The Culture of Medicine and Racial, Ethnic, and Class Disparities in Healthcare

The Blackwell Companion to Social Inequalities

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 396-423

  Delvecchio Good, Mary Jo ^a   James, Cara ^b   Good, Byron J ^a   Becker, Anne E ^a  

^a HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Class disparities; Culture of medicine; Ethnic disparities; Healthcare; Racial disparities

Indexed keywords

EID: 78349301734     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470996973.ch18     Document Type: Chapter

References (76)

1. Adebimpe, V. R. 1981. "Overview: White norms and psychiatric diagnosis of black patients," American Journal of Psychiatry, 138: 279-85.
2. Alpers, R. R., and Zoucha, R. 1996. "Comparison of cultural competence and cultural confidence of senior nursing students in a private southern university," Journal of Cultural Diversity, 3(1): 9-15.
3. American Psychiatric Association. 1994. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, pp. 843-9.
4. American Public Health Association. 2001. "00-LB-1: Research and intervention on racism as a fundamental cause of ethnic disparities in health," American Journal of Public Health, 91(3): 515-16.
5. Baker, F. M., Bondurant, A., Pinderhughes, C., Fuller, R., Kelley, S., Kim, S. P., Triffleman, E., and Spurlock, J. 1997. "Survey of the cross-cultural content of US psychiatry residency training programs," Cultural Diversity & Mental Health, 3(3): 215-18.
6. Becker, H., Geer, B., Hughes, E. C., and Strauss, A. 1961. Boys in White: Student Culture in Medical School. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
7. Brach, C., and Fraser, I. 2000. "Can cultural competency reduce racial and ethnic health disparities?: A review and conceptual model," Medical Care Research & Review, 57 (Supplement 1): 181-217.
8. Byrd, W. M., Clayton, L. A., Kinchen, K., Richardson, D., Lawrence, L., Butcher, R., and Davidson, E. 1994. "African-American physicians' views on health reform: Results of a survey," Journal of the National Medical Association, 86(3): 191-9.
9. Chen, J., Rathore, S. S., Radford, M. J., Wang, Y., and Krumholz, H. M. 2001. "Racial differences in the use of cardiac catheterization after acute myocardial infarction," New England Journal of Medicine, 344(19): 1443-49.
10. Coid, J., Kahtan, N., Gault, S., and Jarman, B. 2000. "Ethnic differences in admissions to secure forensic psychiatry services," British Journal of Psychiatry, 177: 241-7.
11. Cooper-Patrick, L., Gallo, J. J., Gonzales, J. J., Vu, H. T., Powe, N. R., Nelson, C., and Ford, D. E. 1999. "Race, gender, and partnership in the patient-physician relationship," Journal of the American Medical Association, 282(6): 583-9.
12. Doescher, M. P., Saver, B. G., Franks, P., and Fiscella, K. 2000. "Racial and ethnic disparities in perceptions of physician style and trust," Archives of Family Medicine, 9(10):1156-63.
13. Epstein, A. M., and Ayanian, J. Z. 2001. "Racial disparities in medical care," New England Journal of Medicine, 344(19): 1471-73.
14. Fadiman, A. 1997. The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down: A Hmong Child, Her American Doctors, and the Collision of Two Cultures. New York: Farrar, Straus, & Giroux.
15. Farmer, P. 1999. Infections and Inequalities: The Modern Plagues. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
16. Fischbach, R. L., and Hunt, M. 1999. "Educating for diversity: A decade of experience (1989-1999)," Journal of Women's Health and Gender-based Medicine, 8(10): 1249-56.
17. Flaskerud, J. H., and Hu, L. T. 1992. "Racial/ethnic identity and amount and type of psychiatric treatment," American Journal of Psychiatry, 149(3): 379-84.
18. Gaertner, S. L., and Dovidio, J. F. 1986. "The aversive form of racism," in Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism, ed. J. F. Dovidio and S. L. Gaertner. Orlando, FL: Academic Press, pp. 61-89.
19. Gonzalez, R. I., Gooden, M. B., and Porter, C. P. 2000. "Eliminating racial and ethnic disparities in healthcare," American Journal of Nursing, 100(3): 56-8.
20. Good, B. J. 1977. "The heart of what's the matter: Semantics and illness in Iran," Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 1: 25-58.
21. Good, B. J. 1992a. "Culture and psychopathology: Directions for psychiatric anthropology," in The Social Life of Self: New Directions in Psychological Anthropology, ed. T. Schwartz, G. M. White, and C. A. Lutz. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 181-205.
22. Good, B. J. 1992b. "Culture, diagnosis and co-morbidity," Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 16: 1-20.
23. Good, B. J. 1994. Medicine, Rationality, and Experience: An Anthropological Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
24. Good, B. J. 1997. "Studying mental illness in context: Local, global, or universal?," Ethos, 25(2): 230-49.
25. Good, B. J., and Good, M. J. D. V. 1980. "The meaning of symptoms: A cultural hermeneutic model for clinical practice," in The Relevance of Social Science for Medicine, ed. L. Eisenberg and A. Kleinman. Dordrecht: D. Reidel, pp. 165-96.
26. Good, B. J., and Good, M. J. D. V. 1981. The Semantics of Medical Discourse: Sciences and Cultures, 5 vols.; Sociology of the Sciences, vol. 5, ed. E. Mendelsohn and Y. Elkana. Dordrecht: D. Reidel, pp. 177-212.
27. Good, B. J., and Good, M. J. D. V. 2000. "'Fiction' and 'historicity' in doctors' stories: Social and narrative dimensions of learning medicine," in Narrative and the Cultural Construction of Illness and Healing, ed. C. Mattingly and L. L. Garro. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, pp. 50-69.
28. Good, M. J. D. V. 1995. "Cultural studies of biomedicine: An agenda for research," Social Science and Medicine, 41(4): 461-73.
29. Good, M. J. D. V. 1998. American Medicine: The Quest for Competence. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
30. Good, M. J. D. V., James, C., Good, B. J., and Becker, A. E. 2001. "The culture of medicine and racial, ethnic and class disparities in healthcare," in Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care, ed. B. D. Smedley, A. Y. Stith, and A. R. Nelson, Report of the Institute of Medicine, Committee on Understanding and Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, pp. 594-625.
31. Gray, B., and Stoddard, J. J. 1997. "Patient-physician pairing: does racial and ethnic congruity influence selection of a regular physician?," Journal of Community Health, 22(4):247-59.
32. Hafferty, F. 1991. Into the Valley: Death and the Socialization of Medical Students. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
33. Hargraves, J. L., Stoddard, J. J., and Trude, S. 2001. "Minority physicians' experiences obtaining referrals to specialists and hospital admissions" [online], Medscape General Medicine, 3(4): 10. Available from http://intapp.medscape.com/px/medlineapp/getdoc?ord=2&searchid=1&have_local_holdings_file=1&local_journals_only=0&searchstring=Minority+physicians%3F+experiences+obtaining+referrals+to+specialists+and+hospital+admissions.
34. Herskovits, E. 2001. Interview by Mary-Jo DelVecchio Good.
35. Hunter, K. M. 1991. "Toward the cultural interpretation of medicine," Literature and Medicine, 10: 1-17.
36. Junginger, J. 1996. "Psychosis and violence: The case for a content analysis of psychotic experience," Schizophrenia Bulletin, 22: 91-103.
37. King, G. 1996. "Institutional racism and the medical/health complex: A conceptual analysis," Ethnicity & Disease, 6: 30-46.
38. Kleinman, A. 1980. Patients and Healers in the Context of Culture. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
39. Kleinman, A. 1988a. The Illness Narratives: Suffering, Healing & the Human Condition. New York: Basic Books.
40. Kleinman, A. 1988b. Rethinking Psychiatry: From Cultural Category to Personal Experience. New York: Free Press.
41. Komaromy, M., Grumbach, K., Drake, M., Vranizan, K., Lurie, N., Keane, D., and Bindman, A. B. 1996. "The role of black and Hispanic physicians in providing healthcare for underserved populations," New England Journal of Medicine, 334(20): 1305-10.
42. Laszloffy, T. A., and Hardy, K. V. 2000. "Uncommon strategies for a common problem: Addressing racism in family therapy," Family Process, 39(1): 35-50.
43. Lidz, C. W., Hoge, S. K., Gardner, W., Bennett, N. S., Monahan, J., Mulvey, E. P., and Roth, L. H. 1995. "Perceived coercion in mental hospital admission: Pressures and process," Archives of General Psychiatry, 52: 1034-39.
44. Lindsey, K. P., and Paul, G. L. 1989. "Involuntary commitments to public mental institutions: Issues involving the overrepresentations of blacks and assessment of relevant functioning," Psychological Bulletin, 106: 171-83.
45. Link, B. G., Andrews, H., and Cullen, F. T. 1992. "The violent and illegal behavior of mental patients reconsidered," American Sociological Review, 57: 275-92.
46. Link, B. G., and Stueve, A. 1995. "Evidence bearing on mental illness as a possible cause of violent behavior," Epidemiologic Reviews, 17: 172-81.
47. Lopez, S. R. 1989. "Patient variable biases in clinical judgment: Conceptual overview and methodological considerations," Psychological Bulletin, 106: 184-203.
48. Loring, M., and Powell, B. 1988. "Gender, race, and DSM-III: A study of the objectivity of psychiatric diagnostic behavior," Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 29: 1-22.
49. Loudon, R. F., Anderson, M., Gill, S., and Greenfeld, S. M. 1999. "Educating medical students for work in culturally diverse societies," Journal of the American Medical Association, 282(9): 875-80.
50. Lum, C. K., and Korenman, S. G. 1994. "Cultural-sensitivity training in US medical schools," Academic Medicine, 69(3): 239-41.
51. Mackenzie, E. R., Taylor, L. S., and Lavizzo-Mourey, R. 1999. "Experiences of ethnic minority primary care physicians with managed care: a national survey," American Journal of Managed Care, 5(10): 1251-64.
52. McAlpine, D. D., and Mechanic, D. 2000. "Utilization of specialty mental healthcare among persons with severe mental illness: the roles of demographics, need, insurance, and risk," Health Services Research, 35(1): 277-92.
53. Merton, R. K., Reader, G. G., and Kendall, L. 1957. The Student Physician: Introductory Studies in the Sociology of Medical Education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
54. Mezzich, J., Kleinman, A., Fabrega, H., and Parron, D. L., eds. 1996. Culture and Psychiatric Diagnosis: A DSM-IV Perspective. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
55. Monahan, J. 1992. "Mental disorder and violent behavior: Perceptions and evidence," American Psychologist, 47: 511-21.
56. Napholz, L. 1999. "A comparison of self-reported cultural competency skills among two groups of nursing students: Implications for nursing education," Journal of Nursing Education, 38(2): 81-3.
57. Neighbors, H. W., Jackson, J. S., Campbell, L., and Williams, D. 1989. "The influence of racial factors on psychiatric diagnosis: A review and suggestions for research," Community Mental Health Journal, 25: 301-11.
58. Neighbors, H. W., Trierweiler, S. J., Munday, C., Thompson, E. E., Jackson, J. S., Binion, V. J., and Gomez, J. 1999. "Psychiatric diagnosis of African Americans: Diagnostic divergence in clinician-structured and semistructured interviewing conditions," Journal of the National Medical Association, 91(11): 601-12.
59. Nichter, M. 1981. "Idioms of distress: Alternatives in the expression of psychosocial distress: A case study from South India," Culture, Medicine & Psychiatry, 5(4): 379-408.
60. Nickens, H. W. 1992. "The rationale for minority-targeted programs in medicine in the 1990s," Journal of the American Medical Association, 267(17): 2390-91.
61. Nordhoff, G., and Bates, E., eds. 1989. "Inside looking out: Special issue of Southern Exposure devoted to involuntary commitment in the American South," Southern Exposure, 17(3).
62. Richardson, L. D. 1999. "Patients' rights and professional responsibilities: The moral case for cultural competence," The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, 66(4): 267-70.
63. Robins, L. S., White, C. B., Alexander, G. L., Gruppen, L. D., and Grum, C. M. 2001. "Assessing medical students' awareness of and sensitivity to diverse health beliefs using a standardized patient situation," Academic Medicine, 76(1): 76-80.
64. Roter, D. L., Stewart, M., Putnam, S. M., Lipkin, M., Stile, W., and Inui, T. 1997. "Communication patterns of primary care physicians," Journal of the American Medical Association, 277(4): 350-6.
65. Segal, S. P., Bola, J. R., and Watson, M. A. 1996. "Race, quality of care, and antipsychotic prescribing practices in psychiatric emergency services," Psychiatric Services, 47(3):282-6.
66. Snowden, L. R., Cheung, F. K., and Fredda, K. 1990. "Use of inpatient mental health services by members of ethnic minority groups," American Psychologist, 45: 347-55.
67. Stoddard, J. J., Back, M. R., Brotherton, S. E. 2000. "The respective racial and ethnic diversity of U.S. pediatricians and American children," Pediatrics, 105(1, Pt. 1): 27-31.
68. Strakowski, S. M., Lonczak, H. S., Wax, K. W., West, S. A., Crist, A., Mehta, R., and Thienhaus, O. J. 1995. "The effects of race on diagnosis and disposition from a psychiatric emergency service," Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 56(3): 101-6.
69. Strakowski, S. M., Tohen, M., Stoll, A. L., Faedda, G. L., Mayer, V., Kolbrener, M. L., and Goodwin, D. C. 1993. "Comorbidity in psychosis at first hospitalization," American Journal of Psychiatry, 150: 752-7.
70. Surgeon General. 2001. Mental Health: Culture, Race, and Ethnicity. A Supplement to Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General.
71. Swanson, J. W., Holzer, C. E., Ganju, V. K., and Jono, R. T. 1990. "Violence and psychiatric disorder in the community: Evidence from the epidemiologic catchment area surveys," Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 41: 761-70.
72. Tullmann, D. F. 1992. "Cultural diversity in nursing education: does it affect racism in the nursing profession?," Journal of Nursing Education, 31(7): 321-5.
73. Ware, N. C., and Kleinman, A. 1992. "Culture and somatic experience: The social course of illness in neurasthenia and chronic fatigue syndrome," Psychosomatic Medicine, 54(5):546-60.
74. Weiler, C., Hiatt, H. H., Newhouse, J. P., Johnson, W. G., Brennan, T. A., and Leape, L. L. 1993. A Measure of Malpractice: Medical Injury, Malpractice Litigation, and Patient Compensation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
75. Whaley, A. L. 1998. "Racism in the provision of mental health services: A social-cognitive analysis," American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 68(1): 47-57.
76. Williams, D. R., and Rucker, T. D. 2000. "Understanding and addressing racial disparities in healthcare," Health Care Financing Review, 21(4): 75-90.