Vertical structure of tropical mesoscale convective systems: Observations using VHF radar and cloud resolving model simulations

Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics

Volumn 109, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 73-90

  Abhilash, S ^a   Mohankumar, K ^b   Das, S Shankar ^c   Kumar, K Kishore ^c  

^a INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TROPICAL METEOROLOGY   (India)

^b Department of Physics   (India)

^c INDIAN SPACE RESEARCH ORGANISATION   (India)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC MODELING; COMPUTER SIMULATION; CONVECTIVE SYSTEM; HYPOTHESIS TESTING; MESOSCALE METEOROLOGY; MODEL VALIDATION; NUMERICAL MODEL; OBSERVATIONAL METHOD; STRATIFORM CLOUD; TROPICAL METEOROLOGY; TROPOPAUSE; TROPOSPHERE; VERTICAL PROFILE;

GADANKI; INDIA; TAMIL NADU;

EID: 78449289611     PISSN: 01777971     EISSN: 14365065     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00703-010-0087-7     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Abhilash S, Mohankumar K, Das S (2008) Simulation of microphysical structure associated with tropical cloud clusters using mesoscale model and comparison with TRMM observations. Int J Remote Sens 29(8): 2411-2432.
2. Anandan VK, Balmuralidhar P, Rao PB, Jain AR (1996) A method for adaptive moments estimation technique applied to MST radar echoes. Progress in electromagnetic research symposium. Telecommunication Research Center, City University of Hong Kong.
3. Barnes G, Garstang M (1982) Subcloud layer energetics of precipitating convection. Mon Weather Rev 110: 102-117.
4. Bean BR, Dutton EJ (1964) Radar meteorology. Dover Publications, New York, 210 pp.
5. Biggerstaff MI, Houze RA Jr (1991) Kinematic and precipitation structure of the 10-11 June 1985 squall line. Mon Weather Rev 119: 3034-3065.
6. Biggerstaff MI, Houze RA Jr (1993) Kinematics and microphysics of the transition zone of the 10-11 June 1985 squall line. J Atmos Sci 50: 3091-3110.
7. Braun SA, Houze RA Jr (1994) The transition zone and secondary maximum of radar reflectivity behind a midlatitude squall line: Results retrieved from Doppler-radar data. J Atmos Sci 51: 2733-2755.
8. Braun SA, Houze RA Jr (1995) Melting and freezing in a mesoscale convective system. Q J R Meteorol Soc 121: 55-77.
9. Carter DA, Ecklund WL, Mcafee JR, Gage KS, Keenan T, Manton M (1991) Results from the first year of observations using the darwin vhf wind profiler. In: 25th international conference on radar meteorology, vol 288-291. American Meteorological Society, Paris.
10. Chattopadhyay R, Goswami BN, Sahai AK, Fraedrich K (2009) Role of stratiform rainfall in modifying the northward propagation of monsoon intraseasonal oscillation. J Geophys Res 114: 1029-1045.
11. Cheng CP, Houze RA Jr (1979) The distribution of convective and mesoscale precipitation in GATE radar echo patterns. Mon Weather Rev 107: 1370-1381.
12. Chong MP, Amayenc G, Scialom TJ (1987) A tropical squall line observed during the COPT 81 Experiment in West Africa. Part 1: Kinematic structure inferred from dual-Doppler radar data. Mon Weather Rev 115: 670-694.
13. Chu YH, Lin CH (1994) The severe depletion of turbulente cho power in association with precipitation observed by using Chung-Li VHF radar. Radio Sci 29: 1311-1320.
14. Chu YH, Song JS (1998) Observation of precipitation associated with cold front using VHF wind profiler and ground-based optical rain gauge. J Geophys Res 103: 11401-11409.
15. Chu YH, Chian LP, Lin CH (1991) The investigation of atmospheric precipitation by using Chung-Li VHF radar. Radio Sci 26: 717-729.
16. Churchil DD, Houze RA Jr (1984) Development and structure of winter monsoon cloud clusters on 10 December 1978. J Atmos Sci 41: 933-960.
17. Cotton WR (1972) Numerical simulation of precipitation development in super cooled cumuli, Part I. Mon Weather Rev 100: 757-763.
18. Cotton WR (2003) Cloud models: their evolution and future challenges. Meteorol Monogr 29(51): 95.
19. Cotton WR, Anthes RA (1989) Storm and cloud dynamics. Academic Press, Oxford 280 pp.
20. Cotton WR, George RL, Knupp KR (1982) An intense, quasi-steady thunderstorm over mountainous terrain. Part I: Evolution of the storm initiating mesoscale circulation. J Atmos Sci 39(2): 328-342.
21. Dhaka SK, Choudhary RK, Malik S, Shibagaki Y, Yamanaka MD, Fukao S (2002) Observable signatures of a convectively generated wave field over the tropics using Indian MST radar at Gadanki (13. 5°N, 79. 2°E). Geophys Res Lett 29(18): 1872-1879.
22. Dhar ON, Kulkarni AK, Ghose GC (1978) Rainfall distribution over Indian subdivisions during the wettest and the driest monsoons of the period 1901-1960. J Hydrol Sci 23(2): 213-221.
23. Doswell CA (2002) Severe Convective Storms. Am Meteorol Soc Monogr Ser 28(50): 123-166.
24. Dudhia J, Moncrief MW (1987) A numerical simulation of quasi-stationary tropical convection bands. Q J R Meteorol Soc 113: 929-967.
25. Fukao S, Wakasugi K, Sato T, Tsuda T, Kimura I, Takeuchi N, Matsuno M, Kato S (1985) Simultaneous observation of precipitating atmosphere by VHF and C/Ku band radars. Radio Sci 20: 622-630.
26. Gage KS, Green JL (1979) Tropopause detection by partial specular reflection using VHF radar. Science 203: 1238-1240.
27. Grabowski WW, Xiaoqing W, Moncrieff MW (1996) Cloud resolving modeling of tropical cloud systems during phase II of GATE. Part I: Two-dimensional experiments. J Atmos Sci 53(24): 3684-3709.
28. Grell GA, Dudhia J, Stauffer DR (1994) A description of the 5th generation Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale model (MM5). NCAR Technical Note, NCAR/TN-398 + STR, 117 pp.
29. Heymsfield GM, Schotz S (1985) Structure and evolution of severe squall line over Oklahoma. Mon Weather Rev 105: 1540-1567.
30. Houghton HG (1968) On precipitation mechanisms and their artificial modification. J Appl Meteorol 7: 851-859.
31. Houze RA Jr (1977) Structure and dynamics of a tropical squall-line system. Mon Weather Rev 105: 1540-1567.
32. Houze RA Jr (1982) Cloud clusters and large-scale vertical motions in the tropics. J Meteorol Soc Japan 60: 396-410.
33. Houze RA Jr (1989) Observed structure of mesoscale convective systems and implications for large-scale heating. Q J R Meteorol Soc 115: 425-461.
34. Houze RA Jr (1997) Stratiform precipitation in regions of convection: a meteorological paradox? Bull Am Meteorol Soc 78: 2179-2196.
35. Houze RA Jr (1993) Cloud dynamics. Academic Press, San Diego, 573 pp.
36. Houze RA Jr (2004) Mesoscale convective systems. Rev Geophys 42: 43.
37. Houze RA Jr, Rutledge SA, Biggerstaff MI, Smull BF (1989) Interpretation of Doppler weather radar displays in mid-latitude mesoscale convective systems. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 70: 608-619.
38. Houze RA Jr, Smull BF, Dodge P (1990) Mesoscale organization of springtime rainstorms in Oklahoma. Mon Weather Rev 118: 613-654.
39. Houze RA Jr, Wilton DC, Smull BF (2007) Monsoon convection in the Himalayan region as seen by the TRMM precipitation radar. Q J R Meteorol Soc 133: 1389-1411.
40. Johnson RH, Nicholls M (1983) A compositive analysis of the boundary layer accompanying a tropical squall line. Mon Weather Rev 111: 308-319.
41. Kingsmill DE, Houze RA Jr (1999) Kinematic characteristics of air flowing into and out of precipitating convection over the west Pacific warm pool: an airborne Doppler radar survey. Q J R Meteorol Soc 125: 1165-1207.
42. Knupp KR, Cotton WR (1982) An intense, quasi-steady thunderstorm over mountainous terrain-part III: Doppler radar observations of the turbulence structure. J Atmos Sci 39: 343-358.
43. Laing AG, Fritsch JM (1997) The global population of mesoscale convective complexes. Q J R Meteorol Soc 123: 389-405.
44. Leary CA (1984) Precipitation structure of the cloud clusters in a tropical easterly wave. Mon Weather Rev 112: 313-325.
45. Leary CA, Houze RA Jr (1979) The structure and evolution of convection in a tropical cloud cluster. J Atmos Sci 36: 437-457.
46. LeMone MA, Zipser EJ (1980) Cumulonimbus vertical velocity events in GATE. Part I: Diameter, intensity and mass flux. J Atmos Sc 37: 2444-2457.
47. Li Y, Zipser EJ, Krueger SK, Zulauf MA (2008) Cloud-resolving modeling of deep convection during KWAJEX. Part I: Comparison to TRMM satellite and ground-based radar observations. Mon Weather Rev 136: 2699-2712.
48. Lin YL, Farley RD, Orville HD (1983) Bulk parameterization of snow field in a cloud model. J Clim Appl Meteorol 22: 1065-1092.
49. Mapes BE (1993) Gregarious tropical convection. J Atmos Sci 50: 2026-2037.
50. Mapes BE, Houze RA Jr (1993) An integrated view of the 1987 Australian monsoon and its mesoscale convective systems. Part II: Vertical structure. Q J R Meteorol Soc 119: 733-754.
51. Mapes BE, Houze RA Jr (1995) Diabatic divergence profiles in Western Pacific mesoscale convective systems. J Atmos Sci 52: 1807-1828.
52. McAnelly RL, Cotton WR (1989) The precipitation life cycle of mesoscale convective complexes. Mon Weather Rev 117: 784-808.
53. Moncrieff MW, Krueger SK, Gregory D, Redelsperger JL, Tao WK (1997) GEWEX Cloud System Study (GCSS) Working Group 4: precipitating convective cloud systems. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 78: 831-845.
54. Nesbitt SW, Zipser EJ, Cecil DJ (2000) A census of precipitation features in the tropics using TRMM: Radar, ice scattering, and ice observations. J Clim 13: 4087-4106.
55. Rajopadhyaya DK, May PT, Vincent RV (1993) A general approach to the retrieval of raindrop size distributions from wind profiler Doppler spectra: modeling results. J Atmos Oceanic Technol 10: 710-717.
56. Rao PB, Jain AR, Kishore P, Balamuralidhar P, Damle SH, Vishwanathan G (1995) Indian MST rara, 1. System description and sample vector wind measurement in ST mode. Radio Sci 30: 1125-1138.
57. Rao TN, Rao DN, Raghavan S (1999) Tropical precipitating systems observed with Indian MST Radar. Radio Sci 34(5): 1125-1139.
58. Reddy KS, Shih P, Chu YH (2002) A study of precipitating cloud system using Chung-Li VHF radar. Radio Sci 37: 1067-1076.
59. Redelsperger JL, Lafore JP (1988) A three-dimensional simulation of a tropical squall line: convective organization and thermodynamic vertical transport. J Atmos Sci 45(8): 1334-1356.
60. Rottger J, Liu CH, Pan CJ, Su SY (1995) Characteristics of the lightning echoes observed with the VHF ST radar. Radio Sci 30: 1085-1097.
61. Roux F (1988) The West African squall line observed on 23 June 1981 during COPT 81: kinematics and thermodynamics of the convective region. J Atmos Sci 45: 406-426.
62. Schumacher C, Houze RA Jr (2003) Stratiform rain in the tropics as seen by the TRMM precipitation radar. J Clim 16: 1739-1756.
63. Schumacher C, Houze RA Jr, Kraucunas I (2004) The tropical dynamical response to latent heating estimates derived from the TRMM precipitation radar. J Atmos Sci 61: 1341-1358.
64. Smull BF, Houze RA Jr (1987) Dual-Doppler radar analysis of a midlatitude squall line with a trailing region of stratiform rain. J Atmos Sci 44: 2128-2148.
65. Steiner M, Houze RA Jr, Yuter SE (1995) Climatological characterization of three-dimensional storm structure from operational radar and rain gauge data. J Appl Meteorol 34: 1978-2007.
66. Tao WK, Simpson J (1984) Cloud interactions and merging: numerical simulations. J Atmos Sci 41(19): 2901-2917.
67. Tao WK, Simpson J, Soon ST (1987) Statistical properties of a cloud ensemble: a numerical study. J Atmos Sci 44(21): 3175-3187.
68. Tao WK, Simpson J, McCumber M (1989) An ice-water saturation adjustment. Mon Wea Rev 117: 231-235.
69. Tao WK, Sui CH, Ferrier B, Lang S, Scala J, Chou MD, Pickering K (1993) Heating, moisture and water budgets of tropical and midlatitude squall lines: comparisons and sensitivity to long wave radiation. J Atmos Sci 50: 673-690.
70. Tao WK, Simpson J, Lang S, McCumber M, Adler R, Penc R (2001) Retrieved vertical profiles of latent heat release using TRMM rainfall products for February 1998. J Appl Meteorol 40: 957-982.
71. Wakasugi K, Mizutani A, Masaru M, Fukao S, Kato S (1986) A direct method for deriving drop-size distribution and vertical air velocities from VHF Doppler radar spectra. J Atmos Oceanic Technol 3: 623-629.
72. Wu W, Xiaoqing WW, Grabowski MoncrieffMW (1998) Long-term behavior of cloud system in TOGA-COARE and their interactions with radiative and surface processes. Part I: Two-dimensional modeling study. J Atmos Sci 55(17): 2693-2714.
73. Xu KM, Randall DA (1996) Explicit Simulation of cumulus ensembles with the GATE phase III data: comparison with observations. J Atmos Sci 53(24): 3710-3736.
74. Yuter SE, Houze RA Jr (1995) Three-dimensional kinematic and microphysical evolution of Florida cumulonimbus. Part I: Spatial distribution of updrafts, downdrafts, and precipitation. Mon Weather Rev 123: 1921-1940.
75. Zhang DL, Fritsch JM (1988) Numerical sensitivity experiments of varying model. Physics on the structure, evolution and dynamics of the mesoscale convective systems. J Atmos Sci 45: 261-293.
76. Zipser EJ (2003) Some views on hot towers after 50 years of tropical field programs and two years of TRMM data. Meteorol Monogr 29(51): 50-59.
77. Zipser EJ, LeMone MA (1980) Cumulonimbus vertical velocity events in GATE. Part II: Synthesis and model core structures. J Atmos Sci 37: 2458-2469.