메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 15, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 81-102

End points in chronic heart failure clinical trials

Author keywords

Clinical trial; Drug evaluation; End point; Heart failure

Indexed keywords

AMIODARONE; AMLODIPINE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CANDESARTAN; CAPTOPRIL; CARVEDILOL; DARUSENTAN; DIGOXIN; ENALAPRIL; ETANERCEPT; FLOSEQUINAN; HYDRALAZINE PLUS ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE; IBOPAMINE; LISINOPRIL; LOSARTAN; METOPROLOL; MOXONIDINE; NEUROHORMONE; OMAPATRILAT; PIPERANOMETOZINE; SPIRONOLACTONE; TOLVAPTAN; VALSARTAN; VASODILATOR AGENT;

EID: 78649365932     PISSN: 12729949     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (4)

References (137)
  • 1
    • 0023142379 scopus 로고
    • How should we judge the efficacy of drug therapy in patients with chronic congestive heart failure? The insights of six blind men
    • Parker M. How should we judge the efficacy of drug therapy in patients with chronic congestive heart failure? The insights of six blind men. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1987;9:433-438.
    • (1987) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.9 , pp. 433-438
    • Parker, M.1
  • 2
    • 26844517347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Key issues in end point selection for heart failure trials: composite end points
    • Neaton JD, Gray G, Zuckerman BD, Konstam MA. Key issues in end point selection for heart failure trials: composite end points. J Card Fail. 2005;11:567-575.
    • (2005) J Card Fail , vol.11 , pp. 567-575
    • Neaton, J.D.1    Gray, G.2    Zuckerman, B.D.3    Konstam, M.A.4
  • 3
    • 0022623381 scopus 로고
    • Effect of vasodilator therapy on mortality in chronic congestive heart failure. Results of a Veterans Administration Cooperative Study
    • Cohn JN, Archibald DG, Ziesche S, et al. Effect of vasodilator therapy on mortality in chronic congestive heart failure. Results of a Veterans Administration Cooperative Study. N Engl J Med. 1986;314:1547-1552.
    • (1986) N Engl J Med , vol.314 , pp. 1547-1552
    • Cohn, J.N.1    Archibald, D.G.2    Ziesche, S.3
  • 4
    • 0042410539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of candesartan on mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure: the CHARM-Overall programme
    • Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K, Granger CB, et al. Effects of candesartan on mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure: the CHARM-Overall programme. Lancet. 2003;362:759-766.
    • (2003) Lancet , vol.362 , pp. 759-766
    • Pfeffer, M.A.1    Swedberg, K.2    Granger, C.B.3
  • 5
    • 0029005426 scopus 로고
    • Model inconsistency, illustrated by the Cox proportional hazards model
    • Ford I, Norrie J, Ahmadi S. Model inconsistency, illustrated by the Cox proportional hazards model. Stat Med. 1995;14:735-746.
    • (1995) Stat Med , vol.14 , pp. 735-746
    • Ford, I.1    Norrie, J.2    Ahmadi, S.3
  • 6
    • 0024583836 scopus 로고
    • Covariate imbalance and random allocation in clinical trials
    • Senn SJ. Covariate imbalance and random allocation in clinical trials. Stat Med. 1989;8:467-475.
    • (1989) Stat Med , vol.8 , pp. 467-475
    • Senn, S.J.1
  • 7
    • 0023266532 scopus 로고
    • Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart, failure., Results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study, (CONSENSUS)
    • CONSENSUS Trial Study Group
    • CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. Results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS). N Engl J Med. 1987;316:1429-1435.
    • (1987) N Engl J Med , vol.316 , pp. 1429-1435
  • 8
    • 0030902115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomised trial of losartan versus captopril in patients over 65 with heart failure (Evaluation of Losartan in the Elderly Study, ELITE)
    • Pitt B, Segal R, Martinez FA, et al. Randomised trial of losartan versus captopril in patients over 65 with heart failure (Evaluation of Losartan in the Elderly Study, ELITE). Lancet. 1997;349:747-752.
    • (1997) Lancet , vol.349 , pp. 747-752
    • Pitt, B.1    Segal, R.2    Martinez, F.A.3
  • 9
    • 0029876721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What is the ideal study design for evaluation of treatment for heart failure? Insights from trials assessing the effect of ACE inhibitors on exercise capacity
    • Narang R, Swedberg K, Cleland JG. What is the ideal study design for evaluation of treatment for heart failure? Insights from trials assessing the effect of ACE inhibitors on exercise capacity. Eur Heart J. 1996;17:120-134.
    • (1996) Eur Heart J , vol.17 , pp. 120-134
    • Narang, R.1    Swedberg, K.2    Cleland, J.G.3
  • 10
    • 0025913812 scopus 로고
    • SOLVD., Investigators., Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart, failure
    • SOLVD Investigators. Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:293-302.
    • (1991) N. Engl J. Med. , vol.325 , pp. 293-302
  • 11
    • 0025770138 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of enalapril with hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate in the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure
    • Cohn JN, Johnson G, Ziesche S, et al. A comparison of enalapril with hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate in the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:303-310.
    • (1991) N Engl J Med , vol.325 , pp. 303-310
    • Cohn, J.N.1    Johnson, G.2    Ziesche, S.3
  • 12
    • 28944451695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mode of death in advanced heart failure: the Comparison of Medical, Pacing, and Defibrillation Therapies in Heart Failure (COMPANION) trial
    • Carson P, Anand I, O'Connor C, et al. Mode of death in advanced heart failure: the Comparison of Medical, Pacing, and Defibrillation Therapies in Heart Failure (COMPANION) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:2329-2334.
    • (2005) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.46 , pp. 2329-2334
    • Carson, P.1    Anand, I.2    O'Connor, C.3
  • 13
    • 0029004921 scopus 로고
    • Amiodarone in patients with congestive heart failure and asymptomatic ventricular arrhythmia. Survival Trial of Antiarrhythmic Therapy in Congestive Heart Failure
    • Singh SN, Fletcher RD, Fisher SG, et al. Amiodarone in patients with congestive heart failure and asymptomatic ventricular arrhythmia. Survival Trial of Antiarrhythmic Therapy in Congestive Heart Failure. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:77-82.
    • (1995) N Engl J Med , vol.333 , pp. 77-82
    • Singh, S.N.1    Fletcher, R.D.2    Fisher, S.G.3
  • 14
    • 0031051347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of digoxin on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart, failure
    • Digitalis Investigation Group
    • Digitalis Investigation Group. The effect of digoxin on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:525-533.
    • (1997) N Engl J Med , vol.336 , pp. 525-533
  • 15
    • 0007410805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of amlodipine on morbidity and mortality in severe chronic heart failure. Prospective Randomized Amlodipine Survival Evaluation Study Group
    • Packer M, O'Connor CM, Ghali JK, et al. Effect of amlodipine on morbidity and mortality in severe chronic heart failure. Prospective Randomized Amlodipine Survival Evaluation Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1107-1114.
    • (1996) N Engl J Med , vol.335 , pp. 1107-1114
    • Packer, M.1    O'Connor, C.M.2    Ghali, J.K.3
  • 16
    • 0033549290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of metoprolol, CR/XL., in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol, CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure, (MERIT-HF)
    • MERIT-HF Study Group
    • MERIT-HF Study Group. Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet. 1999;353:2001-2007.
    • (1999) Lancet , vol.353 , pp. 2001-2007
  • 17
    • 0035818884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure
    • Cohn JN, Tognoni G. A randomized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1667-1675.
    • (2001) N Engl J Med , vol.345 , pp. 1667-1675
    • Cohn, J.N.1    Tognoni, G.2
  • 18
    • 16844364826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure
    • Cleland JG, Daubert JC, Erdmann E, et al. The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1539-1549.
    • (2005) N Engl J Med , vol.352 , pp. 1539-1549
    • Cleland, J.G.1    Daubert, J.C.2    Erdmann, E.3
  • 19
    • 0035978801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A trial of the beta-blocker bucindolol in patients with advanced chronic heart failure
    • Beta-Blocker Evaluation of Survival Trial Investigators
    • Beta-Blocker Evaluation of Survival Trial Investigators. A trial of the beta-blocker bucindolol in patients with advanced chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1659-1667.
    • (2001) N Engl J Med , vol.344 , pp. 1659-1667
  • 20
    • 0032542385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A dose-dependent increase in mortality with vesnarinone among patients with severe heart failure
    • Cohn JN, Goldstein SO, Greenberg BH, et al. A dose-dependent increase in mortality with vesnarinone among patients with severe heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1810-1816.
    • (1998) N Engl J Med , vol.339 , pp. 1810-1816
    • Cohn, J.N.1    Goldstein, S.O.2    Greenberg, B.H.3
  • 21
    • 0033517302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators
    • Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, Cody R, et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:709-717.
    • (1999) N Engl J Med , vol.341 , pp. 709-717
    • Pitt, B.1    Zannad, F.2    Remme, W.J.3    Cody, R.4
  • 22
    • 2442479695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiac-resynchronization therapy with or without an implantable defibrillator in advanced chronic heart failure
    • Bristow MR, Saxon LA, Boehmer J, et al. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy with or without an implantable defibrillator in advanced chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:2140-2150.
    • (2004) N Engl J Med , vol.350 , pp. 2140-2150
    • Bristow, M.R.1    Saxon, L.A.2    Boehmer, J.3
  • 23
    • 0035892018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term mechanical left ventricular assistance for end-stage heart failure
    • Rose EA, Gelijns AC, Moskowitz AJ, et al. Long-term mechanical left ventricular assistance for end-stage heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1435-1443.
    • (2001) N Engl J Med , vol.345 , pp. 1435-1443
    • Rose, E.A.1    Gelijns, A.C.2    Moskowitz, A.J.3
  • 24
    • 20844444592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of candesartan on cause-specific mortality in heart failure patients: the Candesartan in Heart failure Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity (CHARM) program
    • Solomon SD, Wang D, Finn P, et al. Effect of candesartan on cause-specific mortality in heart failure patients: the Candesartan in Heart failure Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity (CHARM) program. Circulation. 2004;110:2180-2183.
    • (2004) Circulation , vol.110 , pp. 2180-2183
    • Solomon, S.D.1    Wang, D.2    Finn, P.3
  • 25
    • 33745446787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of digoxin on morbidity and mortality in diastolic heart failure: the ancillary digitalis investigation group trial
    • Ahmed A, Rich MW, Fleg JL, et al. Effects of digoxin on morbidity and mortality in diastolic heart failure: the ancillary digitalis investigation group trial. Circulation. 2006;114:397-403.
    • (2006) Circulation , vol.114 , pp. 397-403
    • Ahmed, A.1    Rich, M.W.2    Fleg, J.L.3
  • 27
    • 57349142933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Irbesartan in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction
    • Massie BM, Carson PE, McMurray JJ, et al. Irbesartan in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:2456-2467.
    • (2008) N Engl J Med , vol.359 , pp. 2456-2467
    • Massie, B.M.1    Carson, P.E.2    McMurray, J.J.3
  • 28
    • 61849156273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiac resynchronization therapy reduces the risk of hospitalizations in patients with advanced heart failure: results from the Comparison of Medical Therapy, Pacing and Defibrillation in Heart Failure (COMPANION) trial
    • Anand IS, Carson P, Galle E, et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy reduces the risk of hospitalizations in patients with advanced heart failure: results from the Comparison of Medical Therapy, Pacing and Defibrillation in Heart Failure (COMPANION) trial. Circulation. 2009;119:969-977.
    • (2009) Circulation , vol.119 , pp. 969-977
    • Anand, I.S.1    Carson, P.2    Galle, E.3
  • 29
    • 38849085803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heart failure as an endpoint in heart failure and non-heart failure cardiovascular clinical trials: the need for a consensus definition
    • Zannad F, Stough WG, Pitt B, et al. Heart failure as an endpoint in heart failure and non-heart failure cardiovascular clinical trials: the need for a consensus definition. Eur Heart J. 2008;29:413-421.
    • (2008) Eur Heart J , vol.29 , pp. 413-421
    • Zannad, F.1    Stough, W.G.2    Pitt, B.3
  • 30
    • 0037143601 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of omapatrilat and enalapril in patients with chronic heart failure: the Omapatrilat Versus Enalapril Randomized Trial of Utility in Reducing Events (OVERTURE)
    • Packer M, Califf RM, Konstam MA, et al. Comparison of omapatrilat and enalapril in patients with chronic heart failure: the Omapatrilat Versus Enalapril Randomized Trial of Utility in Reducing Events (OVERTURE). Circulation. 2002;106:920-926.
    • (2002) Circulation , vol.106 , pp. 920-926
    • Packer, M.1    Califf, R.M.2    Konstam, M.A.3
  • 31
    • 0037937463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of Valsartan on hospitalization: results from Val-HeFT
    • Carson P, Tognoni G, Cohn JN. Effect of Valsartan on hospitalization: results from Val-HeFT. J Card Fail. 2003;9:164-171.
    • (2003) J Card Fail , vol.9 , pp. 164-171
    • Carson, P.1    Tognoni, G.2    Cohn, J.N.3
  • 32
    • 0036141025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Choice of clinical outcomes in randomized trials of heart failure therapies: disease-specific or overall outcomes?
    • Yusuf S, Negassa A. Choice of clinical outcomes in randomized trials of heart failure therapies: disease-specific or overall outcomes? Am Heart J. 2002;143:22-28.
    • (2002) Am Heart J , vol.143 , pp. 22-28
    • Yusuf, S.1    Negassa, A.2
  • 33
    • 34748819364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of nonfatal hospitalization for heart failure on subsequent mortality in patients with chronic heart failure
    • Solomon SD, Dobson J, Pocock S, et al. Influence of nonfatal hospitalization for heart failure on subsequent mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation. 2007;116:1482-1487.
    • (2007) Circulation , vol.116 , pp. 1482-1487
    • Solomon, S.D.1    Dobson, J.2    Pocock, S.3
  • 34
    • 0033936470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonparametric analysis of recurrent events and death
    • Ghosh D, Lin DY. Nonparametric analysis of recurrent events and death. Biometrics. 2000;56:554-562.
    • (2000) Biometrics , vol.56 , pp. 554-562
    • Ghosh, D.1    Lin, D.Y.2
  • 35
    • 0037149716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction
    • Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ, et al. Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:877-883.
    • (2002) N Engl J Med , vol.346 , pp. 877-883
    • Moss, A.J.1    Zareba, W.2    Hall, W.J.3
  • 36
    • 0000110087 scopus 로고
    • Patients' self-assessment of their congestive heart failure: content, reliability and validity of a new measure, the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire
    • Rector TS, Kubo SH, Cohn JN. Patients' self-assessment of their congestive heart failure: content, reliability and validity of a new measure, the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire. Heart Fail. 1987;3:198-209.
    • (1987) Heart Fail , vol.3 , pp. 198-209
    • Rector, T.S.1    Kubo, S.H.2    Cohn, J.N.3
  • 37
    • 0034039691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development and evaluation of the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire: a new health status measure for heart failure
    • Green CP, Porter CB, Bresnahan DR, Spertus JA. Development and evaluation of the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire: a new health status measure for heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;35:1245-1255.
    • (2000) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.35 , pp. 1245-1255
    • Green, C.P.1    Porter, C.B.2    Bresnahan, D.R.3    Spertus, J.A.4
  • 38
    • 0030096228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey: construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity
    • Ware J, Jr., Kosinski M, Keller SD. A 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey: construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity. Med Care. 1996;34:220-233.
    • (1996) Med Care , vol.34 , pp. 220-233
    • Ware J., Jr.1    Kosinski, M.2    Keller, S.D.3
  • 39
    • 33644753718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationships between clinical assessments and patients' perceptions of the effects of heart failure on their quality of life
    • Rector TS, Anand IS, Cohn JN. Relationships between clinical assessments and patients' perceptions of the effects of heart failure on their quality of life. J Card Fail. 2006;12:87-92.
    • (2006) J Card Fail , vol.12 , pp. 87-92
    • Rector, T.S.1    Anand, I.S.2    Cohn, J.N.3
  • 40
    • 0026567057 scopus 로고
    • Beneficial effects of pimobendan on exercise tolerance and quality of life in patients with heart failure. Results of a multicenter trial. The Pimobendan Multicenter Research Group
    • Kubo SH, Gollub S, Bourge R, et al. Beneficial effects of pimobendan on exercise tolerance and quality of life in patients with heart failure. Results of a multicenter trial. The Pimobendan Multicenter Research Group. Circulation. 1992;85:942-949.
    • (1992) Circulation , vol.85 , pp. 942-949
    • Kubo, S.H.1    Gollub, S.2    Bourge, R.3
  • 41
    • 0027326641 scopus 로고
    • Can further benefit be achieved by adding flosequinan to patients with congestive heart failure who remain symptomatic on diuretic, digoxin, and an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor? Results of the flosequinan-ACE inhibitor trial (FACET)
    • Massie BM, Berk MR, Brozena SC, et al. Can further benefit be achieved by adding flosequinan to patients with congestive heart failure who remain symptomatic on diuretic, digoxin, and an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor? Results of the flosequinan-ACE inhibitor trial (FACET). Circulation. 1993;88:492-501.
    • (1993) Circulation , vol.88 , pp. 492-501
    • Massie, B.M.1    Berk, M.R.2    Brozena, S.C.3
  • 42
    • 0027195028 scopus 로고
    • Validity of the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure questionnaire as a measure of therapeutic response to enalapril or placebo
    • Rector TS, Kubo SH, Cohn JN. Validity of the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure questionnaire as a measure of therapeutic response to enalapril or placebo. Am J Cardiol. 1993;71:1106-1107.
    • (1993) Am J Cardiol , vol.71 , pp. 1106-1107
    • Rector, T.S.1    Kubo, S.H.2    Cohn, J.N.3
  • 43
    • 0000296591 scopus 로고
    • Effect of flosequinan on survival in chronic heart failure: preliminary results of the PROFILE study [abstract]
    • Packer M, Rouleau J, Swedberg K. Effect of flosequinan on survival in chronic heart failure: preliminary results of the PROFILE study [abstract]. Circulation. 1993;88(suppl 1):1-301.
    • (1993) Circulation , vol.88 , Issue.SUPPL 1 , pp. 1-301
    • Packer, M.1    Rouleau, J.2    Swedberg, K.3
  • 44
    • 0026699989 scopus 로고
    • Assessment of patient outcome with the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure questionnaire: reliability and validity during a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of pimobendan. Pimobendan Multicenter Research Group
    • Rector TS, Cohn JN. Assessment of patient outcome with the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure questionnaire: reliability and validity during a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of pimobendan. Pimobendan Multicenter Research Group. Am Heart J. 1992;124:1017-1025.
    • (1992) Am Heart J , vol.124 , pp. 1017-1025
    • Rector, T.S.1    Cohn, J.N.2
  • 45
    • 0029311577 scopus 로고
    • Use of the Living With Heart Failure questionnaire to ascertain patients' perspectives on improvement in quality of life versus risk of drug-induced death
    • Rector TS, Tschumperlin LK, Kubo SH, et al. Use of the Living With Heart Failure questionnaire to ascertain patients' perspectives on improvement in quality of life versus risk of drug-induced death. J Card Fail. 1995;1:201-206.
    • (1995) J Card Fail , vol.1 , pp. 201-206
    • Rector, T.S.1    Tschumperlin, L.K.2    Kubo, S.H.3
  • 46
    • 0034718565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of functional capacity in clinical and research applications: An advisory from the Committee on Exercise, Rehabilitation, and Prevention, Council on Clinical Cardiology, American Heart Association
    • Fleg JL, Pina IL, Balady GJ, et al. Assessment of functional capacity in clinical and research applications: An advisory from the Committee on Exercise, Rehabilitation, and Prevention, Council on Clinical Cardiology, American Heart Association. Circulation. 2000;102:1591-1597.
    • (2000) Circulation , vol.102 , pp. 1591-1597
    • Fleg, J.L.1    Pina, I.L.2    Balady, G.J.3
  • 47
    • 0034988234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health-related quality of life measurement in heart failure: challenges for the new millennium
    • Al-Kaade S, Hauptman PJ. Health-related quality of life measurement in heart failure: challenges for the new millennium. J Card Fail. 2001;7:194-201.
    • (2001) J Card Fail , vol.7 , pp. 194-201
    • Al-Kaade, S.1    Hauptman, P.J.2
  • 48
    • 0024759773 scopus 로고
    • Prognostic factors affecting diagnosis and treatment of congestive heart failure
    • Francis GS, Kubo SH. Prognostic factors affecting diagnosis and treatment of congestive heart failure. Curr Probl Cardiol. 1989;14:625-671.
    • (1989) Curr Probl Cardiol , vol.14 , pp. 625-671
    • Francis, G.S.1    Kubo, S.H.2
  • 49
    • 3042829062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development and validation of a patient questionnaire to determine New York Heart Association classification
    • Kubo SH, Schulman S, Starling RC, Jessup M, Wentworth D, Burkhoff D. Development and validation of a patient questionnaire to determine New York Heart Association classification. J Card Fail. 2004;10:228-235.
    • (2004) J Card Fail , vol.10 , pp. 228-235
    • Kubo, S.H.1    Schulman, S.2    Starling, R.C.3    Jessup, M.4    Wentworth, D.5    Burkhoff, D.6
  • 50
    • 0019786466 scopus 로고
    • Comparative reproducibility and validity of systems for assessing cardiovascular functional class: advantages of a new specific activity scale
    • Goldman L, Hashimoto B, Cook EF, Loscalzo A. Comparative reproducibility and validity of systems for assessing cardiovascular functional class: advantages of a new specific activity scale. Circulation. 1981;64:1227-1234.
    • (1981) Circulation , vol.64 , pp. 1227-1234
    • Goldman, L.1    Hashimoto, B.2    Cook, E.F.3    Loscalzo, A.4
  • 51
    • 0027443521 scopus 로고
    • Prediction of mortality and morbidity with a 6-minute walk test in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. SOLVD Investigators
    • Bittner V, Weiner DH, Yusuf S, et al. Prediction of mortality and morbidity with a 6-minute walk test in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. SOLVD Investigators. JAMA. 1993;270:1702-1707.
    • (1993) JAMA , vol.270 , pp. 1702-1707
    • Bittner, V.1    Weiner, D.H.2    Yusuf, S.3
  • 52
    • 0029758959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The six-minute walk test predicts peak oxygen uptake and survival in patients with advanced heart failure
    • Cahalin LP, Mathier MA, Semigran MJ, Dec GW, DiSalvo TG. The six-minute walk test predicts peak oxygen uptake and survival in patients with advanced heart failure. Chest. 1996;110:325-332.
    • (1996) Chest , vol.110 , pp. 325-332
    • Cahalin, L.P.1    Mathier, M.A.2    Semigran, M.J.3    Dec, G.W.4    DiSalvo, T.G.5
  • 53
    • 0032887499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The 6-min walk and peak oxygen consumption in advanced heart failure: aerobic capacity and survival
    • Lucas C, Stevenson LW, Johnson W, et al. The 6-min walk and peak oxygen consumption in advanced heart failure: aerobic capacity and survival. Am Heart J. 1999;138:618-624.
    • (1999) Am Heart J , vol.138 , pp. 618-624
    • Lucas, C.1    Stevenson, L.W.2    Johnson, W.3
  • 54
    • 0031687345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does the 6-minute walk test predict the prognosis in patients with NYHA class II or III chronic heart failure?
    • Roul G, Germain P, Bareiss P. Does the 6-minute walk test predict the prognosis in patients with NYHA class II or III chronic heart failure? Am Heart J. 1998;136:449-457.
    • (1998) Am Heart J , vol.136 , pp. 449-457
    • Roul, G.1    Germain, P.2    Bareiss, P.3
  • 55
    • 17444416672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Six minute corridor walk test as an outcome measure for the assessment of treatment in randomized, blinded intervention trials of chronic heart failure: a systematic review
    • Olsson LG, Swedberg K, Clark AL, Witte KK, Cleland JG. Six minute corridor walk test as an outcome measure for the assessment of treatment in randomized, blinded intervention trials of chronic heart failure: a systematic review. Eur Heart J. 2005;26:778-793.
    • (2005) Eur Heart J , vol.26 , pp. 778-793
    • Olsson, L.G.1    Swedberg, K.2    Clark, A.L.3    Witte, K.K.4    Cleland, J.G.5
  • 56
    • 0037071808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiac resynchronization in chronic heart failure
    • Abraham WT, Fisher WG, Smith AL, et al. Cardiac resynchronization in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:1845-1853.
    • (2002) N Engl J Med , vol.346 , pp. 1845-1853
    • Abraham, W.T.1    Fisher, W.G.2    Smith, A.L.3
  • 57
    • 0037014647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term benefits of biventricular pacing in congestive heart failure: results from the MUltisite STimulation in cardiomyopathy (MUSTIC) study
    • Linde C, Leclercq C, Rex S, et al. Long-term benefits of biventricular pacing in congestive heart failure: results from the MUltisite STimulation in cardiomyopathy (MUSTIC) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:111-118.
    • (2002) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.40 , pp. 111-118
    • Linde, C.1    Leclercq, C.2    Rex, S.3
  • 58
    • 0037638884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combined cardiac resynchronization and implantable cardioversion defibrillation in advanced chronic heart failure: the MIRACLE ICD Trial
    • Young JB, Abraham WT, Smith AL, et al. Combined cardiac resynchronization and implantable cardioversion defibrillation in advanced chronic heart failure: the MIRACLE ICD Trial. JAMA. 2003;289:2685-2694.
    • (2003) JAMA , vol.289 , pp. 2685-2694
    • Young, J.B.1    Abraham, W.T.2    Smith, A.L.3
  • 60
    • 0018698070 scopus 로고
    • Functional capacity of patients with chronic left ventricular failure. Relationship of bicycle exercise performance to clinical and hemodynamic characterization
    • Franciosa JA, Ziesche S, Wilen M. Functional capacity of patients with chronic left ventricular failure. Relationship of bicycle exercise performance to clinical and hemodynamic characterization. Am J Med. 1979;67:460-466.
    • (1979) Am J Med , vol.67 , pp. 460-466
    • Franciosa, J.A.1    Ziesche, S.2    Wilen, M.3
  • 61
    • 0022004473 scopus 로고
    • Respiratory gas exchange in the assessment of patients with impaired ventricular function
    • Lipkin DP, Perrins J, Poole-Wilson PA. Respiratory gas exchange in the assessment of patients with impaired ventricular function. Br Heart J. 1985;54:321-328.
    • (1985) Br Heart J , vol.54 , pp. 321-328
    • Lipkin, D.P.1    Perrins, J.2    Poole-Wilson, P.A.3
  • 62
    • 0020060446 scopus 로고
    • Oxygen utilization and ventilation during exercise in patients with chronic cardiac failure
    • Weber KT, Kinasewitz GT, Janicki JS, Fishman AP. Oxygen utilization and ventilation during exercise in patients with chronic cardiac failure. Circulation. 1982;65:1213-1223.
    • (1982) Circulation , vol.65 , pp. 1213-1223
    • Weber, K.T.1    Kinasewitz, G.T.2    Janicki, J.S.3    Fishman, A.P.4
  • 63
    • 0027211889 scopus 로고
    • Ejection fraction, peak exercise oxygen consumption, cardiothoracic ratio, ventricular arrhythmias, and plasma norepinephrine as determinants of prognosis in heart failure
    • Cohn JN, Johnson GR, Shabetai R, et al. Ejection fraction, peak exercise oxygen consumption, cardiothoracic ratio, ventricular arrhythmias, and plasma norepinephrine as determinants of prognosis in heart failure. Circulation. 1993;87:VI5-V16.
    • (1993) Circulation , vol.87
    • Cohn, J.N.1    Johnson, G.R.2    Shabetai, R.3
  • 64
    • 0033957139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prognostic value of changes over time in exercise capacity and echocardiographic measurements in patients with chronic heart failure
    • Florea VG, Henein MY, Anker SD, et al. Prognostic value of changes over time in exercise capacity and echocardiographic measurements in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2000;21:146-153.
    • (2000) Eur Heart J , vol.21 , pp. 146-153
    • Florea, V.G.1    Henein, M.Y.2    Anker, S.D.3
  • 65
    • 0027154766 scopus 로고
    • Hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate combination improves exercise tolerance in heart failure. Results from V-HeFT I and V-HeFT II. The V-HeFT VA Cooperative Studies Group
    • Ziesche S, Cobb FR, Cohn JN, Johnson G, Tristani F. Hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate combination improves exercise tolerance in heart failure. Results from V-HeFT I and V-HeFT II. The V-HeFT VA Cooperative Studies Group. Circulation. 1993;87:VI56-VI64.
    • (1993) Circulation , vol.87
    • Ziesche, S.1    Cobb, F.R.2    Cohn, J.N.3    Johnson, G.4    Tristani, F.5
  • 66
    • 0026072848 scopus 로고
    • Effect of oral milrinone on mortality in severe chronic heart failure. The PROMISE Study
    • Packer M, Carver JR, Rodeheffer RJ, et al. Effect of oral milrinone on mortality in severe chronic heart failure. The PROMISE Study. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:1468-1475.
    • (1991) N Engl J Med , vol.325 , pp. 1468-1475
    • Packer, M.1    Carver, J.R.2    Rodeheffer, R.J.3
  • 67
    • 0027176088 scopus 로고
    • Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy of flosequinan in patients with chronic heart failure. REFLECT Study
    • Packer M, Narahara KA, Elkayam U, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy of flosequinan in patients with chronic heart failure. REFLECT Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993;22:65-72.
    • (1993) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.22 , pp. 65-72
    • Packer, M.1    Narahara, K.A.2    Elkayam, U.3
  • 69
    • 0033603794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Users' guides to the medical literature: XIX. Applying clinical trial results. A. How to use an article measuring the effect of an intervention on surrogate end points. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group
    • Bucher HC, Guyatt GH, Cook DJ, Holbrook A, McAlister FA. Users' guides to the medical literature: XIX. Applying clinical trial results. A. How to use an article measuring the effect of an intervention on surrogate end points. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. 1999;282:771-778.
    • (1999) JAMA , vol.282 , pp. 771-778
    • Bucher, H.C.1    Guyatt, G.H.2    Cook, D.J.3    Holbrook, A.4    McAlister, F.A.5
  • 70
    • 0024520844 scopus 로고
    • Surrogate endpoints in clinical trials: definition and operational criteria
    • Prentice RL. Surrogate endpoints in clinical trials: definition and operational criteria. Stat Med. 1989;8:431-440.
    • (1989) Stat Med , vol.8 , pp. 431-440
    • Prentice, R.L.1
  • 71
    • 0030268577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surrogate end points in clinical trials: are we being misled?
    • Fleming TR, DeMets DL. Surrogate end points in clinical trials: are we being misled? Ann Intern Med. 1996;125:605-613.
    • (1996) Ann Intern Med , vol.125 , pp. 605-613
    • Fleming, T.R.1    DeMets, D.L.2
  • 72
    • 0027362970 scopus 로고
    • Role of surrogate end points in the evaluation of drugs for heart failure
    • Lipicky RJ, Packer M. Role of surrogate end points in the evaluation of drugs for heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993;22:179A-184A.
    • (1993) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.22
    • Lipicky, R.J.1    Packer, M.2
  • 73
    • 0030934423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surrogates, semantics, and sensible public policy
    • Sobel BE, Furberg CD. Surrogates, semantics, and sensible public policy. Circulation. 1997;95:1661-1663.
    • (1997) Circulation , vol.95 , pp. 1661-1663
    • Sobel, B.E.1    Furberg, C.D.2
  • 74
    • 0037181515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short-term intravenous milrinone for acute exacerbation of chronic heart failure: a randomized controlled trial
    • Cuffe MS, Califf RM, Adams KF Jr, et al. Short-term intravenous milrinone for acute exacerbation of chronic heart failure: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;287:1541-1547.
    • (2002) JAMA , vol.287 , pp. 1541-1547
    • Cuffe, M.S.1    Califf, R.M.2    Adams K.F., Jr.3
  • 75
    • 0030853952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized controlled trial of epoprostenol therapy for severe congestive heart failure: the Flolan International Randomized Survival Trial (FIRST)
    • Califf RM, Adams KF, McKenna WJ, et al. A randomized controlled trial of epoprostenol therapy for severe congestive heart failure: the Flolan International Randomized Survival Trial (FIRST). Am Heart J. 1997;134:44-54.
    • (1997) Am Heart J , vol.134 , pp. 44-54
    • Califf, R.M.1    Adams, K.F.2    McKenna, W.J.3
  • 76
    • 34247857479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Levosimendan vs dobutamine for patients with acute decompensated heart failure: the SURVIVE Randomized Trial
    • Mebazaa A, Nieminen MS, Packer M, et al. Levosimendan vs dobutamine for patients with acute decompensated heart failure: the SURVIVE Randomized Trial. JAMA. 2007;297:1883-1891.
    • (2007) JAMA , vol.297 , pp. 1883-1891
    • Mebazaa, A.1    Nieminen, M.S.2    Packer, M.3
  • 77
    • 0037181511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravenous nesiritide vs nitroglycerin for treatment of decompensated congestive heart failure: a randomized controlled trial
    • Publication Committee for the VMAC Investigators (Vasodilatation in the Management of Acute CHF)
    • Publication Committee for the VMAC Investigators (Vasodilatation in the Management of Acute CHF). Intravenous nesiritide vs nitroglycerin for treatment of decompensated congestive heart failure: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;287:1531-1540.
    • (2002) JAMA , vol.287 , pp. 1531-1540
  • 78
    • 0034721244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravenous nesiritide, a natriuretic peptide, in the treatment of decompensated congestive heart failure. Nesiritide Study Group
    • Colucci WS, Elkayam U, Horton DP, et al. Intravenous nesiritide, a natriuretic peptide, in the treatment of decompensated congestive heart failure. Nesiritide Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:246-253.
    • (2000) N Engl J Med , vol.343 , pp. 246-253
    • Colucci, W.S.1    Elkayam, U.2    Horton, D.P.3
  • 79
    • 17144392493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short-term risk of death after treatment with nesiritide for decompensated heart failure: a pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials
    • Sackner-Bernstein JD, Kowalski M, Fox M, Aaronson K. Short-term risk of death after treatment with nesiritide for decompensated heart failure: a pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2005;293:1900-1905.
    • (2005) JAMA , vol.293 , pp. 1900-1905
    • Sackner-Bernstein, J.D.1    Kowalski, M.2    Fox, M.3    Aaronson, K.4
  • 80
    • 16344377117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of worsening renal function with nesiritide in patients with acutely decompensated heart failure
    • Sackner-Bernstein JD, Skopicki HA, Aaronson KD. Risk of worsening renal function with nesiritide in patients with acutely decompensated heart failure. Circulation. 2005;111:1487-1491.
    • (2005) Circulation , vol.111 , pp. 1487-1491
    • Sackner-Bernstein, J.D.1    Skopicki, H.A.2    Aaronson, K.D.3
  • 81
    • 0026695294 scopus 로고
    • The neurohormonal hypothesis: a theory to explain the mechanism of disease progression in heart failure
    • Packer M. The neurohormonal hypothesis: a theory to explain the mechanism of disease progression in heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992;20:248-254.
    • (1992) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.20 , pp. 248-254
    • Packer, M.1
  • 82
    • 0027167633 scopus 로고
    • Plasma norepinephrine, plasma renin activity, and congestive heart failure. Relations to survival and the effects of therapy in V-HeFT II. The V-HeFT VA Cooperative Studies Group
    • Francis GS, Cohn JN, Johnson G, Rector TS, Goldman S, Simon A. Plasma norepinephrine, plasma renin activity, and congestive heart failure. Relations to survival and the effects of therapy in V-HeFT II. The V-HeFT VA Cooperative Studies Group. Circulation. 1993;87:VI40-VI48.
    • (1993) Circulation , vol.87
    • Francis, G.S.1    Cohn, J.N.2    Johnson, G.3    Rector, T.S.4    Goldman, S.5    Simon, A.6
  • 83
    • 0025088737 scopus 로고
    • Hormones regulating cardiovascular function in patients with severe congestive heart failure and their relation to mortality. CONSENSUS Trial Study Group
    • Swedberg K, Eneroth P, Kjekshus J, Wilhelmsen L. Hormones regulating cardiovascular function in patients with severe congestive heart failure and their relation to mortality. CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. Circulation. 1990;82:1730-1736.
    • (1990) Circulation , vol.82 , pp. 1730-1736
    • Swedberg, K.1    Eneroth, P.2    Kjekshus, J.3    Wilhelmsen, L.4
  • 84
    • 0032939391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurohumoral prediction of benefit from carvedilol in ischemic left ventricular dysfunction. Australia-New Zealand Heart Failure Group
    • Richards AM, Doughty R, Nicholls MG, et al. Neurohumoral prediction of benefit from carvedilol in ischemic left ventricular dysfunction. Australia-New Zealand Heart Failure Group. Circulation. 1999;99:786-792.
    • (1999) Circulation , vol.99 , pp. 786-792
    • Richards, A.M.1    Doughty, R.2    Nicholls, M.G.3
  • 85
    • 8244241095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomised study of effect of ibopamine on survival in patients with advanced severe heart failure. Second Prospective Randomised Study of Ibopamine on Mortality and Efficacy (PRIME II) Investigators
    • Hampton JR, van Veldhuisen DJ, Kleber FX, et al. Randomised study of effect of ibopamine on survival in patients with advanced severe heart failure. Second Prospective Randomised Study of Ibopamine on Mortality and Efficacy (PRIME II) Investigators. Lancet. 1997;349:971-977.
    • (1997) Lancet , vol.349 , pp. 971-977
    • Hampton, J.R.1    van Veldhuisen, D.J.2    Kleber, F.X.3
  • 86
    • 0028258564 scopus 로고
    • Progression of left ventricular dysfunction secondary to coronary artery disease, sustained neurohormonal activation and effects of ibopamine therapy during long-term therapy with angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitor
    • Rousseau MF, Konstam MA, Benedict CR, et al. Progression of left ventricular dysfunction secondary to coronary artery disease, sustained neurohormonal activation and effects of ibopamine therapy during long-term therapy with angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitor. Am J Cardiol. 1994;73:488-493.
    • (1994) Am J Cardiol , vol.73 , pp. 488-493
    • Rousseau, M.F.1    Konstam, M.A.2    Benedict, C.R.3
  • 87
    • 0346730904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adverse mortality effect of central sympathetic inhibition with sustained-release moxonidine in patients with heart failure (MOXCON)
    • Cohn JN, Pfeffer MA, Rouleau J, et al. Adverse mortality effect of central sympathetic inhibition with sustained-release moxonidine in patients with heart failure (MOXCON). Eur J Heart Fail. 2003;5:659-667.
    • (2003) Eur J Heart Fail , vol.5 , pp. 659-667
    • Cohn, J.N.1    Pfeffer, M.A.2    Rouleau, J.3
  • 88
    • 33744739013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alterations in ventricular structure: role of left ventricular remodeling
    • Mann DL, ed. Elsevier, W. B. Saunders
    • Anand IS, Florea VG. Alterations in ventricular structure: role of left ventricular remodeling. In: Mann DL, ed. Heart Failure: Companion to Braunwald's Heart Disease: Elsevier, W. B. Saunders. 2003:229-246.
    • (2003) Heart Failure: Companion to Braunwald's Heart Disease , pp. 229-246
    • Anand, I.S.1    Florea, V.G.2
  • 89
    • 34548421482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systolic and diastolic heart failure: differences and similarities
    • Chatterjee K, Massie B. Systolic and diastolic heart failure: differences and similarities. J Card Fail. 2007;13:569-576.
    • (2007) J Card Fail , vol.13 , pp. 569-576
    • Chatterjee, K.1    Massie, B.2
  • 90
    • 0018375301 scopus 로고
    • Variables predictive of survival in patients with coronary disease. Selection by univariate and multivariate analyses from the clinical, electrocardiographic, exercise, arteriographic, and quantitative angiographic evaluations
    • Hammermeister KE, DeRouen TA, Dodge HT. Variables predictive of survival in patients with coronary disease. Selection by univariate and multivariate analyses from the clinical, electrocardiographic, exercise, arteriographic, and quantitative angiographic evaluations. Circulation. 1979;59:421-430.
    • (1979) Circulation , vol.59 , pp. 421-430
    • Hammermeister, K.E.1    DeRouen, T.A.2    Dodge, H.T.3
  • 91
    • 0023260090 scopus 로고
    • Ventricular enlargement and reduced survival after myocardial infarction
    • Pfeffer MA, Pfeffer JM. Ventricular enlargement and reduced survival after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1987;75:IV93-IV97.
    • (1987) Circulation , vol.75
    • Pfeffer, M.A.1    Pfeffer, J.M.2
  • 92
    • 0028127720 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative two-dimensional echocardiographic measurements are major predictors of adverse cardiovascular events after acute myocardial infarction. The protective effects of captopril
    • St John Sutton M, Pfeffer MA, Plappert T, et al. Quantitative two-dimensional echocardiographic measurements are major predictors of adverse cardiovascular events after acute myocardial infarction. The protective effects of captopril. Circulation. 1994;89:68-75.
    • (1994) Circulation , vol.89 , pp. 68-75
    • St John Sutton, M.1    Pfeffer, M.A.2    Plappert, T.3
  • 93
    • 0023219810 scopus 로고
    • Left ventricular end-systolic volume as the major determinant of survival after recovery from myocardial infarction
    • White HD, Norris RM, Brown MA, Brandt PW, Whitlock RM, Wild CJ. Left ventricular end-systolic volume as the major determinant of survival after recovery from myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1987;76:44-51.
    • (1987) Circulation , vol.76 , pp. 44-51
    • White, H.D.1    Norris, R.M.2    Brown, M.A.3    Brandt, P.W.4    Whitlock, R.M.5    Wild, C.J.6
  • 94
    • 39649124216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Traditional and novel approaches to management of heart failure: successes and failures
    • Anand IS, Florea VG. Traditional and novel approaches to management of heart failure: successes and failures. Cardiol Clin. 2008;26:59-72.
    • (2008) Cardiol Clin , vol.26 , pp. 59-72
    • Anand, I.S.1    Florea, V.G.2
  • 95
    • 0242362774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ventricular remodeling in heart failure: a credible surrogate endpoint
    • Konstam MA, Udelson JE, Anand IS, Cohn JN. Ventricular remodeling in heart failure: a credible surrogate endpoint. J Card Fail. 2003;9:350-353.
    • (2003) J Card Fail , vol.9 , pp. 350-353
    • Konstam, M.A.1    Udelson, J.E.2    Anand, I.S.3    Cohn, J.N.4
  • 96
    • 0027308856 scopus 로고
    • Prognostic significance of serial changes in left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with congestive heart failure
    • Cintron G, Johnson G, Francis G, Cobb F, Cohn JN. Prognostic significance of serial changes in left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with congestive heart failure. Circulation. 1993;87:VI17-VI23.
    • (1993) Circulation , vol.87
    • Cintron, G.1    Johnson, G.2    Francis, G.3    Cobb, F.4    Cohn, J.N.5
  • 97
    • 0026704692 scopus 로고
    • Effects of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril on the long-term progression of left ventricular dysfunction in patients with heart failure
    • Konstam MA, Rousseau MF, Kronenberg MW, et al. Effects of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril on the long-term progression of left ventricular dysfunction in patients with heart failure. Circulation. 1992;86:431-438.
    • (1992) Circulation , vol.86 , pp. 431-438
    • Konstam, M.A.1    Rousseau, M.F.2    Kronenberg, M.W.3
  • 98
    • 0027482668 scopus 로고
    • Effects of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril on the long-term progression of left ventricular dilatation in patients with asymptomatic systolic dysfunction. SOLVD (Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction) Investigators
    • Konstam MA, Kronenberg MW, Rousseau MF, et al. Effects of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril on the long-term progression of left ventricular dilatation in patients with asymptomatic systolic dysfunction. SOLVD (Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction) Investigators. Circulation. 1993;88:2277-2283.
    • (1993) Circulation , vol.88 , pp. 2277-2283
    • Konstam, M.A.1    Kronenberg, M.W.2    Rousseau, M.F.3
  • 99
    • 0000531635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular death and left ventricular remodeling two years after myocardial infarction: baseline predictors and impact of long-term use of captopril: information from the Survival and Ventricular Enlargement (SAVE) trial
    • St John Sutton M, Pfeffer MA, Moye L, et al. Cardiovascular death and left ventricular remodeling two years after myocardial infarction: baseline predictors and impact of long-term use of captopril: information from the Survival and Ventricular Enlargement (SAVE) trial. Circulation. 1997;96:3294-3299.
    • (1997) Circulation , vol.96 , pp. 3294-3299
    • St John Sutton, M.1    Pfeffer, M.A.2    Moye, L.3
  • 100
    • 0030997947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Left ventricular remodeling with carvedilol in patients with congestive heart failure due to ischemic heart disease. Australia-New Zealand Heart Failure Research Collaborative Group
    • Doughty RN, Whalley GA, Gamble G, MacMahon S, Sharpe N. Left ventricular remodeling with carvedilol in patients with congestive heart failure due to ischemic heart disease. Australia-New Zealand Heart Failure Research Collaborative Group. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;29:1060-1066.
    • (1997) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.29 , pp. 1060-1066
    • Doughty, R.N.1    Whalley, G.A.2    Gamble, G.3    MacMahon, S.4    Sharpe, N.5
  • 101
  • 102
    • 1642494797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of carvedilol on left ventricular remodeling after acute myocardial infarction: the CAPRICORN Echo Substudy
    • Doughty RN, Whalley GA, Walsh HA, Gamble GD, Lopez-Sendon J, Sharpe N. Effects of carvedilol on left ventricular remodeling after acute myocardial infarction: the CAPRICORN Echo Substudy. Circulation. 2004;109:201-206.
    • (2004) Circulation , vol.109 , pp. 201-206
    • Doughty, R.N.1    Whalley, G.A.2    Walsh, H.A.3    Gamble, G.D.4    Lopez-Sendon, J.5    Sharpe, N.6
  • 103
    • 0035312341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of spironolactone on plasma brain natriuretic peptide and left ventricular remodeling in patients with congestive heart failure
    • Tsutamoto T, Wada A, Maeda K, et al. Effect of spironolactone on plasma brain natriuretic peptide and left ventricular remodeling in patients with congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37:1228-1233.
    • (2001) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.37 , pp. 1228-1233
    • Tsutamoto, T.1    Wada, A.2    Maeda, K.3
  • 104
    • 0037019554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Valsartan benefits left ventricular structure and function in heart failure: Val-HeFT echocardiographic study
    • Wong M, Staszewsky L, Latini R, et al. Valsartan benefits left ventricular structure and function in heart failure: Val-HeFT echocardiographic study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:970-975.
    • (2002) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.40 , pp. 970-975
    • Wong, M.1    Staszewsky, L.2    Latini, R.3
  • 105
    • 34250793851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine in a fixed-dose combination produces further regression of left ventricular remodeling in a welltreated black population with heart failure: results from A-HeFT
    • Cohn JN, Tam SW, Anand IS, Taylor AL, Sabolinski ML, Worcel M. Isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine in a fixed-dose combination produces further regression of left ventricular remodeling in a welltreated black population with heart failure: results from A-HeFT. J Card Fail. 2007;13:331-339.
    • (2007) J Card Fail , vol.13 , pp. 331-339
    • Cohn, J.N.1    Tam, S.W.2    Anand, I.S.3    Taylor, A.L.4    Sabolinski, M.L.5    Worcel, M.6
  • 106
    • 0034048204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of losartan and captopril on left ventricular volumes in elderly patients with heart failure: results of the ELITE ventricular function substudy
    • Konstam MA, Patten RD, Thomas I, et al. Effects of losartan and captopril on left ventricular volumes in elderly patients with heart failure: results of the ELITE ventricular function substudy. Am Heart J. 2000;139:1081-1087.
    • (2000) Am Heart J , vol.139 , pp. 1081-1087
    • Konstam, M.A.1    Patten, R.D.2    Thomas, I.3
  • 107
    • 23644443397 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme or vasopeptidase inhibition on ventricular size and function in patients with heart failure: the Omapatrilat Versus Enalapril Randomized Trial of Utility in Reducing Events (OVERTURE) echocardiographic study
    • Solomon SD, Skali H, Bourgoun M, et al. Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme or vasopeptidase inhibition on ventricular size and function in patients with heart failure: the Omapatrilat Versus Enalapril Randomized Trial of Utility in Reducing Events (OVERTURE) echocardiographic study. Am Heart J. 2005;150:257-262.
    • (2005) Am Heart J , vol.150 , pp. 257-262
    • Solomon, S.D.1    Skali, H.2    Bourgoun, M.3
  • 108
    • 3242810591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term effects of darusentan on left-ventricular remodelling and clinical outcomes in the EndothelinA Receptor Antagonist Trial in Heart Failure (EARTH): randomised, double-blind, place-bocontrolled trial
    • Anand I, McMurray J, Cohn JN, et al. Long-term effects of darusentan on left-ventricular remodelling and clinical outcomes in the EndothelinA Receptor Antagonist Trial in Heart Failure (EARTH): randomised, double-blind, place-bocontrolled trial. Lancet. 2004;364:347-354.
    • (2004) Lancet , vol.364 , pp. 347-354
    • Anand, I.1    McMurray, J.2    Cohn, J.N.3
  • 109
    • 34249325160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effect of oral tolvaptan on left ventricular dilation and function in patients with heart failure and systolic dysfunction
    • Udelson JE, McGrew FA, Flores E, et al. Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effect of oral tolvaptan on left ventricular dilation and function in patients with heart failure and systolic dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:2151-2159.
    • (2007) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.49 , pp. 2151-2159
    • Udelson, J.E.1    McGrew, F.A.2    Flores, E.3
  • 110
    • 59649083716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term left ventricular reverse remodelling with cardiac resynchronization therapy: results from the CARE-HF trial
    • Ghio S, Freemantle N, Scelsi L, et al. Long-term left ventricular reverse remodelling with cardiac resynchronization therapy: results from the CARE-HF trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2009;11:480-488.
    • (2009) Eur J Heart Fail , vol.11 , pp. 480-488
    • Ghio, S.1    Freemantle, N.2    Scelsi, L.3
  • 111
    • 0026785561 scopus 로고
    • Effect of enalapril on mortality and the development of heart failure in asymptomatic patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions
    • SOLVD Investigators
    • SOLVD Investigators. Effect of enalapril on mortality and the development of heart failure in asymptomatic patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:685-691.
    • (1992) N Engl J Med , vol.327 , pp. 685-691
  • 112
    • 0026786643 scopus 로고
    • Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial
    • Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moye LA; SAVE Investigators. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:669-677.
    • (1992) N Engl J Med , vol.327 , pp. 669-677
    • Pfeffer, M.A.1    Braunwald, E.2    Moye, L.A.3    Investigators, S.A.V.E.4
  • 113
    • 0035810547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of carvedilol on outcome after myocardial infarction in patients with left-ventricular dysfunction: the CAPRICORN randomised trial
    • Dargie HJ. Effect of carvedilol on outcome after myocardial infarction in patients with left-ventricular dysfunction: the CAPRICORN randomised trial. Lancet. 2001;357:1385-1390.
    • (2001) Lancet , vol.357 , pp. 1385-1390
    • Dargie, H.J.1
  • 114
    • 19644400578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combination of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine in blacks with heart failure
    • Taylor AL, Ziesche S, Yancy C, et al. Combination of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine in blacks with heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:2049-2057.
    • (2004) N Engl J Med , vol.351 , pp. 2049-2057
    • Taylor, A.L.1    Ziesche, S.2    Yancy, C.3
  • 115
    • 0034612118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of losartan compared with captopril on mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure: randomised trial-the Losartan Heart Failure Survival Study ELITE II
    • Pitt B, Poole-Wilson PA, Segal R, et al. Effect of losartan compared with captopril on mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure: randomised trial-the Losartan Heart Failure Survival Study ELITE II. Lancet. 2000;355:1582-1587.
    • (2000) Lancet , vol.355 , pp. 1582-1587
    • Pitt, B.1    Poole-Wilson, P.A.2    Segal, R.3
  • 116
    • 11144355760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Targeted anticytokine therapy in patients with chronic heart failure: results of the Randomized Etanercept Worldwide Evaluation (RENEWAL)
    • Mann DL, McMurray JJ, Packer M, et al. Targeted anticytokine therapy in patients with chronic heart failure: results of the Randomized Etanercept Worldwide Evaluation (RENEWAL). Circulation. 2004;109:1594-1602.
    • (2004) Circulation , vol.109 , pp. 1594-1602
    • Mann, D.L.1    McMurray, J.J.2    Packer, M.3
  • 117
    • 33947713810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of oral tolvaptan in patients hospitalized for worsening heart failure: the EVEREST Outcome Trial
    • Konstam MA, Gheorghiade M, Burnett JC Jr, et al. Effects of oral tolvaptan in patients hospitalized for worsening heart failure: the EVEREST Outcome Trial. JAMA. 2007;297:1319-1331.
    • (2007) JAMA , vol.297 , pp. 1319-1331
    • Konstam, M.A.1    Gheorghiade, M.2    Burnett J.C., Jr.3
  • 118
    • 0036951697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Noninvasive assessment of left ventricular remodeling: concepts, techniques, and implications for clinical trials
    • Anand IS, Florea VG, Solomon SD, Konstam MA, Udelson JE. Noninvasive assessment of left ventricular remodeling: concepts, techniques, and implications for clinical trials. J Card Fail. 2002;8:S452-S464.
    • (2002) J Card Fail , vol.8
    • Anand, I.S.1    Florea, V.G.2    Solomon, S.D.3    Konstam, M.A.4    Udelson, J.E.5
  • 119
    • 0029050016 scopus 로고
    • Effects of long-term enalapril therapy on cardiac structure and function in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Results of the SOLVD echocardiography substudy
    • Greenberg B, Quinones MA, Koilpillai C, et al. Effects of long-term enalapril therapy on cardiac structure and function in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Results of the SOLVD echocardiography substudy. Circulation. 1995;91:2573-2581.
    • (1995) Circulation , vol.91 , pp. 2573-2581
    • Greenberg, B.1    Quinones, M.A.2    Koilpillai, C.3
  • 120
    • 0035370722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative effects of carvedilol and metoprolol on left ventricular ejection fraction in heart failure: results of a meta-analysis
    • Packer M, Antonopoulos GV, Berlin JA, Chittams J, Konstam MA, Udelson JE. Comparative effects of carvedilol and metoprolol on left ventricular ejection fraction in heart failure: results of a meta-analysis. Am Heart J. 2001;141:899-907.
    • (2001) Am Heart J , vol.141 , pp. 899-907
    • Packer, M.1    Antonopoulos, G.V.2    Berlin, J.A.3    Chittams, J.4    Konstam, M.A.5    Udelson, J.E.6
  • 121
    • 3142776467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of carvedilol and metoprolol on clinical outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure in the Carvedilol Or Metoprolol European Trial (COMET): randomised controlled trial
    • Poole-Wilson PA, Swedberg K, Cleland JG, et al. Comparison of carvedilol and metoprolol on clinical outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure in the Carvedilol Or Metoprolol European Trial (COMET): randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;362:7-13.
    • (2003) Lancet , vol.362 , pp. 7-13
    • Poole-Wilson, P.A.1    Swedberg, K.2    Cleland, J.G.3
  • 122
    • 0002906503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of long-term dual vasopeptidase inhibition with omapatrilat to ACE inhibition with lisinopril on ventricular volumes in patients with heart failure
    • Udelson JE, Antonopoulos GV, Proulx G, et al. Comparison of long-term dual vasopeptidase inhibition with omapatrilat to ACE inhibition with lisinopril on ventricular volumes in patients with heart failure. Circulation. 2000;102:II536.
    • (2000) Circulation , vol.102
    • Udelson, J.E.1    Antonopoulos, G.V.2    Proulx, G.3
  • 123
    • 0037137297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hemodynamic and neurohumoral effects of selective endothelin A (ETA) receptor blockade in chronic heart failure: the Heart Failure ETA Receptor Blockade Trial (HEAT)
    • Lüscher TF, Enseleit F, Pacher R, et al. Hemodynamic and neurohumoral effects of selective endothelin A (ETA) receptor blockade in chronic heart failure: the Heart Failure ETA Receptor Blockade Trial (HEAT). Circulation. 2002;106:2666-2672.
    • (2002) Circulation , vol.106 , pp. 2666-2672
    • Lüscher, T.F.1    Enseleit, F.2    Pacher, R.3
  • 124
    • 0034075608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute hemodynamic and neurohumoral effects of selective ETA receptor blockade in patients with congestive heart failure ET 003 Investigators
    • Spieker LE, Mitrovic V, Noll G, et al. Acute hemodynamic and neurohumoral effects of selective ETA receptor blockade in patients with congestive heart failure. ET 003 Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;35:1745-1752.
    • (2000) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.35 , pp. 1745-1752
    • Spieker, L.E.1    Mitrovic, V.2    Noll, G.3
  • 126
    • 0242311023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relation between changes in ejection fraction over time and subsequent mortality and morbidity in Val-HeFT
    • Anand IS, Wong M, Latini R, Fisher LD, Chiang YT, Cohn JN. Relation between changes in ejection fraction over time and subsequent mortality and morbidity in Val-HeFT. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:221A.
    • (2003) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.41
    • Anand, I.S.1    Wong, M.2    Latini, R.3    Fisher, L.D.4    Chiang, Y.T.5    Cohn, J.N.6
  • 128
    • 0003502467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Baltimore (Md): The Johns Hopkins Center for Clinical Trials
    • Meinert CL. Clinical trial dictionary. Baltimore (Md): The Johns Hopkins Center for Clinical Trials; 1996.
    • (1996) Clinical trial dictionary
    • Meinert, C.L.1
  • 129
    • 0036023202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • African-American Heart Failure Trial (A-HeFT): rationale, design, and methodology
    • Franciosa JA, Taylor AL, Cohn JN, et al. African-American Heart Failure Trial (A-HeFT): rationale, design, and methodology. J Card Fail. 2002;8:128-135.
    • (2002) J Card Fail , vol.8 , pp. 128-135
    • Franciosa, J.A.1    Taylor, A.L.2    Cohn, J.N.3
  • 130
    • 0018903268 scopus 로고
    • Sulfinpyrazone in the prevention of sudden death after myocardial, infarction
    • Anturane Reinfarction Trial Research Group
    • Anturane Reinfarction Trial Research Group. Sulfinpyrazone in the prevention of sudden death after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1980;302:250-256.
    • (1980) N Engl J Med , vol.302 , pp. 250-256
  • 131
    • 0019328346 scopus 로고
    • The FDA's critique of the anturane reinfarction trial
    • Temple R, Pledger GW. The FDA's critique of the anturane reinfarction trial. N Engl J Med. 1980;303:1488-1492.
    • (1980) N Engl J Med , vol.303 , pp. 1488-1492
    • Temple, R.1    Pledger, G.W.2
  • 132
    • 0031472770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use and accuracy of state death certificates for classification of sudden cardiac deaths in high-risk populations
    • Every NR, Parsons L, Hlatky MA, et al. Use and accuracy of state death certificates for classification of sudden cardiac deaths in high-risk populations. Am Heart J. 1997;134:1129-1132.
    • (1997) Am Heart J , vol.134 , pp. 1129-1132
    • Every, N.R.1    Parsons, L.2    Hlatky, M.A.3
  • 133
    • 0025845943 scopus 로고
    • Grading diabetic retinopathy from stereoscopic color fundus photographs-an extension of the modified Airlie House classification. ETDRS report number 10
    • Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group
    • Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Grading diabetic retinopathy from stereoscopic color fundus photographs-an extension of the modified Airlie House classification. ETDRS report number 10. Ophthalmology. 1991;98:786-806.
    • (1991) Ophthalmology , vol.98 , pp. 786-806
  • 134
    • 0036923224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of the critical event committee in a major cardiovascular outcome study
    • Heagerty A, Deverly A, Palmer C, et al. The role of the critical event committee in a major cardiovascular outcome study. Blood Press. 2002;11:339-344.
    • (2002) Blood Press , vol.11 , pp. 339-344
    • Heagerty, A.1    Deverly, A.2    Palmer, C.3
  • 135
    • 34250212715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of rosiglitazone on the risk of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causes
    • Nissen SE, Wolski K. Effect of rosiglitazone on the risk of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:2457-2471.
    • (2007) N Engl J Med , vol.356 , pp. 2457-2471
    • Nissen, S.E.1    Wolski, K.2
  • 136
    • 45149131667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes
    • Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP, et al. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2545-2559.
    • (2008) N Engl J Med , vol.358 , pp. 2545-2559
    • Gerstein, H.C.1    Miller, M.E.2    Byington, R.P.3
  • 137
    • 41649107358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simvastatin with or without ezetimibe in familial hypercholesterolemia
    • Kastelein JJ, Akdim F, Stroes ES, et al. Simvastatin with or without ezetimibe in familial hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:1431-1443.
    • (2008) N Engl J Med , vol.358 , pp. 1431-1443
    • Kastelein, J.J.1    Akdim, F.2    Stroes, E.S.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.