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0023440184
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J. C. Solem and G. C. Baldwin, Science 218, 229 (1982); M. Howells et al., ibid. 238, 514 (1987); J. E. Trebes et al., ibid., p. 517.
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Howells, M.1
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J. C. Solem and G. C. Baldwin, Science 218, 229 (1982); M. Howells et al., ibid. 238, 514 (1987); J. E. Trebes et al., ibid., p. 517.
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Science
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Trebes, J.E.1
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6
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84975571120
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Flash x-ray sources such as those demonstrated in (3) would be ideal for the avoidance of image blurring due to, for example, object motion during exposure [R. A. London et al., Appl. Opt. 28, 3397 (1989)]; however, the spatial coherence of the sources demonstrated in the water window so far are far from being sufficient for single-shot biological holography.
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London, R.A.1
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A. McPherson et al., J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 4, 595 (1987); X. F. Li et al., Phys. Rev. A 39, 5751 (1989).
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McPherson, A.1
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A. McPherson et al., J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 4, 595 (1987); X. F. Li et al., Phys. Rev. A 39, 5751 (1989).
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Li, X.F.1
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A. L'Huillier and Ph. Balcou, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 774 (1993); J. J. Macklin et al., ibid., p. 766.
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Macklin, J.J.1
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3743149097
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I. P. Christov et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 1743 (1996); K. J. Schafer and K. C. Kulander, ibid. 78, 638 (1997).
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Christov, I.P.1
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1842371366
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Z. Chang et al., in Applications of High Field and Short Wavelength Sources VII (OSA Tech. Digest Ser., vol. 7, Optical Society of America, Washington, DC, 1997), p. 187.
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Chang, Z.1
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23
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1842339790
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note
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Given the finite tube wall thickness of 0.05 mm, the actual target thickness is estimated as 100 to 200 μm. The coherence length related to the phase error introduced by the tight focusing of the fundamental (11) is on the order of 10 μm for wavelengths shorter than 10 nm. The target thickness has been minimized in an attempt to keep the interaction length as close as possible to this "geometric" coherence length. It is this geometric coherence length limitation that dictates the necessity of the high pressures applied.
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24
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1842416435
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note
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Note that this peak irradiance is reached only on the propagation axis in an infinitesimally small fraction of the cross section of the Gaussian beam. The majority of the helium atoms in the interaction volume are exposed to somewhat lower irradiances.
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25
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1842373179
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note
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The pressure in the interaction region has been estimated as follows. The gas flow from the target region into the chamber is calculated from the known pumping speed and the measured background pressure in the target chamber. Gas flow and background pressure then determine uniquely the pressure in the target.
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28
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1842373178
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note
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6, and a grating diffraction efficiency of 10% (data provided by the manufacturers) for this estimation.
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29
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26144481132
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unpublished results
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M. Schnürer et al., unpublished results.
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Schnürer, M.1
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31
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0001467967
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M. V. Ammosov et al., Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 91, 2008 (1986) [Sov. Phys. JETP 64, 1191 (1986)].
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Sov. Phys. JETP
, vol.64
, pp. 1191
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33
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1842367792
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note
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Measurement of the x-ray beam profile at different positions or direct interferometric measurement of its spatial coherence will obviate the need for this assumption.
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35
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7044249752
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Ot + ψ)]. This decomposition can be used to pulse durations down to the carrier oscillation cycle [T. Brabec and F. Krausz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 3282 (1997)]. The parameter ψ is the relative carrier phase. It determines the position of the carrier with respect to the envelope.
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(1997)
Phys. Rev. Lett.
, vol.78
, pp. 3282
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Brabec, T.1
Krausz, F.2
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36
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0001396783
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L. Xu et al., Opt. Lett. 21, 2008 (1996).
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Opt. Lett.
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, pp. 2008
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Xu, L.1
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37
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1842404643
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note
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We are indebted to A. J. Schmidt for his encouragement and T. Brabec for useful discussions. K. Ferencz (Research Institute for Solid State Physics, Budapest, Hungary) is gratefully acknowledged for manufacturing the silver foils. This research was supported by the Austrian Science Foundation under grants P-11109 and Y44-PHY.
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