GFDL's CM2 global coupled climate models. Part II: The baseline ocean simulation

Journal of Climate

Volumn 19, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 675-697

  Gnanadesikan, Anand ^a   Dixon, Keith W ^a   Griffies, Stephen M ^a   Balaji, V ^b   Barreiro, Marcelo ^b   Beesley, J Anthony ^a   Cooke, William F ^a,c   Delworth, Thomas L ^a   Gerdes, Rudiger ^d   Harrison, Matthew J ^a   Held, Isaac M ^a   Hurlin, William J ^a   Lee, Hyun Chul ^a,c   Liang, Zhi ^a,c   Nong, Giang ^a,c   Pacanowski, Ronald C ^a   Rosati, Anthony ^a   Russell, Joellen ^b   Samuels, Bonita L ^a   Song, Qian ^b   Spelman, Michael J ^a   Stouffer, Ronald J ^a   Sweeney, Colm O ^b   Vecchi, Gabriel ^a   Winton, Michael ^a   Wittenberg, Andrew T ^a   Zeng, Fanrong ^a,c   Zhang, Rong ^b   Dunne, John P ^a   more..

^a NOAA EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^b PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c RS Information Systems Inc   (United States)

^d ALFRED WEGENER INSTITUTE FOR POLAR AND MARINE RESEARCH   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC MOVEMENTS; ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE; CLIMATE CHANGE; COMPUTER SIMULATION; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; OCEANOGRAPHY;

CLIMATE MODELS; HYDROGRAPHIC FIELDS; OCEAN SIMULATION;

CLIMATOLOGY;

CLIMATE CHANGE; CLIMATE MODELING; GLOBAL CLIMATE; LABORATORY METHOD; OCEANIC CIRCULATION; OCEANIC CURRENT; SIMULATION; WIND STRESS;

EID: 33645815473     PISSN: 08948755     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/JCLI3630.1     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Adcroft, A., C. Hill, and J. Marshall, 1997: Representation of topography by shaved cells in a height coordinate ocean model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 2293-2315.
2. Barry, R. G., M. C. Serreze, J. A. Maslanik, and R. H. Preller, 1993: The Arctic sea ice-climate system: Observations and modeling. Rev. Geophys., 31, 397-422.
3. Beckmann, A., and R. Döscher, 1997: A method for improved representation of dense water spreading over topography in geopotential-coordinate models. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 581-591.
4. Bocaletti, G., R. Ferrari, A. Adcroft, D. Ferreira, and J. Marshall, 2005: The vertical structure of ocean heat transport. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L10603, doi:10.1029/2005GL022474.
5. Boyer, T. P., C. Stephens, J. I. Antonov, M. E. Conkright, R. A. Locarnini, T. D. O'Brien, and H. E. Garcia, 2002: Salinity. Vol. 2, World Ocean Atlas 2001, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 50, 165 pp.
6. Bryan, K., and L. J. Lewis, 1979: A water mass model of the world ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 84, 2503-2517.
7. Colony, R. L., and A. S. Thorndike, 1984: An estimate of the mean field of Arctic sea ice motion. J. Geophys. Res., 89, 623-629.
8. Cunningham, S. A., S. G. Alderson, B. A. King and M. A. Brandon, 2003: Transport and variability of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current in Drake Passage. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8084, doi:10.1029/2001J0001147.
9. Delworth, T. L., R. J. Stouffer, K. W. Dixon, M. J. Spelman, T. R. Knutson, A. J. Broccoli, P. J. Kushner, and R. T. Wetherald, 2002: Review of simulations of climate variability and change with the GFDL R30 coupled climate model. Climate Dyn., 19, 555-574.
10. Delworth, T. L., and Coauthors, 2006: GFDL's CM2 coupled climate models. Part I: Formulation and simulation characteristics. J. Climate, 19, 643-674.
11. Doney, S. C., W. G. Large, and F. O. Bryan, 1998: Surface ocean fluxes and water-mass transformation rates in the coupled NCAR Climate System Model. J. Climate, 11, 1420-1441.
12. Doney, S. C., and Coauthors, 2004: Evaluating global ocean carbon models: The importance of realistic physics. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 18, GB3017, doi:10.1029/2003GB002150.
13. Freeland, J., 2001: Observations of the flow of abyssal water through the Samoa Passage. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 2273-2279.
14. Gent, P., and J. C. McWilliams, 1990: Isopycnal mixing in ocean circulation models. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 150-155.
15. Gnanadesikan, A., 1999: A simple predictive model for the structure of the oceanic pycnocline. Science, 283, 2077-2079.
16. Gnanadesikan, A., R. D. Slater, N. Gruber, and J. L. Sarmiento, 2002: Oceanic vertical exchange and new production: A model-data comparison. Deep-Sea Res., 43B, 363-401.
17. Gnanadesikan, A., R. D. Slater, P. S. Swathi, and G. K. Vallis, 2005: The energetics of ocean heat transport. J. Climate, 18, 2604-2616.
18. Gordon, A. L., R. D. Susanto, and K. Vranes, 2003: Cool Indonesian throughflow as a consequence of restricted surface layer flow. Nature, 425, 824-828.
19. Griffies, S. M., 1998: The Gent-McWilliams skew flux. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 831-841.
20. Griffies, S. M., A. Gnanadesikan, R. C. Pacanowski, V. D. Larichev, J. K. Dukowicz, and R. D. Smith, 1998: Isopycnal mixing in a z-coordinate ocean model. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 805-830.
21. Griffies, S. M., R. C. Pacanowski, and R. W. Hallberg, 2000: Spurious diapycnal mixing associated with advection in a z-coordinate ocean model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 538-564.
22. Griffies, S. M., R. C. Pacanowski, R. M. Schmidt, and V. Balaji, 2001: Tracer conservation with an explicit free surface method for z-coordinate ocean models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 1081-1098.
23. Griffies, S. M., M. J. Harrison, R. C. Pacanowski, and A. Rosati, 2003: A technical guide to MOM 4. GFDL Ocean Group Tech. Rep. 5, NOAA/ Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, 295 pp.
24. Griffies, S. M., and Coauthors, 2005: Formulation of an ocean model for global climate simulations. Ocean Sci., 1, 45-79.
25. Guilyardi, E., G. Madec, and L. Terray, 2001: The role of lateral ocean physics in the upper ocean thermal balance of a coupled ocean-atmosphere GCM. Climate Dyn., 17, 589-599.
26. Huang, R. X., and J. Pedlosky, 2000: Climate variability induced by anomalous buoyancy forcing in a multilayer model of the ventilated thermocline. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 30, 3009-3021.
27. Hundsdorfer, W., and R. Trompert, 1994: Method of lines and direct discretization: A comparison for linear advection. Appl. Numer. Math., 13, 469-490.
28. Johns, T., and Coauthors, 2005: HadGEM1 - Model description and analysis of preliminary experiments for the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report. Hadley Centre Tech. Rep. 55, Met Office, Exeter, United Kingdom, 73 pp. [Available online at http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/hadleycentre/ pubs/HCTN/index.html.]
29. Johnson, G. C., D. L. Rudnick, and B. A. Taft, 1994: Bottom water variability in the Samoa Passage. Deep-Sea Res., 52, 177-196.
30. Large, W., J. C. McWilliams, and S. C. Doney, 1994: Oceanic vertical mixing: A review and a model with a nonlocal boundary mixing parameterization. Rev. Geophys., 32, 363-403.
31. Large, W., G. Danasbogulu, J. C. McWilliams, P. R. Gent, and F. O. Bryan, 2001: Equatorial circulation of a global ocean climate model with anisotropic viscosity. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 518-536.
32. Leaman, K. D., R. L. Molinari, and P. S. Vertes, 1987: Structure and variability of the Florida Current at 27°N: April 1982-July 1984. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17, 565-583.
33. Ledwell, J. R., A. J. Watson, and C. S. Law, 1993: Evidence for slow mixing across the pycnocline from an open-ocean tracer-release experiment. Nature, 364, 701-703.
34. Ledwell, J. R., A. J. Watson, and C. S. Law, 1998: Mixing of a tracer in the pycnocline. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 21 499-21 530.
35. Lee, H. C., A Rosati, and M. J. Spelman, 2006: Barotropic tidal mixing effects in a coupled climate model: Oceanic conditions in the North Atlantic. Ocean Modell., 11, 464-477.
36. Lee, T. N., W. E. Johns, C. T. Liu, D. Zhand, R. Zantopp, and Y. Yang, 2001: Mean transport and seasonal cycle of the Kuroshio east of Taiwan with comparison to the Florida Current. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 22 143-22 158.
37. Levine, M. D., C. A. Paulson, and J. H. Morison, 1985: Internal waves in the Arctic Ocean: Comparison with lower-latitude observations. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 15, 800-809.
38. Lukas, R., and E. Firing, 1984: The geostrophic balance of the Pacific equatorial undercurrent. Deep-Sea Res., 31, 61-66.
39. Luyten, J. R., J. Pedlosky, and H. Stommel, 1983: The ventilated thermocline. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 292-309.
40. Manabe, S., and K. Bryan, 1969: Climate calculations with a combined ocean-atmosphere model. J. Atmos. Sci., 26, 786-789.
41. 2. Part I: Annual mean response. J. Climate, 4, 785-818.
42. 2. Ph.D. dissertation, Princeton University, 224 pp.
43. Matsumoto, K., and Coauthors, 2004: Evaluation of ocean carbon cycle models with data-based metrics. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L07303, doi:10.1029/2003GL018970.
44. Morel, A., and D. Antoine, 1994: Heating rate within the upper ocean in relation to its bio-optical state. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 1652-1665.
45. Murray, R. J., 1996: Explicit generation of orthogonal grids for ocean models. J. Comput. Phys., 126, 251-273.
46. Orsi, A. H., T. Whitworth, and W. D. Nowlin, 1995: On the meridional extent and fronts of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Deep-Sea Res., 42A, 641-673.
47. Özgökmen, T. M., E. P. Chassignet, and C. G. H. Rooth, 2001: On the connection between the Mediterranean outflow and the Azores Current. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 461-480.
48. Pacanowski, R. C., and A. Gnanadesikan, 1998: Transient response in a Z-level ocean model that resolves topography with partial cells. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 3248-3270.
49. Park, Y.-G., and K. Bryan, 2000: Comparison of thermally driven circulations from a depth-coordinate model and an isopycnal-layer model. Part I: Scaling-law sensitivity to vertical diffusivity. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 30, 590-605.
50. Peters, H., M. C. Gregg, and J. M. Toole, 1988: On the parameterization of equatorial turbulence. J. Geophys. Res., 93 (C2), 1199-1218.
51. Polzin, K., 1999: A rough recipe for the energy balance of quasi-steady lee waves. Dynamics of Internal Gravity Waves II: Proc. 'Aha Huliko'a Winter Workshop, Honolulu, HI, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 117-128.
52. Polzin, K., J. M. Toole, J. R. Ledwell, and R. W. Schmitt, 1997: Spatial variability of turbulent mixing in the abyssal ocean. Science, 276, 93-96.
53. Rhein, M., L. Stramma, and U. Send, 1995: The Atlantic Deep Western Boundary Current: Water masses and transports near the equator. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 2441-2457.
54. Rhines, P. B., and W. R. Young, 1982: Potential vorticity homogenization in planetary gyres. J. Fluid Mech., 122, 347-367.
55. Ridgway, K. R., and J. R. Dunn, 2003: Mesoscale structure of the mean East Australian Current System and its relationship with topography. Progress in Oceanography, Vol. 56, Pergamon, 189-222.
56. Roach, A. T., K. Aagard, C. H. Pease, S. A. Salo, T. Weingartner, V. Pavlov, and M. Kulakov, 1995: Direct measurements of transport and water properties through Bering Strait. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 18 443-18 457.
57. Rothrock, D. A., J. Zhang, and Y. Yu, 2003: The arctic ice thickness anomaly of the 1990s: A consistent view from models and observations. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 3083, doi:10.1029/2001JC001208.
58. Rudels, B., E. P. Jones, L. G. Anderson, and G. Kattner, 1994: On the intermediate depth waters of the Arctic Ocean. The Polar Oceans and Their Role in Shaping the Global Environment, Geophys. Monogr., No. 85, Amer. Geophys. Union, 33-46.
59. Sarmiento, J. L., T. M. C. Hughes, R. J. Stouffer, and S. Manabe, 1998: Ocean carbon cycle response to future greenhouse warming. Nature, 393, 245-249.
60. Simmons, H. L., S. R. Jayne, L. C. St. Laurent, and A. J. Weaver, 2004: Tidally driven mixing in a numerical model of the ocean general circulation. Ocean Modell., 6, 245-263.
61. Sloyan, B. M., G. C. Johnson, and W. S. Kessler, 2003: The Pacific Cold Tongue: A pathway for interhemispheric exchange. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33, 1027-1043.
62. Speer, K. G., S. R. Rintoul, and B. Sloyan, 2000: The diabatic Deacon cell. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 30, 3212-3222.
63. Stephens, C., J.I. Antonov, T. P. Boyer, M. E. Conkright, R. A. Locarnini, T. D. O'Brien, and H. E. Garcia, 2002: Temperature. Vol. 1, World Ocean Atlas 2001, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 49, 167 pp.
64. Stouffer, R. J., 2004: Time scales of climate response. J. Climate, 17, 209-217.
65. Stouffer, R. J., and Coauthors, 2006: GFDL's CM2 coupled climate models. Part IV: Idealized climate response. J. Climate, 19, 723-740.
66. Sweby, P., 1984: High-resolution schemes using flux limiters for hyperbolic conservation laws. SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 21, 995-1011.
67. Sweeney, C., A. Gnanadesikan, S. M. Griffies, M. Harrison, A. Rosati, and B. Samuels, 2005: Impacts of shortwave penetration depth on large-scale ocean circulation and heat transport. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 35, 1103-1119.
68. Talley, L. D., J. L. Reid, and P. E. Robbins, 2003: Data-based meridional overturning streamfunctions for the global ocean. J. Climate, 16, 3213-3226.
69. Tapley, B. D., D. P. Chambers, C. K. Shum, R. J. Eanes, J. C. Ries, and R. H. Stewart, 1994: Accuracy assessment of the large-scale dynamic ocean topography from TOPEX/Poseidon altimetry. J. Geophys. Res., 99 (C12), 24 605-24 617.
70. Tilburg, C. E., H. E. Hurlburt, J. J. O'Brien, and J. F. Shriver, 2001: The dynamics of the East Australia Current system: The Tasman Front, the East Auckland Current, and the East Cape Current. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 2917-2943.
71. Toggweiler, J. R., and B. Samuels, 1998: On the ocean's large-scale circulation near the limit of no vertical mixing. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 1832-1852.
72. Toggweiler, J. R., R. Murnane, S. Carson, A. Gnanadesikan, and J. L. Sarmiento, 2003: Representation of the carbon cycle in box models and GCMs: 2. Organic pump. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 17, 1027, doi:10.1029/ 2001GB001841.
73. Willey, D. A., R. A. Fine, R. E. Sonnerup, J. L. Bullister, W. M. Smethie, and M. J. Warner, 2004: Global oceanic chloro-flourocarbon inventory. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L01303, doi:10.1029/2003GL018816.
74. Winton, M., 2003: On the climatic impact of ocean circulation. J. Climate, 16, 2875-2889.
75. Winton, M., R. W. Hallberg, and A. Gnanadesikan, 1998: Simulation of density-driven frictional downslope flow in Z-coordinate ocean models. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 2163-2174.
76. Wittenberg, A., and Coauthors, 2006: GFDL's CM2 global coupled climate models. Part III: Tropical Pacific climate and ENSO. J. Climate, 19, 698-722.