Ethnic Identity and Development: Khat and Social Change in Africa

Ethnic Identity and Development: Khat and Social Change in Africa

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-212

  Beckerleg, Susan ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WARWICK   (United Kingdom)

^b LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 78649652409     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1057/9780230107786     Document Type: Book

References (180)

1. Abdullahi, M. D. (2001). Culture and customs of Somalia. London: Greenwood Press.
2. Adam, H. M., & Ford, R. (1997). Mending the rips in the sky: Options for Somali communities in the 21st century. Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press.
3. Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD). (2005). Khat (Qat) assessment of risk to individual and community in the UK. Home Office, United Kingdom.
4. Ahimbisibwe, C. (2009, March 22). RDC shots mairungi vendor. New Vision. Retrieved April 24, 2009, from http://www.newvision.co.ug
5. Ahmed, A. J. (1995). "Daybreak is near, won't you become sour?" Going beyond the current rhetoric in Somali Studies. In A. J. Ahmed (Ed.), The invention of Somalia (pp. 135-155). Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press.
6. Ahmed, C. C. (1995). Finely etched chattel: The invention of the Somali woman. In A. J. Ahmed (Ed.), The invention of Somalia (pp. 157-189). Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press.
7. Aldridge, A. (2005). The market. Cambridge: Polity Press.
8. Almeddom, A., & Abraham, S. (1994). Women, moral virtue and chat-chewing. In M. MacDonald (Ed.), Gender, drink and drugs (pp. 249-258). Oxford: Berg.
9. Aluka, P., & Hakiza, G. J. (2001). Tea (Camillea sinensis). In National Agricultural Research Organization (Ed.), Agriculture in Uganda: Volume II Crops (pp. 437-461). Kampala: Fountain Books.
10. Anderson, B. (1983). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origins and spread of nationalism. London: Verso.
11. Anderson, D., Beckerleg, S., Hailu, D., & Klein, A. (2007). The khat controversy: Stimulating the drugs debate. Oxford: Berg.
12. Anderson, D., & Carrier, N. (2006). "Flowers of paradise" or "polluting the nation"? Contested narratives of khat consumption. In J. Brewer and F. Trentmann (Eds.), Consuming cultures, global perspectives: Historical trajectories, transnational exchanges (pp. 145-166). Oxford: Berg.
13. Anderson, D., & Lochery, E. (2008). Violence and exodus in Kenya's Rift Valley, 2008: Predictable and preventable? Journal of Eastern African Studies, 2(2), 328-343.
14. Arero, H. W. (2007). Coming to Kenya: Imagining and perceiving a nation among the Borana of Kenya. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 1(2), 292-304.
15. Barnes, C. (2007). The Somali Youth League, Ethiopian Somalis and the greater Somalia idea, c. 1946-48. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 1(2), 277-291.
16. Barnes, C., & Hassan, H. (2007). The rise and fall of Mogadishu's Islamic Courts. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 1(2), 151-60.
17. Beckerleg, S. (2004). Modernity has been Swahilised: The case of Malindi. In P. Caplan & F. Topan (Eds.), Swahili modernities: Identity and power on the East African coast (pp. 19-35). Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
18. Beckerleg, S. (2006). What harm? Kenyan and Ugandan perspectives on khat. African Affairs, 104(418), 219-241.
19. Beckerleg, S. (2008). Khat in East Africa: Taking women into or out of sex work? Substance Use and Misuse, 43, 1170-1185.
20. Beckerleg, S. (2009a). From ocean to lakes: Cultural transformations of Yemenis in Kenya and Uganda. African and Asian Studies, 8, 288-308.
21. Beckerleg, S. (2009b). Khat chewing as a new Ugandan leisure activity. Journal of East African Studies, 3(1), 42-54.
22. Beckerleg, S., & Sheekh, N. (2005). A view from the refugee camps: New Somali khat use in Kenya. Drugs and Alcohol Today, 5(3), 25-27.
23. Bell, W. D. M. (1949). Karamoja safari. London: Victor Gollancz.
24. Bennett, N. R. (1986). Arab versus European: Diplomacy and war in nineteenth-century East Central Africa. New York: Africana.
25. Besteman, C. (1995). The invention of Gosha: Slavery, colonialism, and stigma in Somali history. In A. J. Ahmed (Ed.), The invention of Somalia (pp. 43-62). Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press.
26. Borelli, S., & Perali, F. (2004). Drug consumption and intra-household distribution of resources. In C. Dagum & G. Ferrari (Eds.), Household behaviour, equivalence scales, welfare and poverty. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag.
27. Bourgois, P. (1995). In search of respect: Selling crack in El Barrio. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
28. Boxberger, L. (2002). On the edge of empire: Hadhramawt, emigration, and the Indian Ocean, 1880s-1930s. New York: State University of New York Press.
29. Brettell, C. B. (2008). Theorizing migration in anthropology. In C. B. Brettel & J. F. Hollifield (Eds.), Migration theory (pp. 113-159). New York: Routledge.
30. Brown, M. B. (1993). Fair trade: Reform and realities in the international trading system. London: Zed Books.
31. Bryceson, D. F. (2009). The urban melting pot in East Africa: Ethnicity and urban growth in Kampala and Dar es Salaam. In F. Locatelli & P. Nugent (Eds.), African cities: Competing claims on urban space (pp. 242-260). Leiden: Brill.
32. Burton, R. (1966). First footsteps in East Africa, or an exploration of the Harar (1854-1856). New York: Schuster (Original work published 1856).
33. Bushenyi District (Mairungi Trade and Consumption Control) Ordinance. (2006). (Sections 38 and 40 of the Local Government Act, Cap. 243). Kampala: Government of Uganda.
34. Byabashaija, D. M., Kahembwe, F., & Ndemere, P. (2001). Management of natural forests. In J. K. Mukiibi (Ed.), Agriculture in Uganda: Volume III, Forestry (pp. 48-58). Kampala Fountain.
35. Caplan, P. (2007). "But the coast, of course, is quite different": Academic and local ideas about the East African Littoral. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 1(2), 305-320.
36. Carrier, N. (2003). The social life of miraa: Farming, trade and consumption of a plant stimulant in Kenya. PhD dissertation, Department of Social Anthropology, University of St. Andrews, United Kingdom.
37. Carrier, N. (2005a). Miraa is cool: The cultural importance of miraa (khat) for Tigania and Igembe youth in Kenya. Journal of African Cultural Studies, 17(2), 201-218.
38. Carrier, N. (2005b). The need for speed: Contrasting timeframes in the social life of Kenyan khat. Africa, 75(4), 539-558.
39. Carrier, N. (2007). Kenyan khat: The social life of a stimulant. Leiden: Brill.
40. Carrier, N. (2008). Is miraa a drug? Categorizing Kenyan khat. Substance Use and Misuse, 43(6), 803-818.
41. Carswell, G. (2007). Cultivating success in Uganda: Kigezi farmers and colonial policies. Oxford: James Currey.
42. Chabal, P., & Daloz, J.-P. (1999). Africa works: Disorder as political instrument. Oxford: James Currey.
43. Chambers, R. (1983). Rural development: Putting the last first. London: Longman.
44. Chavannes, B. (2004a). Criminalizing cultural practice: The case of Jamaica. In A. Klein, M. Day, & A. Harriott (Eds.), Caribbean drugs: From criminalization to harm reduction. London: Zed Books.
45. Chavannes, B. (2004b). Ganja and the road to decriminalization in Jamaica. In R. Coomber & N. South (Eds.), Drugs in the global context: Comparative perspectives on cultures and controls. London: Free Association Press.
46. Child, K. (2009). Civil society in Uganda: The struggle to save the Mabira Forest Reserve. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 3(2), 240-258.
47. Clarence-Smith, W. G. (2002). The rise and fall of Hadhrami shipping in the Indian Ocean, c.1750-c.1940. In D. Parkin & R. Barnes (Eds.), Ships and the development of maritime technology in the Indian Ocean (pp. 227-258). London: Routledge/Curzon.
48. Cook, A. (1945). Uganda memories (1897-1940). Kampala: The Uganda Society.
49. Coomber, R., & South, N. (2004). Drug use and cultural contexts: Beyond the West. London: Free Association Books.
50. Cowan, J. M. (1976). Hans Wehr: A dictionary of modern written Arabic (3rd ed.). Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services Inc.
51. Date, J., Tanida, N., & Hobara, T. (2004). Qat chewing and pesticides: A study of adverse health effects in people of the mountainous areas of Yemen. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 14, 405-414.
52. DeCarlo, J. (2007). Fair trade: A beginner's guide. Oxford: Oneworld.
53. Declich, F. (1995). Identity, dance and Islam among people with Bantu origins in riverine areas of Somalia. In A. J. Ahmed (Ed.), The invention of Somalia (pp. 191-222). Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press.
54. de Vere Allen, J. (1993). Swahili origins: Swahili culture and the Shungwaya phenomenon. Oxford: James Currey.
55. Dhadphale, M., & Omolo, O. E. (1988). Psychiatric morbidity amongst khat chewers. East African Medical Journal, 65(6), 355-359.
56. Dirie, W., & D'Haem, J. (2002). Desert dawn. London: Virago.
57. Easterly, W. (2007). The white man's burden. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
58. Eaton, D. (2008). The business of peace: Raiding and peace work along the Kenya-Uganda border (Part 1). African Affairs, 107(426), 89-110.
59. Eggeling, W. J. (1951). The indigenous trees of the Uganda protectorate (2nd ed.). London: Crown Agents.
60. El Zein, A. H. M. (1974). The sacred meadows: A structural analysis of religious symbolism in an East African town. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.
61. Esegu, J. F. O. (2001). Forest tree genetic resources in Uganda. In J. K. Mukiibi (Ed.). Agriculture in Uganda: Volume III, Forestry (pp. 1-33). Kampala: NARO, Fountain.
62. Fabian, J. (2000). Out of our minds: Reason and madness in the exploration of Central Africa. London: University of California Press.
63. Fairhead, J., & Leach, M. (1997). Webs of power and the construction of environmental policy problems: Forest loss in Guinea. In R. D. Grillo & R. L. Stirrat (Eds.), Discourses of development: Anthropological perspectives (pp. 35-57). Oxford: Berg.
64. Farley, O. W. (1959). The Sudanese troops in Uganda from Lugard's enlistment to the mutiny, 1891-97. Paper presented at Conference of East African Institute of Social Research, Makerere College, January 1959. Accessed from Uganda Society Archives, Kampala, Uganda.
65. Feiling, T. (2009). The candy machine: How cocaine took over the world. London: Penguin.
66. Fortt, J. M. (1973). Land tenure and the emergence of large scale farming. In A. I. Richards, F. Sturrock, & J. M. Fortt (Eds.), Subsistence to commercial farming in present-day Uganda: An economic and anthropological survey (chap. 3). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
67. Fortt, J. M., & Houghton, D. A. (1973). Environment, population and economic history. In A. I. Richards, F. Sturrock, & J. M. Fortt (Eds.), Subsistence to commercial farming in present-day Uganda: An economic and anthropological survey (chap. 1). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
68. Fukuyama, F. (1995). Trust: The social virtues and the creation of prosperity. New York: Free Press, Simon and Schuster.
69. Gardner, K. (2002). Age, narrative and migration: The life course and life histories of Bengali elders in London. Oxford: Berg.
70. Gebissa, E. (2004). Leaf of Allah: Khat and agricultural transformation in Harerge, Ethiopia 1875-1991. Oxford: James Currey.
71. Gebissa, E. (2008). Scourge of life or an economic lifeline? Public discourses on Khat (catha edulis) in Ethiopia. Substance Use and Misuse, 43(6), 784-802.
72. Gellner, G. (2000). Trust, cohesion and the social order. In D. Gembetta (Ed.), Trust: Making and breaking cooperative relations (pp. 142-157). Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988. Republished in 2000 as an electronic edition. Retrieved October 2006 from http://www.sociology.ox.ac.uk/trustbook.html
73. Gerholm, T. (1977). Market, mosque and mafraj. Stockholm: Department of Anthropology, University of Stockholm.
74. Ghaidan, U. (1975). Lamu: A study of the Swahili town. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau.
75. Giddens, A. (1991). Modernity and self-identity: Self and society in the late modern age. Cambridge: Polity Press.
76. Goldsmith, P. (1994). Symbiosis and transformation in Kenya's Meru District. PhD thesis, University of Florida.
77. Goldsmith, P. (1997). The Somali impact on Kenya, 1990-1993: The view from the camps. In H. M. Adam & R. Ford (Eds.), Mending rips in the sky: Options for Somali communities in the 21st century (pp. 461-483). Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press.
78. Goodman, J., Lovejoy, P., & Sherrat, A. (2007). Consuming habits (2nd ed.). Abingdon: Routledge.
79. Government of Uganda. (n.d.). Penal code act CAP.120 Uganda. Kampala: LDC.
80. Grillo, R. D. (1997). Discourses of development: The view from anthropology. In R. D. Grillo & R. L. Stirrat (Eds.), Discourses of development: Anthropological perspectives (pp. 1-33). Oxford: Berg.
81. Grillo, R. D., & Stirrat, R. L. (Eds.). (1997). Discourses of development: Anthropological perspectives. Oxford: Berg.
82. Hailu, D. (2005). Supporting a nation: Khat farming and livelihoods in Ethiopia. Drugs and Alcohol Today, 5(3), 22-24.
83. Hailu, D. (2007). Should khat be banned? The development impact. One Pager. Number 40. International Poverty Centre. Brasilia, Brazil: UNDP.
84. Halliday, F. (1992). Arabs in exile: Yemeni migrants in urban Britain. London: I. B. Tauris.
85. Hanson, H. (2003). Landed obligation: The practice of power in Buganda. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
86. Hanson, H. (2007). Stolen people and autonomous chiefs in nineteenthcentury Buganda. In H. Medard & S. Doyle (Eds.), Slavery in the Great Lakes Region of East Africa (pp. 161-173). Oxford: James Currey.
87. Heald, S. (1999). Manhood and morality: Sex, violence and ritual in Gisu society. London: Routledge.
88. Hersi, A. A. (1977). The Arab factor in Somali history: The origins and the development of Arab enterprise and cultural influence in the Somali peninsula. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of California, Los Angeles.
89. Hodd, M., & Roche, A. (2002). Footprint Uganda handbook. Bristol: Footprint Books.
90. Horton, M., & Middleton, J. (2000). The Swahili: The social landscape of a mercantile society. Oxford: Blackwell.
91. Ihunwo, A. O., Kayanja, F. I. B., & Amadi-Ihunwo, U. B. (2004). Use and perception of the psychostimulant, khat (Catha edulis) among three occupational groups in south western Uganda. East African Medical Journal, 81(9), 468-473.
92. Jenkins, R. (2004). Social identity (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.
93. Johnson, D. H. (2009). Tribe or nationality? The Sudanese diaspora and the Kenyan Nubis. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 3(1), 112-131.
94. Johnson, F. (1979). Madan's a standard Swahili-English dictionary. Nairobi: Oxford University Press.
95. Karemire, M. A. (2008). Research Report. Mbarara: Handwritten Report, Mbarara.
96. Kassim, M. M. (1995). Aspects of the Benadir cultural history: The case of the Bravan Ulama. In A. J. Ahmed (Ed.), The invention of Somalia (pp. 29-42). Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press.
97. Kasozi, A. B. K. (1996). The life of Prince Badru Kakungulu Wasajja. Kampala: Progressive.
98. Kato, J. (2008, July 17). Drug abuse behind Kampala's high crime rate. New Vision, 23.
99. Kaufmann, G. (1997). Watching the developers: A partial ethnography. In R. D. Grillo & R. L. Stirrat (Eds.), Discourses of development: Anthropological perspectives (pp. 107-131). Oxford: Berg.
100. Kawoya, V. F. K. (1985). Kiswahili in Uganda. In J. Maw & D. Parkin (Eds.), Swahili language and society (pp. 35-45). Vienna: Beitrage zur Afrikanistik.
101. Kennedy, J. G. (1987). The flower of paradise: The institutionalized use of the drug qat in North Yemen. Dortrech: D. Reidel.
102. Klein, A. (2005). Chewing it over: Reviewing the legal status of khat. Drugs and Alcohol Today, 5(3), 12-13.
103. Klein, A. (2008). Khat in the neighbourhood-local government responses to khat use in a London community. Substance Use and Misuse, 43(6), 819-831.
104. Klein, A., & Beckerleg, S. (2007). Building castles of spit-the role of khat in ritual, leisure and work. In J. Goodman, P. Lovejoy, & A. Sherrat (Eds.), Consuming habits (2nd ed., pp. 238-254). Abingdon: Routledge.
105. Klein, A., Beckerleg, S., & Hailu, D. (2009). Regulating khat-dilemmas and opportunities for the international drug control system. International Journal of Drug Policy, 20(6), 509-513.
106. Kusow, A. M. (1995). The Somali origin: Myth or reality? In A. J. Ahmed (Ed.), The invention of Somalia (pp. 81-106). Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press.
107. Landa, J. T. (1995). Trust, ethnicity and identity: Beyond the new institutional economics of ethnic trading. Michigan: University of Michigan.
108. Lautze, S. (2008). Social dynamics in militarized livelihood systems: Evidence from a study of Ugandan Army Soldiers. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 2(3), 415-438.
109. Le Guennec-Coppens, F. (1989). Social and cultural integration: A case study of the East African Hadramis. Africa, 59(2), 185-195.
110. Le Guennec-Coppens, F. (1991). Qui epouse-t-on chez les Hadrami d'Afrique orientale: Les reseaux d'alliances. In Le Guennec- Coppens F. et Caplan P. (Eds.), Les Swahili entre Afrique et Arabie (pp. 145-162). Paris: Karthala.
111. Lonsdale, J. (2008). Soil, work, civilisation and citizenship in Kenya. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 2(2), 305-314.
112. Leopold, M. (2005). Inside West Nile. Oxford: James Currey.
113. Leopold, M. (2007). Legacies of slavery in North West Uganda: The story of the "One-Elevens." In H. Medard & S. Doyle (Eds.), Slavery in the Great Lakes Region of East Africa. Oxford: James Currey.
114. Lovejoy, P. E. (2007). Kola nuts: The "coffee" of central Sudan. In J. Goodman, P. Lovejoy, & A. Sherrat (Eds.), Consuming habits (2nd ed., pp. 98-120). Abingdon: Routledge.
115. Maitai, C. K. (1996). Catha edulis (miraa): A detailed review focusing on its chemistry, health implication, economic, legal, social, cultural, religious, moral aspects and its cultivation. Nairobi: National Council for Science and Technology.
116. Mansur, A. O. (1995). The nature of the Somali clan system. In A. J. Ahmed (Ed.), The invention of Somalia (pp. 117-134). Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press.
117. Martin, B. G. (1976). Muslim brotherhoods in nineteenth-century Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
118. Martin, E. B., & Martin, C. P. (1978). Cargoes of the East: The ports, trade and culture of the Arabian seas and the Western Indian Ocean. London: Elm Tree/Hamish Hamilton.
119. Matthee, R. (1995). Exotic substances: The introduction and global spread of tobacco, coffee, cocoa, tea, and distilled liquor, sixteenth to eighteenth centuries. In R. Porter & M. Teich (Eds.), Drugs and narcotics in history (pp. 24-51). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
120. Maunda, P. M. (1999). Traditional food plants of Kenya. Nairobi: KENRIK, National Museums of Kenya.
121. Mazrui, A. M., & Shariff, I. N. (1994). The Swahili: Idiom and identity of an African people. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
122. Meneley, A. (1996). Tournaments of value: Sociability and hierarchy in a Yemeni town. London: University of Toronto Press.
123. Meredith, M. (2006). The state of Africa: A history of fifty years of independence. London: Free Press.
124. Milich, L., & Al-Sabbry. M. (1995). The "rational peasant" vs. sustainable livelihoods: The case of Qat in Yemen. Retrieved August 22, 2005, from http://ag.arizona.edu~lmilich/yemen.html
125. Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industries and Fisheries. (2008). National Agricultural Advisory Service: Annual report, 2006-2007. Unpublished report. Kampala: Uganda National Agricultural Advisory Service.
126. Mkutu, K. A. (2007). Small arms and light weapons among pastoral groups in the Kenya-Uganda border area. African Affairs, 106(422), 47-70.
127. Moyse-Bartlett, H. (1956). The King's African Rifles: A study of the military history of East and Central Africa, 1890-1945. Aldershot: Gale and Polden.
128. Mukhtar, M. J. (1995). Islam in Somali history: Fact and fiction. In A. J. Ahmed (Ed.), The invention of Somalia (pp. 1-27). Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press.
129. Mukiibi, J. K. (Ed.). (2001). Agriculture in Uganda: Volume III, Forestry. Kamapala: NARO, Fountain.
130. Musoli, P. C., Hakiza, J. B., Birikunzira, J. B., Kibirige-Sebunya, I., & Kucel, P. (2001). Coffee (coffea spp). In National Agricultural Research Organization (Ed.), Agriculture in Uganda: Volume II, Crops (pp. 376-436). Kampala: Fountain Books.
131. Muwambi, S. (2008, July 3). Gov't to support brisk mairungi trade. Red Pepper, p. 1.
132. NAADS. (2003a). Consultative workshop on vanilla sub-sector. Kampala: Uganda National Agricultural Advisory Service.
133. NAADS. (2003b). National agricultural advisory service: Facts and figures. Kampala: Uganda National Agricultural Advisory Service.
134. Nabusoba, I. (2007, October 29). Somalis demand recognition. New Vision, p. 14.
135. National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO). (1999). Catalogue of plants in Entebbe Botanical Gardens 1999. Kampala: National Agricultural Research Organisation.
136. National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO). (2001). Agriculture in Uganda: Volume II, Crops. Kampala: Fountain Books.
137. Oded, A. (1974). Islam in Uganda: Islamization through a centralized state in pre-colonial Africa. Jerusalem: Israel Universities Press.
138. Odenwald, M. (2007). Chronic khat use and psychotic disorders: A review of the literature and future prospects. SUCHT, 53(1), 9-22.
139. Onzima, R. J., & Birikunzira, J. B. (2001). Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). In National Agricultural Research Organization (Ed.) Agriculture in Uganda: Volume II, Crops (pp. 500-529). Kampala: Fountain Books.
140. Oxfam International. (2006). Grounds for change: Creating a voice for small coffee farmers and farmworkers with the next international coffee agreement. Junta Nacional del Café and Oromia Coffee Farmer Cooperative Union [Newsletter], p. 5.
141. Parfitt, T. (2002). The end of development? Modernity, post-modernity and development. London: Pluto Press.
142. Peake, R. (1989). Swahili stratification and tourism in Malindi Old Town, Kenya. Africa, 59(2), 209-220.
143. Perham M. (1956). Lugard: The years of adventure. 1858-1898. London: Collins.
144. Perham, M. (1959). The dairies of Lord Lugard, Uganda (Vol. 1). London: Faber and Faber.
145. Posnansky, M. (1975). Connections between the Lacustrine peoples and the coast. In N. Chittick & R. Rotberg (Eds.). East Africa and the Orient (pp. 217-225). London: Africana.
146. Randall, T. (1993). Khat abuse fuels Somali conflict, drains economy. Journal of the American Medical Association, 269(1), 12-14.
147. Ray, B. C. (1991). Myth, ritual and kingship in Buganda. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
148. Reid, R. (2007). Human booty in Buganda. In H. Medard & S. Doyle (Eds.), Slavery in the Great Lakes region of East Africa (pp. 145-160). Oxford: James Currey.
149. Reid, R., & Dirar, U. C. (2007). Experiencing identities: Making and remaking African communities. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 1(2), 234-237.
150. Richards, A. I., Sturrock, F., & Fortt, J. M. (1973). Subsistence to commercial farming in present-day Uganda: An economic and anthropological survey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
151. Roscoe, J. (1965). The Baganda. London: Frank Cass.
152. Scmittter Heisler, B. (2008). The sociology of immigration. In C. B. Brettel & J. F. Hollifield (Eds.), Migration theory (pp. 83-111). New York: Routledge.
153. Seligman, A. (2000). Problem of trust. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
154. Sex and mairungi. (2008, July 13). Red Pepper, pp. 7-9.
155. Singer, M. (2008). Drugs and development: The global impact on sustainable growth and human rights. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press.
156. Snoxall, R. A. (1985). The East African Interterritorial Language (Swahili) Committee. In J. Maw & D. Parkin (Eds.), Swahili language and society (pp. 15-24). Vienna: Beitrage zur Afrikanistik.
157. Soghayroun, I. (1981). The Sudanese Muslim factor in Uganda. Khartoum: Khartoum University Press.
158. Ssemorgerere, G., & Wiegratz, J. (2007). Is export-led growth a possibility? A qualitative assessment of Uganda's export policies over the last 15 years 1990/91-2005/06; with suggestions for non-distorting but selective interventions to enhance the export and growth agenda. Report presented at the National Policy Conference in Sustaining growth in Uganda, Kampala.
159. Stacey, T. (2003). Tribe. London: Stacey International.
160. Stark, O. (1991). The migration of labor. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell.
161. Steinhart, E. L. (2007). Slavery and other forms of social oppression in Ankole, 1890-1940. In H. Medard & S. Doyle (Eds.), Slavery in the Great Lakes region of East Africa (pp. 189-209). Oxford: James Currey.
162. Sztompka, P. (2000). Trust: A sociological theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
163. Taylor, C. (1999). Sacrifice as terror: The Rwandan genocide of 1994. Oxford: Berg.
164. Tefera, T. L., Kirsten, J., & Perret, S. (2004). Market incentives, farmers' response and a policy dilemma: A case study of chat production in the eastern Ethiopian Highlands. Presented at the Workshop on Khat and the Ethiopian Reality: Production, Consumption, and Marketing, Addis Ababa University.
165. Tushemereirwe, W. K., Karamura, D., Ssali, H., Bwamiki, D., Kashaiji, I., Nankinga, C., . . . Ssebuliba, R. (2001). Bananas. (musa spp). In National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO) (Ed.) Agriculture in Uganda: Volume II, Crops (pp. 281-319). Kampala: Fountain Books.
166. Trimmingham, J. S. (1989). Islam in East Africa. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
167. UNEP/GRID-Arendal. (2008). Forest vs. Agriculture-the case of the Mabira forest reserve, Uganda. UNEP/GRID-Arendal Maps and Graphics Library. Retrieved June 14, 2009, from http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/forest-vs-agriculture-the-case-of-the-mabira-forest-reserve-uganda
168. Valeri, M. (2007). Nation-building and communities in Oman since 1970: The Swahili-speaking Omani in search of identity. African Affairs, 106(424), 479-496.
169. Van Hear, N. (1998). New diasporas: The mass exodus, dispersal and regrouping of migrant communities. London: UCL Press, Taylor and Francis.
170. Varisco, D. M. (1986). On the meaning of chewing-the significance of qat (Catha-edulis) in the Yemen-Arab-Republic. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 18(1), 1-13.
171. Varisco, D. M. (2004). The elixir of life or the devil's cud? The debate over qat (Catha edulis) in Yemeni culture. In R. Coomber & S. Nigel (Eds.), Drug use and cultural contexts: "Beyond the West." London: Free Association Books.
172. Uganda Protectorate. (1951). Report on the census of the non-native population of Uganda Protectorate taken on the night of 25th February, 1948. London: Crown Agents.
173. United Nations International Drug Control Programme. (1999). The drugs nexus in Africa. Vienna: ODCCP Studies on Drugs and Crime.
174. Walls, M. (2009). The emergence of a Somali state: Building peace from civil war in Somaliland. African Affairs, 108(432), 371-389.
175. Warfa, N., Klein, A., Bhui, K., Leavey, G., Craig, T., & Stansfeld, S. (2007). Association between khat use and mental disorders: An emerging paradigm. Social Science and Medicine, 65(2), 309-318.
176. Weir, S. (1985a). Economic aspects of the qat industry in north-west Yemen. In B. R. Pridham (Ed.), Economy, society and culture in contemporary Yemen (pp. 65-82). London: Croom Helm.
177. Weir, S. (1985b). Qat in Yemen: Consumption and social change. London: British Museum.
178. Wiegratz, J. (2008). Beyond harsh trade!? The relevance of "soft" competitiveness factors for Ugandan enterprises to endure in global value chains. The African Journal of Business and Law, 2(1), 1-23.
179. Willis, J. (2002). Potent brews: A social history of alcohol in East Africa 1850- 1999. Oxford: James Currey.
180. Zinberg, N. E. (1984). Drug, set, and setting: The basis for controlled intoxicant use. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.