Atmospheric deposition of nutrients and excess N formation in the North Atlantic

Biogeosciences

Volumn 7, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 777-793

  Zamora, L M ^a   Landolfi, A ^b   Oschlies, A ^b   Hansell, D A ^a   Dietze, H ^b   Dentener, F ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI   (United States)

^b GEOMAR HELMHOLTZ CENTRE FOR OCEAN RESEARCH KIEL   (Germany)

^c JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AIR-SEA INTERACTION; ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCE; ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT; BIOGEOCHEMISTRY; GYRE; NITROGEN; NITROGEN FIXATION; NUTRIENT DYNAMICS; PHOSPHORUS; REDFIELD RATIO; REMINERALIZATION; SEA SURFACE; SURFACE WATER; THERMOCLINE; WATER DEPTH;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; ATLANTIC OCEAN (NORTH); EUROPE; NORTH AMERICA;

EID: 78649709151     PISSN: 17264170     EISSN: 17264189     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/bg-7-777-2010     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Abell, J., Emerson, S., and Renaud, P.: Distributions of TOP, TON, and TOC in the North Pacific subtropical gyre: Implications for nutrient supply in the surface ocean and remineralization in the upper thermocline, J. Mar. Res., 58, 203-222, 2000. (Pubitemid 30649232)
2. Aminot, A. and Kérouel, R.: Dissolved organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in the N-E Atlantic and the N-W Mediterranean with particular reference to non-refractory fractions and degradation, Deep Sea Res. I, 51, 1975-1999, 2004. (Pubitemid 39527220)
3. Antia, A. N.: Solubilization of particles in sediment traps: Revising the stoichiometry of mixed layer export, Biogeosciences, 2, 189-204, 2005, http://www.biogeosciences.net/2/189/2005/. (Pubitemid 41187044)
4. Arrigo, K. R.: Marine microorganisms and global nutrient cycles, Nature, 438, 349-355, 2005. (Pubitemid 41613490)
5. Baker, A. R., French, M., and Linge, K. L.: Trends in aerosol nutrient solubility along a west-east transect of the Saharan dust plume, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L07805, doi:10.1029/2005GL024764, 2006. (Pubitemid 43772924)
6. Baker, A. R., Jickells, T. D., Witt, M. and Linge, K. L.: Trends in the solubility of iron, aluminum, manganese and phosphorus in aerosol collected over the Atlantic Ocean, Mar. Chem., 98, 43-58, 2006. (Pubitemid 43049761)
7. Baringer, M. O. N., and Prince, J. F.: Momentum and energy balance of the Mediterranean outflow, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 1678-1692, 1997.
8. Bates, N. R. and Hansell, D. A.: Temporal variability of excess nitrate in the subtropical mode water of the North Atlantic Ocean, Mar. Chem., 84, 225-241, 2004. (Pubitemid 38065676)
9. Benitez-Nelson, C. R.: The biogeochemical cycling of phosphorus in marine systems, Earth-Sci. Rev., 51, 109-135, 2000.
10. Boyer, T. P., Stephens, C., Antonov, J. I., Conkright, M. E., Locarnini, R. A., O'Brian, T. D., and Garcia, H. E.: World Ocean Atlas 2001, Vol. 2: Salinity., 165 pp., 2002.
11. Bronk, D. A.: Dynamics of DON, in: Biogeochemistry of Dissolved Organic Matter, edited by: Hansell, D. and Carlson, C., Academic Press, San Diego, 153-247, 2002.
12. Canellas, M., Agusti, S., and Duarte, C. M.: Latitudinal variability in phosphate uptake in the Central Atlantic, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 194, 283-294, 2000. (Pubitemid 30186239)
13. Chen, L., Arimoto, R., and Duce, R. A.: The sources and forms of phosphorus in marine aerosol-particles and rain from northern New Zealand, Atmos. Environ., 19, 779-787, 1985.
14. Chen, Y., Mills, S., Street, J., Golan, D., Post, A., Jacobson, M., and Paytan, A.: Estimates of atmospheric dry deposition and associated input of nutrients to Gulf of Aqaba seawater, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D04309, doi:10.1029/2006JD007858, 2007. (Pubitemid 47489850)
15. Coles, V. J. and Hood, R. R.: Modeling the impact of iron and phosphorus limitations on nitrogen fixation in the Atlantic Ocean, Biogeosciences, 4, 455-479, 2007, http://www.biogeosciences.net/4/455/2007/. (Pubitemid 47151113)
16. Conkright, M. E., Garcia, H. E., O'Brien, T. D., Locarnini, R. A., Boyer, T. P., Stephens, C., and Antonov, J. I.: World Ocean Atlas 2001, Vol. 4: Nutrients, in: NOAA Atlas NESDIS 52, Levitus, S., US Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 392, 2002.
17. Dentener, F., Drevet, J., Lamarque, J. F., Bey, I., Eickhout, B., Fiore, A. M., Hauglustaine, D., Horowitz, L. W., Krol, M., Kulshrestha, U. C., Lawrence, M., Galy-Lacaux, C., Rast, S., Shindell, D., Stevenson, D., Van Noije, T., Atherton, C., Bell, N., Bergman, D., Butler, T., Cofala, J., Collins, B., Doherty, R., Ellingsen, K., Galloway, J., Gauss, M., Montanaro, V., Muller, J. F., Pitari, G., Rodriguez, J., Sanderson, M., Solmon, F., Strahan, S., Schultz, M., Sudo, K., Szopa, S., and Wild, O.: Nitrogen and sulfur deposition on regional and global scales: A multimodel evaluation, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 20, GB4003, doi:10.1029/2005GB002672, 2006. (Pubitemid 350284673)
18. Deutsch, C., Sarmiento, J. L., Sigman, D. M., Gruber, N., and Dunne, J. P.: Spatial coupling of nitrogen inputs and losses in the ocean, Nature, 445, 163-167, 2007. (Pubitemid 46095715)
19. Duarte, C. M., Dachs, J., Llabres, M., Alonso-Laita, P., Gasol, J. M., Tovar-Sanchez, A., Sanudo-Wilhemy, S., and Agusti, S.: Aerosol inputs enhance new production in the subtropical northeast Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeosci., 111, G040006, doi:10.1029/2005JG000140, 2006. (Pubitemid 47491020)
20. Duce, R. A., LaRoche, J., Altieri, K., Arrigo, K. R., Baker, A. R., Capone, D. G., Cornell, S., Dentener, F., Galloway, J., Ganeshram, R. S., Geider, R. J., Jickells, T., Kuypers, M. M., Langlois, R., Liss, P. S., Liu, S. M., Middelburg, J. J., Moore, C. M., Nickovic, S., Oschlies, A., Pedersen, T., Prospero, J., Schlitzer, R., Seitzinger, S., Sorensen, L. L., Uematsu, M., Ulloa, O., Voss, M., Ward, B., and Zamora, L.: Impacts of atmospheric anthropogenic nitrogen on the open ocean, Science, 320, 893-897, 2008. (Pubitemid 351929579)
21. Elser, J. J., Andersen, T., Baron, J. S., Bergstrom, A.-K., Jansson, M., Kyle, M., Nydick, K. R., Steger, L., and Hessen, D. O.: Shifts in lake N:P stoichiometry and nutrient limitation driven by atmospheric nitrogen deposition , Science, 326, 835-837, 2009.
22. Fanning, K. A.: Nutrient provinces in the sea: Concentrations ratios, reaction rate ratios, and ideal covariation, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 5693-5712, 1992.
23. Galloway, J. N., Howarth, R. W., Michaels, A. F., Nixon, S. W., Prospero, J. M., and Dentener, F. J.: Nitrogen and phosphorus budgets of the North Atlantic Ocean and its watershed, Biogeochem., 35, 3-25, 1996.
24. Galloway, J. N., Townsend, A. R., Erisman, J. W., Bekunda, M., Cai, Z. C., Freney, J. R., Martinelli, L. A., Seitzinger, S. P., and Sutton, M. A.: Transformation of the nitrogen cycle: Recent trends, questions, and potential solutions, Science, 320, 889-892, 2008. (Pubitemid 351929578)
25. Gnanadesikan, A., Dixon, K. W., Griffies, S. M., Balaji, V., Barreiro, M., Beesley, J. A., Cooke, W. F., Delworth, T. L., Gerdes, R., Harrison, M. J., Held, I. M., Hurlin,W. J., Lee, H. C., Liang, Z., Nong, G., Pacanowski, R. C., Rosati, A., Russell, J., Samuels, B. L., Song, Q., Spelman, M. J., Stouffer, R. J., Sweeney, C. O., Vecchi, G., Winton, M., Wittenberg, A. T., Zeng, F., Zhang, R., and Dunne, J. P.: GFDL's CM2 global coupled climate models. Part II: The baseline ocean simulation, J. Climate, 19, 675-697, 2006.
26. Graham, W. F., Piotrowicz, S. R., and Duce, R. A.: The sea as a source of atmospheric phosphorus, Mar. Chem., 7, 325-342, 1979. (Pubitemid 9220370)
27. Graham, W. F. and Duce, R. A.: The atmospheric transport of phosphorus to the western North-Atlantic, Atmos. Environ., 16, 1089-1097, 1982.
28. Griffies, S. M., Gnanadesikan, A., Dixon, K. W., Dunne, J. P., Gerdes, R., Harrison, M. J., Rosati, A., Russell, J. L., Samuels, B. L., Spelman, M. J., Winton, M., and Zhang, R.: Formulation of an ocean model for global climate simulations, Ocean Sci., 1, 45-79, 2005, http://www.ocean-sci.net/1/45/2005/.
29. Grimshaw, H. J. and Dolske, D. A.: Rainfall concentrations and wet atmospheric deposition of phosphorus and other constituents in Florida, USA, Water Air Soil Pollut., 137, 117-140, 2002. (Pubitemid 34678751)
30. Gruber, N. and Sarmiento, J. L.: Global patterns of marine nitrogen fixation and denitrification, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 11, 235-266, 1997.
31. Hansell, D. A., Bates, N. R., and Olson, D. B.: Excess nitrate and nitrogen fixation in the North Atlantic Ocean, Mar. Chem., 84, 243-265, 2004. (Pubitemid 38065677)
32. Hansell, D. A., Olson, D. B., Dentener, F., and Zamora, L. M.: Assessment of excess nitrate development in the subtropical North Atlantic, Mar. Chem., 106, 562-579, 2007. (Pubitemid 47248072)
33. Herut, B., Krom, M. D., Pan, G., and Mortimer, R.: Atmospheric input of nitrogen and phosphorus to the Southeast Mediterranean: Sources, fluxes, and possible impact, Limnol. Oceanogr., 44, 1683-1692, 1999. (Pubitemid 29514873)
34. Jenkins, W. J.: Oxygen utilization rates in North Atlantic subtropical gyre and primary production in oligotrophic systems, Nature, 300, 246-248, 1982. (Pubitemid 13283163)
35. Jenkins, W. J.: Nitrate flux into the euphotic zone near Bermuda, Nature, 31, 521-523, 1988.
36. Jenkins, W. J. and Goldman, J. C.: Seasonal oxygen cycling and primary production in the Sargasso Sea, J. Mar. Res., 43, 465-491, 1985.
37. Karl, D. M. and Björkman, K.: Dynamics of DOP, in: Biogeochemistry of Dissolved Organic Matter, edited by: Hansell, D. and Carlson, C., Academic Press, San Diego, 249-366, 2002.
38. Knapp, A. N., Hastings, M. G., Sigman, D. M., Lipschultz, F., and Galloway, J. N.: The flux and isotopic composition of reduced and total nitrogen in Bermuda rain, Mar. Chem., in press, 2010.
39. Kriest, I. and Oschlies, A.: On the treatment of particulate organic matter sinking in large-scale models of marine biogeochemical cycles, Biogeosciences, 5, 55-72, 2008, http://www.biogeosciences.net/5/55/2008/. (Pubitemid 351190294)
40. Krishnamurthy, A., Moore, J. K., Mahowald, N., Luo, C., Doney, S. C., Lindsay, K., and Zender, C. S.: Impacts of increasing anthropogenic soluble iron and nitrogen deposition on ocean biogeochemistry, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 23, GB3016, doi:10.1029/2008GB003440, 2009.
41. Krishnamurthy, A., Moore, J. K., Zender, C. S., and Luo, C.: Effects of atmospheric inorganic nitrogen deposition on ocean biogeochemistry, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeosci., 112, G02019, doi:10.1029/2006JG000334, 2007. (Pubitemid 47343189)
42. Landolfi, A., Oschlies, A., and Sanders, R.: Organic nutrients and excess nitrogen in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre, Biogeosciences, 5, 1199-1213, 2008, http://www.biogeosciences.net/5/1199/2008/.
43. Large, W. G. and Yeager, S. G.: Diurnal to decadal global forcing for ocean and sea-ice models: The data sets and flux climatologies, Technical Report TN-460+STR, NCAR, 105 pp., 2004.
44. Li, Q. P. and Hansell, D. A.: Nutrient distributions in baroclinic eddies of the oligotrophic North Atlantic and inferred impacts on biology, Deep-Sea Res. II, 55, 1291-1299, 2008.
45. Locarnini, R. A., O'Brien, T. D., Garcia, H. E., Antonov, J. I., Boyer, T. P., Conkright, M. E., and Stephens, C.: World Ocean Atlas 2001, Vol. 3: Oxygen, in: NOAA Atlas NESDIS 51, Levitus, S., US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 286, 2002.
46. Lomas, M. W., Swain, A., Shelton, R., and Ammerman, J. W.: Taxonomic variability of phosphorus stress in Sargasso Sea phytoplankton, Limnol. Oceanogr., 49, 2303-2310, 2004. (Pubitemid 39547904)
47. Mahowald, N. M., Artaxo, P., Baker, A. R., Jickells, T. D., Okin, G. S., Randerson, J. T., and Townsend, A. R.: Impacts of biomass burning emissions and land use change on Amazonian atmospheric phosphorus cycling and deposition, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 19, GB4030, doi:10.1029/2005GB002541, 2005. (Pubitemid 43280693)
48. Mahowald, N. M., Jickells, T. D., Baker, A. R., Artaxo, P., Benitez-Nelson, C. R., Bergametti, G., Bond, T. C., Chen, Y., Cohen, D. D., Herut, B., Kubilay, N., Losno, R., Luo, C., Maenhaut, W., McGee, K. A., Okin, G. S., Siefert, R. L., and Tsukuda, S.: Global distribution of atmospheric phosphorus sources, concentrations and deposition rates, and anthropogenic impacts, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 22, GB4026, doi:10.1029/2008GB003240, 2008.
49. Markaki, Z., Oikonomou, K., Kocak, M., Kouvarkis, G., Chaniotaki, A., Kubilay, N., and Mihalopoulos, N.: Atmospheric deposition of inorganic phosphorus in the Levantine Basin, eastern Mediterranean: Spatial and temporal variability and its role in seawater productivity, Limnol. Oceanogr., 48, 1557-1568, 2003. (Pubitemid 36964775)
50. Michaels, A. F., Olson, D., Sarmiento, J. L., Ammerman, J. W., Fanning, K., Jahnke, R., Knap, A. H., Lipschultz, F., and Prospero, J. M.: Inputs, losses and transformations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the pelagic North Atlantic, in: Nitrogen Cycling in the North Atlantic Ocean and its Watersheds, edited by: Howarth, R. W., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, 181-226, 1996.
51. Moore, C. M., Mills, M. M., Achterberg, E. P., Geider, R. J., LaRoche, J., Lucas, M. I., McDonagh, E. L., Pan, X., Poulton, A. J., Rijkenberg, M. J. A., Suggett, D. J., Ussher, S. J., and Woodward, E. M. S.: Large-scale distribution of Atlantic nitrogen fixation controlled by iron availability, Nature Geosci., 2,867-871, 2009.
52. Moutin, T., Karl, D. M., Duhamel, S., Rimmelin, P., Raimbault, P., Van Mooy, B. A. S., and Claustre, H.: Phosphate availability and the ultimate control of new nitrogen input by nitrogen fixation in the tropical Pacific Ocean, Biogeosciences, 5, 95-109, 2008, http://www.biogeosciences.net/5/95/2008/ . (Pubitemid 351200390)
53. O'Connor, B. M., Fine, R. A., and Olson, D. B.: A global comparison of subtropical underwater formation rates, Deep Sea Res. I, 52, 1569-1590, 2005. (Pubitemid 41074726)
54. Oschlies, A.: Can eddies make ocean deserts bloom? Global Biogeochem. Cy., 16, 1106, doi:10.1029/2001GB001830, 2002.
55. Oschlies, A. and Garçon, V.: An eddy-permitting coupled physicalbiological model of the North Atlantic -1. Sensitivity to advection numerics and mixed layer physics, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 13, 135-160, 1999. (Pubitemid 29365970)
56. Özsoy, T.: Atmospheric wet deposition of soluble macro-nutrients in the Cilician Basin, north-eastern Mediterranean sea, J. Environ. Monit., 5, 971-976, 2003. (Pubitemid 38031111)
57. Pahlow, M. and Oschlies, A.: Chain model of phytoplankton P, N and light colimitation, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 376, 69-83, 2009.
58. Pahlow, M. and Riebesell, U.: Temporal trends in deep ocean Redfield ratios, Science, 287, 831-833, 2000. (Pubitemid 30084320)
59. Peierls, B. L. and Paerl, H. W.: Bioavailability of atmospheric organic nitrogen deposition to coastal phytoplankton, Limnol. Oceanogr., 42, 1819-1823, 1997. (Pubitemid 127687999)
60. Peng, G., Chassignet, E. P., Kwon, Y.-O., and Riser, S. C.: Investigation of variability of the North Atlantic Subtropical Mode Water using profiling float data and numerical model output, Ocean Modell., 13, 65-85, 2006. (Pubitemid 43231384)
61. Redfield, A. C., Ketchum, B. H., and Richards, F. A.: The influence of organisms on the composition of seawater, in: The Sea, Ideas and Observations on Progress in the Study of the Seas, edited by: Hill, M. N., Interscience, New York, 26-77, 1963.
62. Roussenov, V., Williams, R. G., Mahaffey, C., and Wolff, G. A.: Does the transport of dissolved organic nutrients affect export production in the Atlantic Ocean?, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 20(14), GB3002, doi:10.1029/ 2005GB002510, 2006. (Pubitemid 46761021)
63. 2 emission scenario until year 4000 AD, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 22, GB1013, doi:10.1029/2007GB002953, 2008. (Pubitemid 351850860)
64. Seidler, G., Kuhl, A., and Zenk, W.: The Madeira mode water, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17, 1561-1570, 1987.
65. Seitzinger, S. P. and Sanders, R. W.: Atmospheric inputs of dissolved organic nitrogen stimulate estuarine bacteria and phytoplankton, Limnol. Oceanogr., 44, 721-730, 1999. (Pubitemid 29233668)
66. Stephens, C., Antonov, J. I., Boyer, T. P., Conkright, M. E., Locarnini, R. A., O'Brian, T. D., and Garcia, H. E.: World Ocean Atlas 2001, Vol. 1: Temperature, 2002.
67. Talbot, R. W., Harriss, R. C., Browell, E. V., Gregory, G. L., Sebacher, D. I., and Beck, S. M.: Distribution and geochemistry of aerosols in the tropical North-Atlantic troposphere -relationship to Saharan dust, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 91, 5173-5182, 1986.
68. Taylor, S. R. and McLennan, S. M.: The geochemical evolution of the continental crust, Rev. Geophys., 33, 241-265,1995.
69. Van Mooy, B. A. S., Fredricks, H. F., Pedler, B. E., Dyhrman, S. T., Karl, D. M., Koblizek, M., Lomas, M. W., Mincer, T. J., Moore, L. R., Moutin, T., Rappe, M. S., and Webb, E. A.: Phytoplankton in the ocean use non-phosphorus lipids in response to phosphorus scarcity, Nature, 458, 69-72, doi:10.1038/nature07659, 2009.
70. Vidal, M., Duarte, C. M., and Agusti, S.: Dissolved organic nitrogen and phosphorus pools and fluxes in the central Atlantic Ocean, Limnol. Oceanogr., 44, 106-115, 1999. (Pubitemid 29077772)
71. Williams, M. R., Fisher, T. R., and Melack, J. M.: Chemical composition and deposition of rain in the central Amazon, Brazil, Atmos. Environ., 31, 207-217, 1997.
72. Wu, J., Sunda, W., Boyle, E. A., and Karl, D. M.: Phosphate depletion in the western North Atlantic Ocean, Science, 289, 759-762, 2000. (Pubitemid 30650192)
73. Zamora, L., Hansell, D., and Prospero, J.: The organic nitrogen fraction of deposition over the North Atlantic, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 73 (13, Supplement 1), A1498, 2009.
74. Zhang, G. S., Zhang, J., and Liu, S. M.: Characterization of nutrients in the atmospheric wet and dry deposition observed at the two monitoring sites over Yellow Sea and East China Sea, J. Atmos. Chem., 57, 41-57, 2007. (Pubitemid 46941489)