A framework for identifying Internet information gatekeepers

International Review of Law, Computers and Technology

Volumn 24, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 263-276

  Laidlaw, Emily B ^a  

^a LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Gatekeeper; Human rights; Internet

Indexed keywords

EID: 78649244812     PISSN: 13600869     EISSN: 13646885     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13600869.2010.522334     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. P. Shoemaker, Gatekeeping (Communication Concepts) (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1991), 235.
2. For information on gatekeeping, see some of the following material. Shoemaker has recently updated her work in Gatekeeping Theory (New York: Routledge, 2009).
3. J. Braithwaite and P. Drahos, Global Business Regulation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000)
4. J.C. Coffee, Gatekeepers: The Professions and Corporate Governance (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006)
5. K. Lewin, 'Frontiers in Group Dynamics', Human Relations 1, no. 2 (1947): 143-53
6. R.H. Kraakman, 'Corporate Liability Strategies and the Costs of Legal Controls', Yale Law Journal 93 (1983-1984): 857
7. R.H. Kraakman, 'Gatekeepers: The Anatomy of a Third-Party Enforcement Strategy', Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 2 (1986): 53-104.
8. n the Internet context, see in particular, J. Zittrain, 'A History of Online Gatekeeping', Harvard Journal of Law & Technology 19, no. 2 (2006): 253,
9. who discusses Kraakman extensively, R.A. Heverly, 'Law as Intermediary', Michigan State Law Review (2006), 107-8
10. M.D. Birnhack and N. Elkin-Koren, 'The Invisible Handshake: The Reemergence of the State in the Digital Environment', Virginia Journal of Law and Technology 8 (2003): 6
11. R.J. Mann and S.R. Belzley, 'The Promise of Internet Intermediary Liability', William and Mary Law Review 47 (2005): 239.
12. K. Barzilai-Nahon, discussed throughout this article, in note 8 below. 2.
13. J. Black, 'Decentring Regulation: Understanding the Role of Regulation and Self-Regulation in a Post-Regulatory World', Current Legal Problems 54 (2001): 103, 110-2.
14. B. Morgan and K. Yeung, An Introduction to Law and Regulation: Text and Materials (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 280
15. R. Brownsword and H. Somsen, 'Before We Fast Forward - A Forum for Debate', Law, Innovation & Technology 1, no. 1 (2009): 1-8.
16. J. Freeman, 'Private Parties, Public Functions and the New Administrative Law', in Recrafting the Rule of Law, ed. D. Dyzenhaus (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 1999), 331-5.
17. J. Freeman, 'The Private Role in Public Governance', New York University Law Review 75 (2000): 543.
18. C. Metoyer-Duran, 'Information Gatekeepers', Annual Review of Information Science and Technology 28 (1993): 111-8.
19. Shoemaker, Gatekeeping Theory (2009), 1
20. P. Shoemaker, M. Eichholz, E. Kim and B. Wrigley, 'Individual and Routine Forces in Gatekeeping', Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 78, no. 2 (2001): 233-46
21. Kraakman's definition is from Kraakman, 'Gatekeepers: The Anatomy', 53-4.
22. Coffee, Gatekeepers: The Professions, 2.
23. D. McQuail, Mass Communication Theory, 5th ed. (London: Sage, 2005),308
24. D. McQuail, Media Accountability and Freedom of Publication (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2003), 4.
25. For a critical discussion of the European approach see, for example, D. Tambini, C. Marsden and D. Leonardi, Codifying Cyberspace (London: Routledge, 2008).
26. Bunt v. Tilley & Ors [2006] EWHC 407 (QB).
27. With regard to the USA, see cases such as Reno v. ACLU, 521 U.S. 844 (1997)
28. Zeran v. AOL, 129 F.3d 327 (4th Circ. 1997)
29. CLCCRL v. Craigslist Inc, WL 681168 (7th Cir. March 14, 2008)
30. Fair Housing Council of San Fernando Valley v. Roommates.com, LLC, WL 879293 (9th Cir. 3 April 2008).
31. J. Zittrain, 'Internet Points of Control', Boston College Law Review 44 (2002-2003): 653.
32. J. Zittrain, 'A History', 253, and 255-6
33. Mann and Belzley, 'Promise of Internet', 19
34. Brown-sword and Somsen, 'Before We Fast Forward', 7
35. J. Zittrain, The Future of the Internet and How to Stop It (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008).
36. K. Barzilai-Nahon, 'Toward a Theory of Network Gatekeeping: A Framework for Exploring Information Control', Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 59, no. 9 (2008): 1493-5.
37. Barzilai-Nahon, 'Gatekeepers, Virtual Communities and the Gated: Multidimensional Tensions in Cyberspace', International Journal of Communications Law & Policy 11, no. 9 (Autumn 2006): 1-28
38. Barzilai-Nahon, 'Gatekeeping Revisited: A Critical Review', Annual Review of Information Science and Technology 43 (2009), 433
39. Business Leaders Initiative on Human Rights, United Nations Global Compact and the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, 'A Guide for Integrating Human Rights into Business Management I': 8. There are many variations of the sphere of influence model, http://www.unglobalcompact.org/docs/issues_doc/human_rights/Resources/guide_hr.pdf
40. Black, 'Decentring Regulation', 110-1.
41. John Ruggie's discussion of sphere of influence, see his 2008 report, 'Protect. Respect and Remedy: A Framework for Business and Human Rights': http://www.reports-and-materials.org/Ruggie-report-7-Apr-2008.pdf (accessed 1 June 2010), 14-5.
42. Ruggie's material generally see http://www.business-humanrights.org/SpecialRepPortal/Home (accessed 1 June 2010).
43. See in particular his yearly reports from 2006 to 2010, available at http://www.business-humanrights.org/SpecialRepPortal/Home/ReportstoUNHumanRightsCouncil (accessed 1 June 2010).
44. J.M. Balkin, 'Digital Speech and Democratic Culture: A Theory of Freedom of Expression for the Information Society', New York University Law Review 79, no. 1 (2004): 3-4.
45. T.I. Emerson, The System of Freedom of Expression (New York: Random House, 1970).
46. S. Orgad, 'The Cultural Dimensions of Online Communication: A Study of Breast Cancer Patients' Internet Spaces', New Media & Society 8, no. 6 (2006): 87.
47. E. Barendt, Freedom of Speech, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), Ch. 1.
48. Lingens v. Austria (1986) 8 EHRR 407
49. Oren Bracha and Frank Pasquale, 'Federal Search Commission? Access, Fairness and Accountability in the Law of Search', Cornell Law Review 93 (2008), 1149-59.
50. P. Dahlgren's quote above, see his article 'The Internet, Public Spheres, and Political Communication: Dispersion and Deliberation' Political Communication 22 (2005), 147-8.
51. S. Jeffries, 'A Rare Interview with Jurgen Habermas', Financial Times, 30 April 2010, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/eda3bcd8-5327-11df-813e-00144feab49a.html (accessed 2 June 2010).
52. J. Bohman, 'Expanding Dialogue: The Internet, Public Sphere, and Transnational Democracy', in Democracy Online: The Prospects for Political Renewal Through the Internet, ed. P.M. Shane (New York: Routledge, 2004), 49.
53. J. Petley, 'Web of Control', Index on Censorship 38, no. 1 (2009): 78
54. T.J. McIntyre and C. Scott, 'Internet Filtering: Rhetoric, Legitimacy, Accountability and Responsibility', in Regulating Technologies: Legal Future, Regulatory Frames and Technological Fixes, ed. R. Brownsword and K. Yeung (Oxford: Hart, 2008).
55. S. Michaels, 'Google Shuts Down Music Blogs Without Warning', The Guardian, 11 February 2010, http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2010/feb/11/google-deletes-music-blogs
56. C. Metz, 'Google's Musicblogocide - Blame the DMCA', The Register, 11 February 2010, http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/02/11/google_musicblogocide_2010/.
57. Google's blog post in this regard, 'Let the Music Play' (26 August 2009), http://buzz.blogger.com/2009/08/let-music-play.html.
58. Google's response to the incident, 'A quick note about music blog removals' (10 February 2010), http://buzz.blogger.com/2010/02/quick-note-about-music-blog-removals.html.
59. The DMCA takedown letters are archived at Chilling Effects, http://www.chillingeffects. org. For the Blogger Terms of Service see http://www.blogger.com/terms.g