Immunotherapy of melanoma: An update

Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America

Volumn 20, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 145-163

  Homsi, Jade ^a   Grimm, Joshua C ^a   Hwu, Patrick ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MD ANDERSON CANCER CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

CTLA 4; Immunotherapy; Interleukin; Melanoma; T cell; Vaccine

Indexed keywords

ALPHA2B INTERFERON; BUDESONIDE; CANVAXIN; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN 4; CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN 4 ANTIBODY; DACARBAZINE; DENDRITIC CELL VACCINE; DNA VACCINE; FLUDARABINE; GLYCOPROTEIN GP 100; GRANULOCYTE MACROPHAGE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR VACCINE; HLA A2 ANTIGEN; IPILIMUMAB; PEGINTERFERON; PEPTIDE VACCINE; RECOMBINANT INTERLEUKIN 2; STAT PROTEIN; TICILIMUMAB; VIRUS VACCINE;

ADJUVANT THERAPY; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; BLOOD TOXICITY; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY; CANCER RELAPSE; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURVIVAL; CAPILLARY LEAK SYNDROME; CARDIOTOXICITY; CELL THERAPY; CLINICAL TRIAL; COLITIS; DIARRHEA; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG ADMINISTRATION ROUTE; DRUG DOSE INCREASE; DRUG ELIMINATION; DRUG ERUPTION; DRUG FATALITY; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG PROTEIN BINDING; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TARGETING; DRUG TOLERABILITY; HEPATITIS; HUMAN; HYPOPHYSIS DISEASE; IMMUNIZATION; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; ISCHEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; LOW DRUG DOSE; LUNG TOXICITY; MELANOMA; NEPHROTOXICITY; NEUROTOXICITY; NEUTROPENIA; OLIGURIA; OVERALL SURVIVAL; PROGNOSIS; PROGRESSION FREE SURVIVAL; PRURITUS; REVIEW; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; TREATMENT DURATION; WHOLE BODY RADIATION;

ANTIGENS, CD; CANCER VACCINES; HUMANS; IMMUNOTHERAPY; INTERFERON ALFA-2B; MELANOMA; SKIN NEOPLASMS; T-LYMPHOCYTES; TISSUE THERAPY; UNITED STATES; VACCINES, DNA; VIRAL VACCINES;

EID: 78649473186     PISSN: 10553207     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2010.09.004     Document Type: Review

References (126)

1. Ries L.A., Wingo P.A., Miller D.S., et al. The annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1973-1997, with a special section on colorectal cancer. Cancer 2000, 88:2398-2424.
2. National Cancer Institute, U.S. National Institutes of Health Surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) Program Available at:, Accessed March 1, 2010. http://www.seer%20cancer.gov.
3. Bedikian A.Y., Millward M., Pehamberger H., et al. Bcl-2 antisense (oblimersensodium) plus dacarbazine in patients with advanced melanoma: the Oblimersen Melanoma Study Group. J Clin Oncol 2006, 24:4738-4745.
4. Qureshi S.A., Salditt-Georgieff M., Darnell M.A. Tyrosine-phosphorylated Stat1 and Stat2 plus a 48-kDa protein all contact DNA in forming interferon-stimulated-gene factor 3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995, 92(9):3829-3833.
5. Qureshi S.A., Leung S., Kerr I.M., et al. Function of Stat2 protein in transcriptional activation by alpha interferon. Mol Cell Biol 1996, 16(1):288-293.
6. Badgwell B., Lesinski G.B., Magro C., et al. The antitumor effects of interferon-alpha are maintained in mice challenged with a STAT1-deficient murine melanoma cell line. J Surg Res 2004, 116(1):129-136.
7. Gogas H., Ioannovich J., Dafni U. Prognostic significance of autoimmunity during treatment of melanoma with interferon. N Engl J Med 2006, 354(7):709-718.
8. Kirkwood J.M., Bender C., Agarwala S., et al. Mechanisms and management of toxicities associated with high-dose interferon alfa-2b therapy. J Clin Oncol 2002, 20(17):3703-3718.
9. Kirkwood J.M., Strawderman M.H., Ernstoff M.S., et al. Interferon alfa-2b adjuvant therapy of high-risk resected cutaneous melanoma: the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Trial EST 1684. J Clin Oncol 1996, 14(1):7-17.
10. Kirkwood J.M., Ibrahim J.G., Sondak V.K., et al. High- and low-dose interferon alfa-2b in high-risk melanoma: first analysis of intergroup trial E1690/S9111/C9190. J Clin Oncol 2000, 18(12):2444-2458.
11. Kirkwood J.M., Ibrahim J.G., Sosman J.A., et al. High-dose interferon alfa-2b significantly prolongs relapse-free and overall survival compared with the GM2-KLH/QS-21 vaccine in patients with resected stage IIB-III melanoma: results of intergroup trial E1694/S9512/C509801. J Clin Oncol 2001, 19(9):2370-2380.
12. Kirkwood J.M., Manola J., Ibrahim J., et al. A pooled analysis of eastern cooperative oncology group and intergroup trials of adjuvant high-dose interferon for melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2004, 10(5):1670-1677.
13. Kirkwood J.M., Ibrahim J., Lawson D.H., et al. High-dose interferon alfa-2b does not diminish antibody response to GM2 vaccination in patients with resected melanoma: results of the Multicenter Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Phase II Trial E2696. J Clin Oncol 2001, 19(5):1430-1436.
14. Wheatley K., Ives N., Hancock B., et al. Does adjuvant interferon-alpha for high-risk melanoma provide a worthwhile benefit? A meta-analysis of the randomised trials. Cancer Treat Rev 2003, 29(4):241-252.
15. Creagan E.T., Dalton R.J., Ahmann D.L., et al. Randomized, surgical adjuvant clinical trial of recombinant interferon alfa-2a in selected patients with malignant melanoma. J Clin Oncol 1995, 13(11):2776-2783.
16. Kleeberg U.R., Sucio S., Brocker E.B., et al. Final results of the EORTC 18871/DKG 80-1 randomised phase III trial. rIFN-alpha 2b versus rIFN-gamma versus ISCADOR M versus observation after surgery in melanoma patients with either high-risk primary (thickness >3 mm) or regional lymph node metastasis. Eur J Cancer 2004, 40(3):390-402.
17. Grob J.J., Dreno B., de la Salmoniere P., et al. Randomised trial of interferon alpha-2a as adjuvant therapy in resected primary melanoma thicker than 1.5 mm without clinically detectable node metastases. French Cooperative Group on Melanoma. Lancet 1998, 351(9120):1905-1910.
18. Pehamberger H., Soyer H.P., Steiner A., et al. Adjuvant interferon alfa-2a treatment in resected primary stage II cutaneous melanoma. Austrian Malignant Melanoma Cooperative Group. J Clin Oncol 1998, 16(4):1425-1429.
19. Cameron D.A., Cornbleet M.C., Mackie R.M., et al. Adjuvant interferon alpha 2b in high risk melanoma - the Scottish study. Br J Cancer 2001, 84(9):1146-1149.
20. Cascinelli N., Belli F., MacKie R.M., et al. Effect of long-term adjuvant therapy with interferon alpha-2a in patients with regional node metastases from cutaneous melanoma: a randomised trial. Lancet 2001, 358(9285):866-869.
21. Hancock B.W., Wheatley K., Harris S., et al. Adjuvant interferon in high-risk melanoma: the AIM HIGH Study-United Kingdom Coordinating Committee on Cancer Research randomized study of adjuvant low-dose extended-duration interferon Alfa-2a in high-risk resected malignant melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2004, 22(1):53-61.
22. Eggermont A.M., Suciu S., Santinami M., et al. Adjuvant therapy with pegylated interferon alfa-2b versus observation alone in resected stage III melanoma: final results of EORTC 18991, a randomised phase III trial. Lancet 2008, 372(9633):117-126.
23. Pectasides D., Dafni U., Bafaloukos D., et al. Randomized phase III study of 1 month versus 1 year of adjuvant high-dose interferon alfa-2b in patients with resected high-risk melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2009, 27(6):939-944.
24. Eggermont A.M., Suciu S., Testori A., et al. Ulceration of primary melanoma and responsiveness to adjuvant interferon therapy: analysis of the adjuvant trials EORTC18952 and EORTC18991 in 2,644 patients. J Clin Oncol 2009, 27:15s. [Suppl; abstract 9007].
25. Morgan D.A., Ruscetti F.W., Gallo R. Selective in vitro growth of T lymphocytes for normal human bone marrows. Science 1976, 193:1007-1008.
26. Taniguchi T., Matsui H., Fujita T., et al. Structure and expression of cloned cDNA for human interleukin-2. Nature 1983, 302:305-310.
27. Rosenberg S.A., Mule J.J., Speiss P.J., et al. Regression of established pulmonary metastases and subcutaneous tumor mediated by the systemic administration of high-dose recombinant interleukin 2. J Exp Med 1985, 161:1169-1188.
28. Atkins M.B., Mier J.W., Parkinson D.R., et al. Hypothyroidism after treatment with interleukin-2 and lymphokine-activated killer cells. N Engl J Med 1988, 318:1557-1563.
29. Rosenberg S.A., Lotze M.T., Muul L.M., et al. Observations on the systemic administration of autologous lymphokine-activated killer cells and recombinant interleukin-2 to patients with metastatic cancer. N Engl J Med 1985, 313:1485-1492.
30. Rosenberg S.A., Lotze M.T., Muul L.M., et al. A progress report on the treatment of 157 patients with advanced cancer using lymphokine-activated killer cells and interleukin-2 or high-dose interleukin-2 alone. N Engl J Med 1987, 316:889-897.
31. Atkins M.B., Kunkel L., Sznol M., et al. High-dose recombinant interleukin-2 therapy in patients with metastatic melanoma: long-term survival update. Cancer J Sci Am 2000, 6:S11-S14.
32. Atkins M.B., Lotze M.T., Dutcher J.P., et al. High-dose recombinant interleukin 2 therapy for patients with metastatic melanoma: analysis of 270 patients treated between 1985 and 1993. J Clin Oncol 1999, 17:2105-2116.
33. Dutcher J.P., Creekmore S., Weiss G.R., et al. A phase II study of interleukin-2 and lymphokine-activated killer cells in patients with metastatic malignant melanoma. J Clin Oncol 1989, 7:477-485.
34. Parkinson D.R., Abrams J.S., Wiernik P.H., et al. Interleukin-2 therapy in patients with metastatic malignant melanoma: a phase II study. J Clin Oncol 1990, 8:1650-1656.
35. Rosenberg S.A., Yang J.C., Topalian S.L., et al. Treatment of 283 consecutive patients with metastatic melanoma or renal cell cancer using high-dose bolus interleukin 2. JAMA 1999, 271:907-913.
36. Petrella T., Quirt I., Verma S., et al. Single-agent interleukin-2 in the treatment of metastatic melanoma: a systematic review. Cancer Treat Rev 2007, 33:484-496.
37. Chang E., Rosenberg S.A. Patients with melanoma metastases at cutaneous and subcutaneous sites are highly susceptible to interleukin-2-based therapy. J Immunother 2001, 24:88-90.
38. Mouawad R., Sebert M., Michels J., et al. Treatment for metastatic malignant melanoma: old drugs and new strategies. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2010, 74(1):27-39.
39. Keilholz U., Conradt C., Legha S.S., et al. Results of interleukin-2-based treatment in advanced melanoma: a case record-based analysis of 631 patients. J Clin Oncol 1998, 16(9):2921-2929.
40. Schwartz R.N., Stover L., Dutcher J., et al. Managing toxicities of high-dose interleukin-2. Oncology (Williston Park) 2002, 16(11 Suppl 13):11-20.
41. Tagliaferri P., Barile C., Caraglia M., et al. Daily low-dose subcutaneous recombinant interleukin-2 by alternate weekly administration: antitumor activity and immunomodulatory effects. Am J Clin Oncol 1998, 21(1):48-53.
42. Parkhurst M.R., Salgaller M.L., Southwood S., et al. Improved induction of melanoma-reactive CTL with peptides from the melanoma antigen gp100 modified at HLA-A*0201-binding residues. J Immunol 1996, 157:2539-2548.
43. Rosenberg S.A., Yang J.C., Schwartzentruber D.J., et al. Immunologic and therapeutic evaluation of a synthetic peptide vaccine for the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma. Nat Med 1998, 4:321-327.
44. Sosman J.A., Carrillo C., Urba W.J., et al. Three phase II cytokine working group trials of gp100 (210M) peptide plus high-dose interleukin-2 in patients with HLA-A2-positive advanced melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26(14):2292-2298.
45. Smith F.O., Downey S.G., Klapper J.A., et al. Treatment of metastatic melanoma using interleukin-2 alone or in conjunction with vaccines. Clin Cancer Res 2008, 14(17):5610-5618.
46. Schwartzentruber DJ, Lawson D, Richards J, et al. A phase III multi-institutional randomized study of immunization with the gp100: 209-217(210M) peptide followed by high-dose IL-2 compared with high-dose IL-2 alone in patients with metastatic melanoma [abstract CRA9011]. J Clin Oncol 2009. In 2009 ASCO Annual Meeting. Orlando, Florida, 2009. 27.
47. Roberts J.D., Niedzwiecki D., Carson W.E., et al. Cancer and Leukemia Group B. Phase 2 study of the g209-2M melanoma peptide vaccine and low-dose interleukin-2 in advanced melanoma: Cancer and Leukemia Group B 509901. J Immunother 2006, 29(1):95-101.
48. Vorobiof D.A., Bezwoda W.R. A randomised trial of vindesine plus interferon-2b compared with interferon-2b or vindesine alone in the treatment of advanced malignant melanoma. Eur J Cancer 1994, 30A:797-800.
49. Falkson C.I. Experience with interferon alpha 2b combined with dacarbazine in the treatment of metastatic malignant melanoma. Med Oncol 1995, 12:35-40.
50. Eton O., Legha S.S., Bedikian A.Y., et al. Sequential biochemotherapy versus chemotherapy for metastatic melanoma: results from a phase III randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 2002, 20:2045-2052.
51. Huncharek M., Caubet J.F., McGarry R. Single-agent DTIC versus combination chemotherapy with or without immunotherapy in metastatic melanoma: a meta-analysis of 3273 patients from 20 randomized trials. Melanoma Res 2001, 11:75-81.
52. Allen I., Kupelnick B., Kumashiro M. Efficacy of interleukin-2 in the treatment of metastatic melanoma - systemic review and metastasis analysis. Cancer Ther 1998, 1:168-173.
53. Ives N.J., Stowe R.L., Lorigan P., et al. Chemotherapy compared with biochemotherapy for the treatment of metastatic melanoma: a meta-analysis of 18 trials involving 2,621 patients. J Clin Oncol 2007, 25(34):5426-5434.
54. Kirkwood J.M., Ernstoff M.S., Giuliano A., et al. Interferon -2a and dacarbazine in melanoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 1990, 82:1062-1063.
55. Galvez C.A., Bonamassa M. Advanced malignant melanoma: DTIC plus rIFN-alfa-2b vs DTIC alone [abstract 932]. Eur J Cancer 1991, 27(Suppl 2):s155.
56. Thomson D.B., Adena M., McLeod R.C., et al. Interferon-2a does not improve response or survival when combined with dacarbazine in metastatic malignant melanoma: Results of a multi-institutional Australian randomized trial. Melanoma Res 1993, 3:133-138.
57. Bajetta E., Di Leo A., Zampino M.G., et al. Multicenter randomized trial of dacarbazine alone or in combination with two different doses and schedules of interferon alpha-2a in the treatment of advanced melanoma. J Clin Oncol 1994, 12:806-811.
58. Falkson C.I., Ibrahim J., Kirkwood J.M., et al. cPhase III trial of dacarbazine versus dacarbazine with interferon alpha-2b versus dacarbazine with tamoxifen versus dacarbazine with interferon alpha-2b and tamoxifen in patients with metastatic malignant melanoma: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol 1998, 16:1743-1751.
59. 1 (IFN) for advanced malignant melanoma: a randomized pilot phase III study]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 2000, 27(Suppl 2):310-314.
60. Young A.M., Marsden J., Goodman A., et al. Prospective randomized comparison of dacarbazine (DTIC) versus DTIC plus interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) in metastatic melanoma. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2001, 13:458-465.
61. Danson S., Lorigan P., Arance A., et al. Randomised phase II study of temozolomide given every 8 hours or daily with either interferon alpha-2b or thalidomide in metastatic malignant melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2003, 21:2551-2557.
62. Kaufmann R., Spieth K., Leiter U., et al. Temozolomide in combination with interferon-alpha versus temozolomide alone in patients with advanced metastatic melanoma: a randomized, phase III, multicenter study from the Dermatologic Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 2005, 23:9001-9007.
63. Johnston S.R., Constenla D.O., Moore J., et al. Randomized phase II trial of BCDT [carmustine (BCNU), cisplatin, dacarbazine (DTIC) and tamoxifen] with or without interferon alpha (IFN-) and interleukin (IL-2) in patients with metastatic melanoma. Br J Cancer 1998, 77:1280-1286.
64. Rosenberg S.A., Yang J.C., Schwartzentruber D.J., et al. Prospective randomized trial of the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma using chemotherapy with cisplatin, dacarbazine, and tamoxifen alone or in combination with interleukin-2 and interferon alpha-2b. J Clin Oncol 1999, 17:968-975.
65. Atzpodien J., Neuber K., Kamanabrou D., et al. Combination chemotherapy with or without sc IL-2 and IFN-alpha: results of a prospectively randomized trial of the Cooperative Advanced Malignant Melanoma Chemoimmunotherapy group (ACIMM). Br J Cancer 2002, 86:179-184.
66. Ridolfi R., Chiarion-Sileni V., Guida M., et al. Cisplatin, dacarbazine with or without subcutaneous interleukin-2, and interferon alfa-2b in advanced melanoma outpatients: Results from an Italian multicenter phase III randomized clinical trial. J Clin Oncol 2002, 20:1600-1607.
67. Atkins M.B., Hsu J., Lee S., et al. Phase III trial comparing concurrent biochemotherapy with cisplatin, vinblastine, dacarbazine, interleukin-2, and interferon alfa-2b with cisplatin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine alone in patients with metastatic malignant melanoma (E3695): a trial coordinated by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26(35):5748-5754.
68. Bajetta E., Del Vecchio M., Nova P., et al. Multicenter phase III randomized trial of polychemotherapy (CVD regimen) versus the same chemotherapy (CT) plus subcutaneous interleukin-2 and interferon-alpha2b in metastatic melanoma. Ann Oncol 2006, 17(4):571-577.
69. Bedikian A.Y., Papadopoulos N.E., Kim K.B., et al. Does complete response (CR) with systemic therapy (SRx) translate into long term survival in stage IV melanoma (MM)? [abstract 9043]. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26(Suppl).
70. Rosenberg S.A., Lotze M.T., Yang J.C., et al. Combination therapy with interleukin-2 and alpha-interferon for the treatment of patients with advanced cancer. J Clin Oncol 1989, 7:1863-1874.
71. Sparano J.A., Fisher R.I., Sunderland M., et al. Randomized phase III trial of treatment with high-dose interleukin-2 either alone or in combination with interferon alfa-2a in patients with advanced melanoma. J Clin Oncol 1993, 11:1969-1977.
72. Whitehead R.P., Figlin R., Citron M.L., et al. A phase II trial of concomitant human interleukin-2 and interferon-alpha-2a in patients with disseminated malignant melanoma. J Immunother Emphasis Tumor Immunol 1993, 13:117-121.
73. O'Day S.J., Atkins M.B., Boasberg P., et al. Phase II multicenter trial of maintenance biotherapy after induction concurrent Biochemotherapy for patients with metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2009, 27(36):6207-6212.
74. Kirkwood J.M., Tarhini A.A., Panelli M.C., et al. Next generation of immunotherapy for melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26(20):3445-3455.
75. Waterhouse P., Penninger J.M., Timms E., et al. Lymphoproliferative disorders with early lethality in mice deficient in Ctla-4. Science 1995, 270:985-988.
76. Maker A.V., Attia P., Rosenberg S.A. Analysis of the cellular mechanism of antitumor responses and autoimmunity in patients treated with CTLA-4 blockade. J Immunol 2006, 176(9):5136.
77. Weber J.S., O'Day S., Urba W., et al. Phase I/II study of ipilimumab for patients with metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26(36):5950-5956.
78. Wolchok J.D., Neyns B., Linette G., et al. Ipilimumab monotherapy in patients with pretreated advanced melanoma: a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, phase 2, dose-ranging study. Lancet Oncol 2010, 11(2):155-164.
79. Ribas A., Camacho L.H., Lopez-Berestein G., et al. Antitumor activity in melanoma and anti-self responses in a phase I trial with the anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 monoclonal antibody CP-675,206. J Clin Oncol 2005, 23(35):8968-8977.
80. Camacho L.H., Antonia S., Sosman J., et al. Phase I/II trial of tremelimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2009, 27(7):1075-1081.
81. O'Day S.J., Maio M., Chiarion-Sileni V., et al. Efficacy and safety of ipilimumab monotherapy in patients with pretreated advanced melanoma: a multicenter single-arm phase II study. Ann Oncol 2010, 21(8):1712-1717.
82. Kirkwood J.M., Lorigan P., Hersey P., et al. Phase II trial of tremelimumab (CP-675,206) in patients with advanced refractory or relapsed melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2010, 16(3):1042-1048.
83. Phan G.Q., Yang J.C., Sherry R.M., et al. Cancer regression and autoimmunity induced by cytotoxic T lymphocyteassociated antigen 4 blockade in patients with metastatic melanoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003, 100:8372-8377.
84. Ribas A., Comin-Anduix B., Chmielowski B., et al. Dendritic cell vaccination combined with CTLA4 blockade in patients with metastatic melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2009, 15(19):6267-6276.
85. Maker A.V., Phan G.Q., Attia P., et al. Tumor regression and autoimmunity in patients treated with cytotoxic T lymphocyte- associated antigen 4 blockade and interleukin-2: a phase I/II study. Ann Surg Oncol 2005, 12:1005-1016.
86. Attia P., Phan G.Q., Maker A.V., et al. Autoimmunity correlates with tumor regression in patients with metastatic melanoma treated with anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4. J Clin Oncol 2005, 23(25):6043-6053.
87. Hersh E.M., O'Day S.J., Powderly J., et al. A phase II multicenter study of ipilimumab with or without dacarbazine in chemotherapy-naïve patients with advanced melanoma. Invest New Drugs 2010, [Epub ahead of print].
88. Weber J., Thompson J.A., Hamid O., et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II study comparing the tolerability and efficacy of ipilimumab administered with or without prophylactic budesonide in patients with unresectable stage III or IV melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2009, 15(17):5591-5598.
89. Downey S.G., Klapper J.A., Smith F.O., et al. Prognostic factors related to clinical response in patients with metastatic melanoma treated by CTL-associated antigen-4 blockade. Clin Cancer Res 2007, 13(22 Pt 1):6681-6688.
90. Hodi F.S., O'Day S.J., McDermott D.F., et al. Improved survival with ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med 2010, 363:711-723.
91. Wolchok J.D., Hoos A., O'Day S., et al. Guidelines for the evaluation of immune therapy activity in solid tumors: immune-related response criteria. Clin Cancer Res 2009, 15(23):7412-7420.
92. Blank C., Gajewski T.F., Mackensen A. Interaction of PD-L1 on tumor cells with PD-1 on tumor-specific T cells as a mechanism of immune evasion: implications for tumor immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2005, 54:307-314.
93. Mittler R.S., Foell J., McCausland M., et al. Anti-CD137 antibodies in the treatment of autoimmune disease and cancer. Immunol Res 2004, 29:197-208.
94. Eberlein T.J., Rosenstein M., Rosenberg S.A. Regression of a disseminated syngeneic solid tumor by systemic transfer of lymphoid cells expanded in IL-2. J Exp Med 1982, 156:385-397.
95. Donohue J.H., Rosenstein M., Chang A.E., et al. The systemic administration of purified interleukin-2 enhances the ability of sensitized murine lymphocyte to cure a disseminated syngeneic lymphoma. J Immunol 1984, 132:2123-2128.
96. Rosenberg S.A., Aebersold P., Cornetta K., et al. Gene transfer into humans-immunotherapy of patients with advanced melanoma, using tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes modified by retroviral gene transduction. N Engl J Med 1990, 323(9):570-578.
97. Gattinoni L., Finkelstein S.E., Klebanoff C.A., et al. Removal of homeostatic cytokine sinks by lymphodepletion enhances the efficacy of adoptively transferred tumor-specific CD8+ T cells. J Exp Med 2005, 202:907-912.
98. Abad J.D., Wrzensinski C., Overwijk W., et al. T- cell receptor gene therapy of established tumors in a murine melanoma model. J Immunother 2008, 31:1-6.
99. Rosenberg S.A., Restifo N.P., Yang J.C., et al. Adoptive cell transfer: a clinical path to effective cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2008, 8(4):299-308.
100. Schwartzentruber D.J., Homm S.S., Dadmarz R., et al. In vitro predictors of therapeutic response in melanoma patients receiving tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and interleukin-2. J Clin Oncol 1994, 12:1475-1483.
101. Mackensen A., Meidenbauer N., Vogl S., et al. Phase I study of adoptive T-cell therapy using antigen-specific CD8+ T cells for the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2006, 24(31):5060-5069.
102. Dudley M.E., Wunderlich J., Nishimura M.I., et al. Adoptive transfer of cloned melanoma-reactive T lymphocytes for the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma. J Immunother 2001, 24(4):363-373.
103. Dudley M.E., Wunderlich J.R., Robbins P.F., et al. Cancer regression and autoimmunity in patients after clonal repopulation with antitumor lymphocytes. Science 2002, 298:850-854.
104. Heemskerk B., Liu K., Dudley M.E., et al. Adoptive cell therapy for patients with melanoma, using tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes genetically engineered to secrete interleukin-2. Hum Gene Ther 2008, 19(5):496-510.
105. Khammari A., Labarrière N., Vignard V., et al. Treatment of metastatic melanoma with autologous Melan-A/MART-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones. J Invest Dermatol 2009, 129(12):2835-2842.
106. Dudley M.E., Wunderlich J.R., Yang J.C., et al. A phase I study of nonmyeloablative chemotherapy and adoptive transfer of autologous tumor antigen-specific T lymphocytes in patients with metastatic melanoma. J Immunother 2002, 25(3):243-251.
107. Dudley M.E., Yang J.C., Sherry R., et al. Adoptive cell therapy for patients with metastatic melanoma: evaluation of intensive myeloablative chemoradiation preparative regimens 2008, 26(32):5233-5239.
108. Dudley M.E., Wunderlich J.R., Yang J.C., et al. Adoptive cell transfer therapy following nonmyeloablative but lymphodepleting chemotherapy for the treatment of patients with refractory metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2005, 23:2346-2357. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26(32):5233-39.
109. Rosenberg S.A., Yannelli J.R., Yang J.C., et al. Treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma with autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and interleukin 2. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994, 86(15):1159-1166.
110. Tang D., Devit M., Johnston S.A. Genetic immunization is a simple method for eliciting an immune response. Nature 1992, 356(6365):152-154.
111. Porgador A., Irvine K.R., Iwasaki A., et al. Predominant role for directlytransfected dendritic cells in antigen presentation to CD8+ T cells after gene gun immunization. J Exp Med 1998, 188:1075-1082.
112. Akbari O., Panjwani N., Garcia S., et al. DNA vaccination: transfection and activation of dendritic cells as key events for immunity. J Exp Med 1999, 189:169-178.
113. Wolchok J.D., Livingston P.O. Vaccines for melanoma: translating basic immunology into new therapies. Lancet Oncol 2001, 2(4):205-211.
114. Hawkins W.G., Gold J.S., Dyall R. Immunisation with DNA coding for gp100 results in CD4+ T-cell independent antitumor immunity. Surgery 2000, 128:273-280.
115. Yuan J., Ku G.Y., Gllardo H.F., et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a human and mouse gp100 DNA vaccine in a phase I trial of patients with melanoma. Cancer Immun 2009, 9:5.
116. Fernandez N.C., Lozier A., Flament C., et al. Dendritic cells directly trigger NK cell function: cross talk relevant in innate ant-tumor immune responses in vivo. Nat Med 1999, 5(4):405-411.
117. Inaba K., Pack M., Inaba M., et al. High levels of a major histocompatibility complex II-self peptide complex on dendritic cells from the T cells areas of lymph nodes. J Exp Med 1997, 186(5):665-672.
118. Gilboa E., Vieweg J. Cancer immunotherapy with mRNA-transfected dendritic cells. Immunol Rev 2004, 199:251-263.
119. Zhang S., Wang Q., Miao B. Review: dendritic cell-based vaccine in the treatment of patients with advanced melanoma. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2007, 22(4):501-507.
120. Palucka A.K., Ueno H., Connolly J., et al. Dendritic cells loaded with killed allogeneic melanoma cells can induce objective clinical responses and MART-1 specific CD8+ T-cell immunity. J Immunother 2006, 29(5):545-557.
121. Schadendorf D., Ugurel S., Schuler-Thurner B., et al. Dacarbazine (DTIC) versus vaccination with autologous peptide-pulsed dendritic cells (DC) in first-line treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma: a randomized phase III trial of the DC study group of the DeCOG. Ann Oncol 2006, 17(4):563-570.
122. Lienard D., Rimoldi D., Marchand M., et al. Ex vivo detectable activation of Melan-A-specific T cells correlating with inflammatory skin reactions in melanoma patients vaccinated with peptides in IFA. Cancer Immunol 2004, 4:4.
123. Morton D.L., Hsueh E.C., Essner R., et al. Prolonged survival of patients receiving active immunotherapy with Canvaxin therapeutic polyvalent vaccine after complete resection of melanoma metastatic to regional lymph nodes. Ann Surg 2002, 236(4):438-448.
124. Kelland L. Discontinued drugs in 2005: oncology drugs. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2006, 15(11):1309-1318.
125. Jager E., Karbach J., Gnjatic S., et al. Recombinant vaccinia/fowlpox NY-ESO-1 vaccines induce both humoral and cellular NY-ESO-1-specific immune responses in cancer patient. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006, 103(9):14453-14458.
126. Senzer N.N., Kaufman H.L., Amatruda T., et al. Phase II clinical trial of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-encoding, second-generation oncolytic herpesvirus in patients with unresectable metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2009, 27(34):5763-5771.