A novel assessment of population structure and gene flow in grey wolf populations of the Northern Rocky Mountains of the United States

Molecular Ecology

Volumn 19, Issue 20, 2010, Pages 4412-4427

  Vonholdt, Bridgett M ^a   Stahler, Daniel R ^a,b   Bangs, Edward E ^c   Smith, Douglas W ^b   Jimenez, Mike D ^d   MacK, Curt M ^e   Niemeyer, Carter C ^f   Pollinger, John P ^a   Wayne, Robert K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b YELLOWSTONE CENTER FOR RESOURCES   (United States)

^c U S FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE   (United States)

^d Box 2645   (United States)

^e Nez Perce Tribe   (United States)

^f Idaho Fishery Resource Office   (United States)

Author keywords

Conservation genetics; Grey wolf; Migrant detection; Migration; Population assignment

Indexed keywords

MICROSATELLITE DNA;

ALLELE; ANIMAL; ARTICLE; BAYES THEOREM; CLUSTER ANALYSIS; DNA SEQUENCE; FOUNDER EFFECT; GENE FLOW; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENETICS; INBREEDING; METHODOLOGY; POPULATION GENETICS; STATISTICAL MODEL; UNITED STATES; WOLF;

ALLELES; ANIMALS; BAYES THEOREM; CLUSTER ANALYSIS; FOUNDER EFFECT; GENE FLOW; GENETIC VARIATION; GENETICS, POPULATION; IDAHO; INBREEDING; LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS; MICROSATELLITE REPEATS; MONTANA; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS, DNA; WOLVES; WYOMING;

CANIDAE;

EID: 78649259332     PISSN: 09621083     EISSN: 1365294X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04769.x     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. Allendorf FW, (1983) Isolation, gene flow, and genetic differentiation among populations. In: Genetics and Conservation: A Reference for Managing Wild Animal and Plant Populations (eds, Schonewald-Cox CM, Chambers SM, MacBryde B, Thomas L,), pp. 51-65. Benjamin/Cummings, Menlo Park, CA.
2. Aspi J, Roininen E, Ruokonen M, et al. (2006) Genetic diversity, population structure, effective population size, and demographic history of the Finnish wolf population. Molecular Ecology, 15, 1561-1576.
3. Aspi J, Roininen E, Kiiskila J, et al. (2009) Genetic structure of the northwestern Russian wolf populations and gene flow between Russia and Finland. Conservation Genetics, 10, 815-826.
4. Ballard WB, Farnell R, Stephenson RO, (1983) Long distance movement by Gray Wolves, Canis lupus, in southcentral Alaska. Canadian Field Naturalist, 97, 333.
5. Bangs EE, Fritts SH, (1996) Reintroducing the gray wolf to central Idaho and Yellowstone National Park. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 24, 402-413.
6. Bangs EE, Fritts SH, Fontain JA, et al. (1998) Status of gray wolf restoration in Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 26, 785-798.
7. Bergl RA, Vigilant L, (2007) Genetic analysis reveals population structure and recent migration within the highly fragmented range of the Cross River gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli). Molecular Ecology, 16, 501-516.
8. Berry O, Tocher MD, Sarre SD, (2004) Can assignment tests measure dispersal? Molecular Ecology, 13, 551-561.
9. Boyd DK, Pletscher DH, (1999) Characteristics of dispersal in a colonizing wolf population in the central Rocky Mountains. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 63, 1094-1108.
10. Breen M, Jouquand S, Renier C, et al. (2001) Chromosome-specific single-locus FISH probes allow anchorage of an 1800-marker integrated radiation-hybrid/linkage map of the domestic dog genome to all chromosomes. Genome Research, 11, 1784-1795.
11. Breitenmoser R, Breitenmoser-Wursten C, Carbyn LN, et al. (2001) Assessment of carnivore reintroductions. In: Carnivore Conservation (eds, Gittleman JL, Funk SM, Macdonald D, Wayne RK,), pp. 241-281. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
12. Carmichael LE, Krizan J, Nagy JA, et al. (2008) Northwest passages: conservation genetics of Arctic Island wolves. Conservation genetics, 9, 879-892.
13. Carroll C, Phillips MK, Schumaker NH, et al. (2003) Impacts of landscape change on wolf restoration success: planning a reintroduction program based on static and dynamic spatial models. Conservation Biology, 17, 536-548.
14. Cegelski CC, Waits LP, Anderson NJ, (2003) Assessing population structure and gene flow in Montana wolverines (Gulo gulo) using assignment-based approaches. Molecular Ecology, 12, 2907-2918.
15. Evanno G, Regnaut S, Goudet J, (2005) Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software STRUCTURE: a simulation study. Molecular Ecology, 14, 2611-2620.
16. Fernández J, Toro MA, Caballero A, (2008) Management of subdivided populations in conservation programs: development of a novel dynamic system. Genetics, 179, 683-692.
17. Fischer J, Lindenmayer DB, (2000) An assessment of the published results of animal relocations. Biological Conservation, 96, 1-11.
18. Forbes S, Boyd D, (1996) Genetic variation of naturally colonizing wolves in the Central Rocky Mountains. Conservation Biology, 10, 1082-1090.
19. Forbes S, Boyd D, (1997) Genetic structure and migration in native and reintroduced Rocky Mountain wolf populations. Conservation Biology, 11, 1226-1234.
20. Frankel OH, Soule ME, (1981) Conservation and Evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
21. Frankham R, (1996) Relationship of genetic variation to population size in wildlife. Conservation Biology, 10, 1500-1508.
22. Frankham R, Ballou JD, Briscoe DA, (2002) Introduction to Conservation Genetics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
23. Fritts SH, Bangs EE, Fontaine JA, et al. (1995) Restoring the wolf to the northern Rocky Mountains of the United States. In: Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing World (eds, Carbyn LN, Fritts SH, Seip DR,), pp. 107-125. Canadian Circumpolar Inst., Occas. Publ. No. 35, Univ. Alberta, Edmonton.
24. Geffen E, Anderson MJ, Wayne RK, (2004) Climate and habitat barriers to dispersal in the highly mobile grey wolf. Molecular Ecology, 13, 2481-2490.
25. Gese EM, Mech LD, (1991) Dispersal of wolves (Canis lupus) in Northeastern Minnesota, 1969-1989. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 69, 2946-2955.
26. Goudet J, (2001) FSTAT: A Program to Estimate and Test Gene Diversities and Fixation Indices. University of Lausanne, Dorigny, Switzerland.
27. Griffith B, Scott JM, Carpenter JW, et al. (1989) Translocation as a species conservation tool: status and strategy. Science, 245, 477-480.
28. Guyon R, Lorentzen TD, Hitte C, et al. (2003) A 1-Mb resolution radiation hybrid map of the canine genome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100, 5296-5301.
29. Hartl DL, Clark AG, (1997) Principles of Population Genetics, 3rd edn. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, MA.
30. Jakobsson M, Rosenberg N, (2007) CLUMPP: a cluster matching and permutation program for dealing with label switching and multimodality in analysis of population structure. Bioinformatics, 23, 1801-1806.
31. Jedrzejewski W, Branicki W, Veit C, et al. (2005) Genetic diversity and relatedness within packs in an intensely hunted population of wolves Canis lupus. Acta Theriologica, 50, 3-22.
32. Keller LF, Waller DM, (2002) Inbreeding effects in wild populations. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 17, 230-241.
33. Kohn MH, York EC, Kamradt DA, et al. (1999) Estimating population size by genotyping faeces. Proceedings of the Royal Society London B, 266, 657-663.
34. Konovalov DA, Manning C, Henshaw MT, (2004) KINGROUP: a program for pedigree relationship reconstruction and kin group assignments using genetic markers. Molecular Ecology Notes, 4, 779-782.
35. Lehman N, Clarkson P, Mech LD, et al. (1992) A study of genetic relationships within and among wolf packs using DNA fingerprinting and mitochondrial DNA. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 30, 83-94.
36. Loveridge AJ, Searle AW, Murindagomo F, et al. (2007) The impact of sport-hunting on the population dynamics of an African lion population in a protected area. Biological Conservation, 134, 548-558.
37. Manel S, Schwartz MK, Luikart G, et al. (2003) Landscape genetics: combining landscape ecology and population genetics. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 18, 189-197.
38. Marshall TC, Slate J, Kruuk LEB, et al. (1998) Statistical confidence for likelihood-based paternity inference in natural populations. Molecular Ecology, 7, 639-655.
39. McNeely JA, Miller KR, Reid WV, et al. (1990) Conserving the World's Biodiversity. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland, Switzerland.
40. Mech LD, (1987) Age, season, distance, direction, and social aspects of wolf dispersal from a Minnesota pack. In: Mammalian Dispersal Patterns (eds, Chepko-Sade B, Halpin ZT,), pp. 55-74. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
41. Mech LD, Boitani L, (2003) Wolf social ecology. In: Wolf: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation (Eds, Mech LD, Boitani L,), pp. 1-34. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
42. Miller B, Ralls K, Reading RP, et al. (1999) Biological and technical considerations of carnivore translocation: a review. Animal Conservation, 2, 59-68.
43. Mills LS, Allendorf FW, (1996) The one-migrant-per-generation rule in conservation and management. Conservation Biology, 10, 1509-1518.
44. MuÃoz-Fuentes V, Darimont CT, Wayne RK, et al. (2009) Ecological factors drive differentiation in wolves from British Columbia. Journal of Biogeography, 36, 1516-1531.
45. Murray D, Smith DW, Bangs EE, et al. (2010) Death from anthropogenic causes is partially compensatory in recovering wolf popualations. Biological Conservation, doi:.
46. Musiani M, Leonard JA, Cluff HD, et al. (2007) Differentiation of tundra/taiga and boreal coniferous forest wolves: genetics, coat colour and association with migratory caribou. Molecular Ecology, 16, 4149-4170.
47. Neff MW, Broman KW, Mellersh CS, et al. (1999) A second-generation genetic linkage map of the domestic dog, Canis familiaris. Genetics, 151, 803-820.
48. Nei M, Tajima F, (1983) Maximum likelihood estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions for restriction sites data. Genetics, 105, 207-216.
49. Oakleaf JK, Murray DL, Bangs EE, et al. (2006) Habitat selection by recolonizing wolves in the northern Rocky Mountains of the United States. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 70, 554-563.
50. PalsbÃll P, BÉrubÉ M, Allendorf F, (2006) Identification of management units using population genetic data. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 22, 11-16.
51. Peakall R, Smouse PE, (2006) GENALEX 6: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research. Molecular Ecology Notes, 6, 288-289.
52. PÉrez-Figueroa A, Saura M, Fernández J, et al. (2009) METAPOP-a software for the management and analysis of subdivided populations in conservation programs. Conservation Genetics, 10, 1097-1099.
53. Pritchard JK, Wen W, (2004) Documentation for STRUCTURE Software Version 2. Available from.
54. Pritchard JK, Stephens M, Donnelly P, (2000) Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics, 155, 945-959.
55. Pulliam HR, (1988) Sources, sinks, and population regulation. American Naturalist, 108, 59-75.
56. Raymond M, Rousset F, (1995) GENEPOP (version 1.2): population genetics software for exact tests and ecumenicism. Journal of Heredity, 86, 248-249.
57. Ream RR, Mattson UI, (1982) Wolf status in the northern Rockies. In: Wolves of the World: Perspectives of Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. (eds, Harrington FH, Paquet PC,), pp. 362-381. Noyes, Park Ridge, New Jersey, USA.
58. Rice WR, (1989) Estimation of effective population sizes from data on genetic markers. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences, 360, 1395-1409.
59. Riley SPD, Pollinger J, Sauvajot RM, et al. (2006) A southern California freeway is a physical and social barrier to gene flow in carnivores. Molecular Ecology, 15, 1733-1741.
60. Roy MS, Geffen E, Smith D, et al. (1994) Patterns of differentiation and hybridization in North American wolf-like canids, revealed by analysis of microsatellite loci. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 11, 553-570.
61. Slatkin M, (1985) Rare alleles as indicators of gene flow. Evolution, 39, 53-65.
62. Slatkin M, (1987) Gene flow and the geographic structure of natural populations. Science, 236, 787-792.
63. Slatkin M, (1993) Isolation by distance in equilibrium and non-equilibrium populations. Evolution, 47, 264-279.
64. Smith DW, Bangs EE, Oakleaf JR, et al. (2010) Survival of colonizing wolves in the northern Rocky Mountains of the United States, 1982-2004. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 74, 620-634.
65. Urbigkit C, (2008) Yellowstone Wolves: A Chronicle of the Animal, the People, and the Politics. McDonald and Woodward Publishing Company, Blacksburg, Virginia.
66. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (1994) Establishment of a nonessential experimental population of gray wolves in Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho and central Idaho and southwestern Montana. Final Rule, Nov. 22. Federal Register, 59, 60252-60281.
67. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (2008) Final rule designating the Northern Rocky Mountain population of gray wolf as a distinct population segment and removing this distinct population segment from the federal list of endangered and threatened wildlife. Federal Register, 73, 10514-10560.
68. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (2009) Final rule designating the Northern Rocky Mountain population of gray wolf as a distinct population segment and to revise the list of endangered and threatened wildlife. Federal Register, 74, 15123-15188.
69. U.S. Fish & Wildlife service, Nez Perce Tribe, National Park service et al. (2005) Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery 2004 Annual Report (ed., Boyd D,). USFWS, Helena, Montana.
70. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Nez Perce Tribe, National Park Service, Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks, Idaho Fish and Game, and USDA Wildlife Services (2007). Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery 2006 Annual Report (eds, Sime CA, Bangs EE,). USFWS, Ecological Services, Helena, Montana.
71. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Nez Perce Tribe, National Park Service et al. (2010) Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery 2009 Interagency Annual Report (eds, Sime CA, Bangs EE,). USFWS, Ecological Services, Helena, Montana.
72. Varvio S, Chakraborty R, Nei M, (1986) Genetic variation in subdivided populations and conservation genetics. Heredity, 57, 189-198.
73. Vila C, Sundqvist AK, Flagstad O, et al. (2003) Rescue of a severely bottlenecked wolf (Canis lupus) population by a single immigrant. Proceedings of the Royal Society London B, 270, 91-97.
74. VonHoldt BM, Stahler DR, Smith DW, et al. (2008) The genealogy and genetic viability of reintroduced Yellowstone grey wolves. Molecular Ecology, 17, 252-274.
75. Vucetich JA, Waite TA, (2000) Is one migrant per generation sufficient for the genetic management of fluctuating populations? Animal Conservation, 3, 261-266.
76. Wang JL, (2004a) Sibship reconstruction from genetic data with typing errors. Genetics, 166, 1963-1979.
77. Wang JL, (2004b) Application of the one-migrant-per-generation rule in conservation and management. Conservation Biology, 18, 332-343.
78. Wolf CM, Griffith B, Reed C, et al. (1996) Avian and mammalian translocations: update and reanalysis of 1987 survey data. Conservation Biology, 10, 1142-1154.
79. Wolf CM, Garland T, Griffith B, (1998) Predictors of avian and mammalian translocation success: reanalysis with phylogenetically independent contrasts. Biological Conservation, 86, 243-255.
80. Wright S, (1943) Isolation by distance. Genetics, 28, 114-138.