holzworth, J. Harlin, R. Dowden, and E. Lay (2006), Performance assessment of the world wide lightning location network (WWLLN), using the Los Alamos Sferic Array (LASA) as ground truth, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 23, 1082-1092.
26. Jerauld, J., V. A. Rakov, M. A. Uman, K. J. Rambo, D. M. Jordan, K. L. Cummins, and J. A. Cramer (2005), An evaluation of the performance characteristics of the U. S. National Lightning Detection Network in Florida using rocket-triggered lightning, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D19106, doi:10.1029/2005JD005924. (Pubitemid 41685031)
27. Kemp, D. T. (1971), The global location of large lightning discharges from single station observations of elf disturbances in the Earth-ionosphere cavity, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 33, 919-927, doi:10.1016/0021-9169 (71) 90091-2.
28. Kemp, D. T., and D. Llanwyn Jones (1971), A new technique for the analysis of transient ELF electromagnetic disturbances within the Earthionosphere cavity, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 33, 567-572.
29. Kitagawa, N., M. Brook, and E. J. Workman (1962), Continuing currents in cloud-to-ground lightning discharges, J. Geophys. Res., 67(2), 637-647, doi:10.1029/JZ067i002p00637.
30. Krider, E. P., R. C. Noggle, and M. A. Uman (1976), A gated, wideband magnetic direction finder for lightning return strokes, J. Appl. Meteorol., 15, 301-306.
31. Lagouvardos, K., V. Kotroni, H. Betz, and K. Schmidt (2009), A comparison of lightning data provided by ZEUS and LINET networks over western Europe, Nat. Haz. Earth Syst. Sci., 9, 1713-1717.
32. Lee, A. C. L. (1986), An experimental study of the remote location of lightning flashes using a VLF arrival time difference technique, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 112, 203-229.
33. Lee, A. C. L. (1989), The limiting accuracy of long wavelength lightning flash location, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 6(1), 43-49, doi:10.1175/1520-0426 (1989) 006<0043:TLAOLW>2.0.CO;2.
34. Lee, A. C. L. (1990), Bias elimination and scatter in lightning location by the VLF arrival time difference technique, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 7, 719-733.
35. Leon-Garcia, A. (1994), Probability and Random Processes for Electriacal Engineering, 2nd ed., Addison-Wesley, Boston, Mass.
36. Le Vine, D. M., J. C. Willett, and J. C. Bailey (1989), Comparison of fast electric field changes from subsequent return strokes of natural and triggered lightning, J. Geophys. Res., 94 (D11), 13, 259-13, 265, doi:10.1029/JD094iD11p13259.
37. Llanwyn Jones, D., and D. T. Kemp (1970), Experimental and theoretical observations on the transient excitation of Schumann resonances, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 32, 1095-1100.
38. Lyons, W. A. (1996), Sprite observations above the U. S. High Plains in relation to their parent thunderstorm systems, J. Geophys. Res., 101 (D23), 29, 641-29, 652, doi:10.1029/96JD01866.
39. Macgorman, D. R., D. W. Burgess, V. Mazur, W. D. Rust, W. L. Taylor, and B. C. Johnson (1989), Lightning rates relative to tornadic storm evolution on 22 May 1981, J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 221-251.
40. McDonald, T. B., III, M. A. Uman, J. A. Tiller, and W. H. Beasley (1979), Lightning location and lower-ionospheric height determination from two-station magnetic field measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 84 (C4), 1727-1734, doi:10.1029/JC084iC04p01727.
41. McRae, W. M., and N. R. Thomson (2000), VLF phase and amplitude: Daytime ionospheric parameters, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 62, 609-618.
42. Morgan, R. R. (1968), World-wide VLF effective conductivity map, Rep. 8013F-1, Westinghouse Electric, Cranberry Township, Pa.
43. Nyman, D. C., and J. E. Gaiser (1983), Adaptive rejection of high-line contamination, SEG Tech. Prog. Expanded Abstr., 2(1), 321-323, doi:10.1190/1.1893897.
44. Pappert, R. A., and J. E. Bickel (1970), Vertical and horizontal VLF fields excited by dipoles of arbitrary orientation and elevation, Radio Sci., 5(12), 1445-1452, doi:10.1029/RS005i012p01445.
45. Pearson, K. (1901), On lines and planes of closest fit to systems of points in space, Philos. Mag., 2, 559-572.
46. Pessi, A. T., S. Businger, K. L. Cummins, N. W. S. Demetriades, M. Murphy, and B. Pifer (2009), Development of a long-range lightning detection network for the Pacific: Construction, calibration, and performance, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 26, 145-166.
47. Peter, W. B., and U. S. Inan (2007), A quantitative comparison of lightning-induced electron precipitation and VLF signal perturbations, J. Geophys. Res., 112, A12212, doi:10.1029/2006JA012165.
48. Petersen, W. A., and S. A. Rutledge (1998), On the relationship between cloud-to-ground lightning and convective rainfall, J. Geophys. Res., 103 (D12), 14, 025-14, 040, doi:10.1029/97JD02064.
49. Rafalsky, V. A., A. P. Nickolaenko, A. V. Shvets, and M. Hayakawa (1995), Location of lightning discharges from a single station, J. Geophys. Res., 100 (D10), 20, 829-20, 838, doi:10.1029/95JD01532.
50. Rodger, C., J. Brundell, R. Dowden, and N. Thomson (2004), Location accuracy of long distance VLF lightning location network, Ann. Geophys., 22, 747-758.
51. Rodger, C. J., J. B. Brundell, and R. L. Dowden (2005), Location accuracy of VLF world-wide lightning location (WWLL) network: Post-algorithm upgrade, Ann. Geophys., 23, 277-290.
52. Rodger, C. J., J. B. Brundell, R. Holzworth, and E. Lay (2009), Growing detection efficiency of the world wide lightning location network, in Coupling of Thunderstorms and Lightning Discharges to Near-Earth, Am. Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser., vol. 1118, pp. 15-20, Am. Inst. of Phys., College Park, Md.
53. Sao, K., and H. Jindoh (1974), Real time location of atmospherics by single station techniques and preliminary results, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 36, 261-266, doi:10.1016/0021-9169 (74) 90046-4.
54. Saucier, A., M. Marchant, and M. Chouteau (2006), A fast and accurate frequency estimation method for canceling harmonic noise in geophysical records, Geophysics, 71, V7-V18.
55. Sazhin, S. S., and M. Hayakawa (1992), Magnetospheric chorus emissions-A review, Planet. Space Sci., 40, 681-697.
56. Schonland, B. F. J., J. S. Elder, D. B. Hodges, W. E. Phillips, and J. W. van Wyk (1940), The wave form of atmospherics at night, Proc. R. Soc. A, 176, 180-202.
57. Shafer, D. C. (1994), Spread-spectrum VLF remote sensing of the ionosphere, Ph. D. thesis, Stanford Univ., Stanford, Calif.
58. Shvets, A. V., and M. Hayakawa (1998), Polarisation effects for tweek propagation, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 60, 461-469.
59. Tapia, A., J. A. Smith, and M. Dixon (1998), Estimation of convective rainfall from lightning observations, J. Appl. Meteorol., 37, 1497-1509.
60. Thomas, R. J., P. R. Krehbiel, W. Rison, T. Hamlin, D. J. Boccippio, S. J. Goodman, and H. J. Christian (2000), Comparison of ground-based 3-dimensional lightning mapping observations with satellite-based LIS observations in Oklahoma, Geophys. Res. Lett, 27(12), 1703-1706, doi:10.1029/1999GL010845. (Pubitemid 32040461)
61. Thomson, N. R., M. A. Clilverd, and W. M. McRae (2007), Nighttime ionospheric D region parameters from VLF phase and amplitude, J. Geophys. Res., 112, A07304, doi:10.1029/2007JA012271.
62. Uman, M. A. (2001), The Lightning Discharge, tDover, Mineola, N. Y.
63. Wait, J. R. (1960), Terrestrial propagation of very-low-frequency radio waves: A theoretical investigation, J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., Sect. D, 64(2), 153-203.
64. Wait, J. R. (1962), Excitation of modes at very low frequency in the Earthionosphere wave guide, J. Geophys. Res., 67(10), 3823-3828, doi:10.1029/JZ067i010p03823.
65. Wait, J. R. (1970), Electromagnetic waves in Stratified Media, Pergamon, New York.
66. Wait, J. R., and K. P. Spies (1964), Characteristics of the Earth-ionosphere waveguide for VLF radio waves, NBS Tech. Note U. S., 300, 93 pp.
67. Watt, A. D. (1967), V. L. F. Radio Engineering, Elsevier, New York.
68. Weidman, C. D., and E. P. Krider (1986), The amplitude spectra of lightning radiation fields in the interval from 1 to 20 MHz, Radio Sci., 21(6), 964-970, doi:10.1029/RS021i006p00964.