The attosecond nonlinear optics of bright coherent X-ray generation

Nature Photonics

Volumn 4, Issue 12, 2010, Pages 822-832

  Popmintchev, Tenio ^a   Chen, Ming Chang ^a   Arpin, Paul ^a   Murnane, Margaret M ^a   Kapteyn, Henry C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATTOSECOND SCIENCE; COHERENT X-RAY GENERATION; COHERENT X-RAYS; FREQUENCY-DOUBLING; GRAND CHALLENGE; HIGH ORDER HARMONIC GENERATION; INTENSE LASER FIELD; NON-LINEAR OPTICAL;

HARMONIC GENERATION; LASER OPTICS;

NONLINEAR OPTICS;

EID: 78649833335     PISSN: 17494885     EISSN: 17494893     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2010.256     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Maiman, T. H. Stimulated optical radiation in ruby. Nature 187, 493-494 (1960).
2. Franken, P. A., Hill, A. E., Peters, C. W. & Weinreich, G. Generation of optical harmonics. Phys. Rev. Lett. 7, 118-119 (1961).
3. Armstrong, J. A., Bloembergen, N., Ducuing, J. & Pershan, P. S. Interactions between light waves in a nonlinear dielectric. Phys. Rev. A 127, 1918-1939 (1962).
4. Reintjes, J. F. Nonlinear optical parametric processes in liquids and gases (Academic Press, 1984).
5. McPherson, A. et al. Studies of multiphoton production of vacuum-ultraviolet radiation in the rare gasses. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 4, 595-601 (1987).
6. Ferray, M. et al. Multiple-harmonic conversion of 1064-nm radiation in raregases. J. Phys. B 21, L31-L35 (1988).
7. Agostini, P., Fabre, F., Mainfray, G., Petite, G. & Rahman, N. K. Free-free transitions following 6-photon ionization of xenon atoms. Phys. Rev. Lett. 42, 1127-1130 (1979).
8. Kulander, K. C. & Shore, B. W. Calculations of multiple-harmonic conversion of 1064-nm radiation in Xe. Phys. Rev. Lett 62, 524-526 (1989).
9. Shore, B. W. & Knight, P. L. Enhancement of high optical harmonics by excess-photon ionization. J. Phys. B 20, 413-423 (1987).
10. Gontier, Y. & Trahin, M. Frequency-conversion involving Raman-like processes above the ionization threshold. IEEE J. Quant. Electron. 18, 1137-1145 (1982).
11. Kuchiev, M. Y. Atomic antenna. JETP Lett. 45, 404-406 (1987).
12. Krause, J. L., Schafer, K. J. & Kulander, K. C. High-order harmonic generation from atoms and ions in the high intensity regime. Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 3535-3538 (1992).
13. Kulander, K. C., Schafer, K. J. & Krause, J. L. in Super-intense laser-atom physics Vol. 316 (eds Piraux, B., LHuillier, A. & Rzazewski, K.) 95-110 (Plenum, 1993).
14. Corkum, P. B. Plasma perspective on strong field multiphoton ionization. Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 1994-1997 (1993).
15. Chang, Z. H., Rundquist, A., Wang, H. W., Murnane, M. M. & Kapteyn, H. C. Generation of coherent soft X-rays at 2.7 nm using high harmonics. Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 2967-2970 (1997).
16. Spielmann, C. et al. Generation of coherent X-rays in the water window using 5-femtosecond laser pulses. Science 278, 661-664 (1997).
17. Lewenstein, M., Balcou, P., Ivanov, M. Y., LHuillier, A. & Corkum, P. B. Theory of high-harmonic generation by low-frequency laser fields. Phys. Rev. A 49, 2117-2132 (1994).
18. LHuillier, A., Schafer, K. J. & Kulander, K. C. High-order harmonic generation in xenon at 1064 nm: the role of phase matching. Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 2200-2203 (1991).
19. Peatross, J., Fedorov, M. V. & Kulander, K. C. Intensity-dependent phasematching effects in harmonic-generation. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 12, 863-870 (1995).
20. Salieres, P., LHuillier, A. & Lewenstein, M. Coherence control of high-order harmonics. Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 3776-3779 (1995).
21. Lewenstein, M., Salieres, P. & LHuillier, A. Phase of the atomic polarization in high-order harmonic-generation. Phys. Rev. A 52, 4747-4754 (1995).
22. Balcou, P., Salieres, P., LHuillier, A. & Lewenstein, M. Generalized phasematching conditions for high harmonics: the role of field-gradient forces. Phys. Rev. A 55, 3204-3210 (1997).
23. Balcou, P. & LHuillier, A. Phase-matching effects in strong-field harmonic generation. Phys. Rev. A 47, 1447-1459 (1993).
24. Zhou, J., Peatross, J., Murnane, M. M., Kapteyn, H. C. & Christov, I. P. Enhanced high-harmonic generation using 25 fs laser pulses. Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 752-755 (1996). (Pubitemid 126601912)
25. Schafer, K. J. & Kulander, K. C. High harmonic generation from ultrafast pump lasers. Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 638-641 (1997).
26. Rundquist, A. et al. Phase-matched generation of coherent soft X-rays. Science 280, 1412-1415 (1998).
27. Durfee, C. G. et al. Phase matching of high-order harmonics in hollow waveguides. Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 2187-2190 (1999).
28. Takahashi, E., Nabekawa, Y., Otsuka, T., Obara, M. & Midorikawa, K. Generation of highly coherent submicrojoule soft X-rays by high-order harmonics. Phys. Rev. A 66, 021802 (2002).
29. Mashiko, H., Suda, A. & Midorikawa, K. Focusing coherent soft-X-ray radiation to a micrometer spot size with an intensity of 1014 W/cm2. Opt. Lett. 29, 1927-1929 (2004).
30. Kazamias, S. et al. Global optimization of high harmonic generation. Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 193901 (2003).
31. Constant, E. et al. Optimizing high harmonic generation in absorbing gases: Model and experiment. Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 1668-1671 (1999).
32. Bartels, R. A. et al. Generation of spatially coherent light at extreme ultraviolet wavelengths. Science 297, 376-378 (2002).
33. Thomann, I. et al. Characterizing isolated attosecond pulses from hollow-core waveguides using multi-cycle driving pulses. Opt. Express 17, 4611-4633 (2009).
34. Sandhu, A. S. et al. Generation of sub-optical-cycle, carrier-envelope-phaseinsensitive, extreme-UV pulses via nonlinear stabilization in a waveguide. Phys. Rev. A 74, 061803 (2006).
35. Rundquist, A. Phase-matched generation of coherent, ultrafast X-rays using high harmonics (Washington State Univ., 1998).
36. Shan, B. & Chang, Z. H. Dramatic extension of the high-order harmonic cutoff by using a long-wavelength driving field. Phys. Rev. A 65, 011804 (2002).
37. Tate, J. et al. Scaling of wave-packet dynamics in an intense midinfrared field. Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 013901 (2007).
38. Popmintchev, T. et al. Extended phase matching of high harmonics driven by mid-infrared light. Opt. Lett. 33, 2128-2130 (2008).
39. Popmintchev, T. et al. Phase matching of high harmonic generation in the soft and hard X-ray regions of the spectrum. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 10516-10521 (2009).
40. Takahashi, E. J., Kanai, T., Ishikawa, K. L., Nabekawa, Y. & Midorikawa, K. Coherent water window X-ray by phase-matched high-order harmonic generation in neutral media. Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 253901 (2008).
41. Chen, M.-C. et al. Bright, coherent, ultrafast soft X-ray harmonics spanning the water window from a tabletop light source. Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 173901 (2010).
42. Xiong, H. et al. Generation of a coherent X-ray in the water window region at 1 kHz repetition rate using a mid-infrared pump source. Opt. Lett. 34, 1747-1749 (2009).
43. Popmintchev, T. Tunable coherent ultrafast light in the soft and hard X-ray regions of the spectrum. PhD thesis, Univ. Colorado (2009).
44. Lopez-Martens, R. et al. Amplitude and phase control of attosecond light pulses. Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 033001 (2005).
45. Chang, Z. et al. Temporal phase control of soft-X-ray harmonic emission. Phys. Rev. A 58, R30-R33 (1998).
46. Bartels, R. et al. Shaped-pulse optimization of coherent emission of highharmonic soft X-rays. Nature 406, 164-166 (2000).
47. Christov, I. P., Bartels, R., Kapteyn, H. C. & Murnane, M. M. Attosecond time-scale intra-atomic phase matching of high harmonic generation. Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 5458-5461 (2001).
48. Bartels, R. A., Murnane, M. M., Kapteyn, H. C., Christov, I. & Rabitz, H. Learning from learning algorithms: Application to attosecond dynamics of high-harmonic generation. Phys. Rev. A 70, 043404 (2004).
49. Shkolnikov, P. L., Lago, A. & Kaplan, A. E. Optimal quasi-phase-matching for high-order harmonic generation in gases and plasmas. Phys. Rev. A 50, R4461-R4464 (1994).
50. Christov, I. P., Kapteyn, H. C. & Murnane, M. M. Quasi-phase matching of high-harmonics and attosecond pulses in modulated waveguides. Opt. Express 7, 362-367 (2000).
51. Paul, A. et al. Quasi-phase-matched generation of coherent extremeultraviolet light. Nature 421, 51-54 (2003).
52. Gibson, E. A. et al. Coherent soft X-ray generation in the water window with quasi-phase matching. Science 302, 95-98 (2003).
53. Paul, A. et al. Phase-matching techniques for coherent soft X-ray generation. IEEE J. Quant. Electron. 42, 14-26 (2006).
54. Christov, I. P., Kapteyn, H. C. & Murnane, M. M. Dispersion- controlled hollow core fiber for phase matched harmonic generation. Opt. Express 3, 360-365 (1998).
55. Zepf, M., Dromey, B., Landreman, M., Foster, P. & Hooker, S. M. Bright quasi-phase-matched soft-X-ray harmonic radiation from argon ions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 143901 (2007).
56. Seres, J. et al. Coherent superposition of laser-driven soft-X-ray harmonics from successive sources. Nature Phys. 3, 878-883 (2007).
57. Voronov, S. L. et al. Control of laser high-harmonic generation with counterpropagating light. Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 133902 (2001).
58. Birulin, A. V., Platonenko, V. T. & Strelkov, V. V. Generation of high-order harmonics in interfering waves. Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 110, 63-73 (1996).
59. Zhang, X. H. et al. Quasi-phase-matching and quantum-path control of high-harmonic generation using counterpropagating light. Nature Phys. 3, 270-275 (2007).
60. Lytle, A. L. et al. Quasi-phase matching and characterization of high-order harmonic generation in hollow waveguides using counterpropagating light. Opt. Express 16, 6544-6566 (2008).
61. Lytle, A. L. et al. Probe of high-order harmonic generation in a hollow waveguide geometry using counterpropagating light. Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 123904 (2007).
62. Zhang, X., Lytle, A. L., Cohen, O., Murnane, M. M. & Kapteyn, H. C. Quantum-path control in high-order harmonic generation at high photon energies. New J. Phys. 10, 025021 (2008).
63. Cohen, O. et al. Grating-assisted phase matching in extreme nonlinear optics Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 053902 (2007).
64. Bahabad, A., Murnane, M. M. & Kapteyn, H. C. Quasi-phase-matching of momentum and energy in nonlinear optical processes. Nature Photon. 4, 570-575 (2010).
65. Schins, J. M. et al. Observation of laser-assisted anger decay in argon. Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 2180-2183 (1994).
66. Drescher, M. et al. Time-resolved atomic inner-shell spectroscopy. Nature 419, 803-807 (2002).
67. Baltuska, A. et al. Attosecond control of electronic processes by intense light fields. Nature 421, 611-615 (2003).
68. Loh, Z. H. et al. Quantum state-resolved probing of strong-field-ionized xenon atoms using femtosecond high-order harmonic transient absorption spectroscopy. Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 143601 (2007).
69. Velotta, R., Hay, N., Mason, M. B., Castillejo, M. & Marangos, J. P. High-order harmonic generation in aligned molecules. Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 183901 (2001).
70. Itatani, J. et al. Tomographic imaging of molecular orbitals. Nature 432, 867-871 (2004).
71. Zhou, X. B. et al. Elliptically polarized high-order harmonic emission from molecules in linearly polarized laser fields. Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 073902 (2009).
72. Le, A. T., Lucchese, R. R., Tonzani, S., Morishita, T. & Lin, C. D. Quantitative rescattering theory for high-order harmonic generation from molecules. Phys. Rev. A 80, 013401 (2009).
73. Baker, S. et al. Probing proton dynamics in molecules on an attosecond time scale. Science 312, 424-427 (2006).
74. Gagnon, E. et al. Soft X-ray driven femtosecond molecular dynamics. Science 317, 1374-1378 (2007).
75. Sandhu, A. S. et al. Observing the creation of electronic Feshbach resonances in soft X-ray-induced O2 dissociation. Science 322, 1081-1085 (2008).
76. Wagner, N. L. et al. Monitoring molecular dynamics using coherent electrons from high harmonic generation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 13279-13285 (2006).
77. 4 probed using high harmonic generation. Science 322, 1207-1211 (2008).
78. Miaja-Avila, L. et al. Laser-assisted photoelectric effect from surfaces. Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 113604 (2006).
79. Saathoff, G., Miaja-Avila, L., Aeschlimann, M., Murnane, M. M. & Kapteyn, H. C. Laser-assisted photoemission from surfaces. Phys. Rev. A 77, 022903 (2008).
80. Cavalieri, A. L. et al. Attosecond spectroscopy in condensed matter. Nature 449, 1029-1032 (2007).
81. La-O-Vorakiat, C. et al. Ultrafast demagnetization dynamics at the M edges of magnetic elements observed using a tabletop high-harmonic soft X-ray source. Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 257402 (2009).
82. Siemens, M. E. et al. Quasi-ballistic thermal transport from nanoscale interfaces observed using ultrafast coherent soft X-ray beams. Nature Mater. 9, 26-30 (2010).
83. Miao, J. W., Charalambous, P., Kirz, J. & Sayre, D. Extending the methodology of X-ray crystallography to allow imaging of micrometre-sized noncrystalline specimens. Nature 400, 342-344 (1999).
84. Sandberg, R. L. et al. Lensless diffractive imaging using tabletop coherent high-harmonic soft-X-ray beams. Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 098103 (2007).
85. Sandberg, R. L. et al. High numerical aperture tabletop soft X-ray diffraction microscopy with 70-nm resolution. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 24-27 (2008).
86. Ravasio, A. et al. Single-shot diffractive imaging with a table-top femtosecond soft X-ray laser-harmonics source. Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 028104 (2009).
87. Ayvazyan, V. et al. First operation of a free-electron laser generating GW power radiation at 32 nm wavelength. Eur. Phys. J. D 37, 297-303 (2006).
88. Emma, P. et al. First lasing and operation of an angstrom-wavelength freeelectron laser. Nature Photon. 4, 641-647 (2010).
89. Hoener, M. et al. Ultraintense X-ray induced ionization, dissociation, and frustrated absorption in molecular nitrogen. Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 253002 (2010).
90. Young, L. et al. Femtosecond electronic response of atoms to ultra-intense X-rays. Nature 466, 56-61 (2010).
91. Dromey, B. et al. Bright multi-keV harmonic generation from relativistically oscillating plasma surfaces. Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 085001 (2007).
92. Teubner, U. & Gibbon, P. High-order harmonics from laser-irradiated plasma surfaces. Rev. Mod. Phys. 81, 445-479 (2009).
93. Zhang, X. et al. Highly coherent light at 13 nm generated by use of quasi-phase-matched high-harmonic generation. Opt. Lett. 29, 1357-1359 (2004).
94. Lee, D. G., Park, J. J., Sung, J. H. & Nam, C. H. Wave-front phase measurements of high-order harmonic beams by use of point-diffraction interferometry. Opt. Lett. 28, 480-482 (2003).
95. Christov, I. P., Murnane, M. M. & Kapteyn, H. C. High-harmonic generation of attosecond pulses in the single- cycle regime. Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 1251-1254 (1997).
96. Goulielmakis, E. et al. Single-cycle nonlinear optics. Science 320, 1614-1617 (2008).
97. Sansone, G. et al. Isolated single-cycle attosecond pulses. Science 314, 443-446 (2006).
98. Corkum, P. B., Burnett, N. H. & Ivanov, M. Y. Subfemtosecond pulses. Opt. Lett. 19, 1870-1872 (1994).
99. Gilbertson, S. et al. Isolated attosecond pulse generation using multicycle pulses directly from a laser amplifier. Phys. Rev. A 81, 043810 (2010).
100. Pfeifer, T. Easing attosecond generation. Nature Photon. 4, 417-418 (2010).