Institutional racism and the medical/health complex: A conceptual analysis

Ethnicity and Disease

Volumn 6, Issue 1-2, 1996, Pages 30-46

  King, Gary ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT HEALTH CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Coronary Artery Disease; Institutional Racism; Medical Institutions; Minority Health

Indexed keywords

CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; ETHNIC GROUP; ETHNOLOGY; FEMALE; HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH; HUMAN; MALE; RACE; RESEARCH; REVIEW; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; UNITED STATES;

CONTINENTAL POPULATION GROUPS; CORONARY DISEASE; CULTURE; ETHNIC GROUPS; FEMALE; HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH; HUMANS; MALE; PREJUDICE; RESEARCH; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0030445878     PISSN: 1049510X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. DuBois WEB. The Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study. New York, NY: Schocken Books, 1989.
2. Myrdal G. An American Dilemma. New York, NY: Harpers and Brothers, 1944.
3. Hacker A. Two Nations: Black and White, Separate, Hostile, Unequal. New York, NY: Ballantine Books, 1992.
4. Freidson E. Profession of Medicine: A Study of the Sociology of Applied Knowledge. New York, NY: Dodd-Mead, 1970.
5. Stevens R. American Medicine and the Public Interest. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1971.
6. Larson MS. The Rise of Professionalism: A Sociological Analysis. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1977.
7. Starr PC. The Social Transformation of American Medicine. New York, NY: Basic Books, 1982.
8. Drucker E. Hidden values and health care. Med Care. 1974;12(3):266-273.
9. Waitzkin H. The micropolitics of medicine: a contextual analysis. Int J Health Serv. 1984;14(3): 339-378.
10. Morais HM. The History of the Afro-American in Medicine. Cornwells Heights, PA: The Publishers Agency, Inc., 1978.
11. McBride D. Integrating the City of Medicine: Blacks in Philadelphia Health Care, 1910-1965. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1989.
12. Gamble VN, ed. Germs Have No Color Line: Blacks and American Medicine 1900-1940. New York, NY: Garland Press, 1989.
13. Cornely P. Segregation and discrimination in medical care in the U.S. Am J Public Health. 1956;46(9):1047-81.
14. Beardsley EH. Good-bye to Jim Crow: the desegregation of southern hospitals, 1945-1970. Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 1986;60:367-86.
15. Muller C. A window on the past: The position of the client in twentieth century public health thought and practice. Am J Public Health. 1985;75(5):470-76.
16. Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs, AMA, Black-white disparities in health care. JAMA. 1990;262:2344-46.
17. Cooper R. A note on the biologic concept of race and its application in epidemiologic research. Am Heart J. 1984;108:715-723.
18. Cooper R, David R. The biological concept of race and its application to public health and epidemiology. J Health Politics Policy Law. 1986;11:97-116.
19. Wilkinson D and King G. Conceptual and methodological issues in the use of race as a variable: policy implications. Milbank Q. 1987;65(Suppl 1): 56-71.
20. Polednak AP. Racial and Ethnic Differences in Disease. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1989.
21. Jones CP, LaVeist TA, Lillie-Blanton M. Race in the epidemiologic literature: an examination of the American Journal of Epidemiology, 1921-1990. Am J Epidemiol. 1991;134:1079-1084.
22. Osborne NG, Feit MD. The use of race in medical research. JAMA. 1992;267:275-279.
23. King G, Williams DR. Race and health: a multidimensional approach to African American health. In: Levine S, Walsh DC, Amick BC, Tarlov AR, eds. Society and Health: Foundation for a Nation. Cambridge, MA: Oxford University Press, 1995.
24. Williams DR, Lavizzo-Mourey R, Warren RC. The concept of race and health status in America. Public Health Rep. 1994;105(1):26-41.
25. Oberman A, Cutter G. Issues in the natural history and treatment of coronary heart disease in black populations: surgical treatment. Am Heart J. 1984;108:688-694.
26. Maynard D, Fisher LD, Passamani ER, Pullum T. Blacks in the coronary artery surgery study (CASS): race and clinical decision making. Am J Public Health. 1986;76:1446-1448.
27. Roig E, Castaner A, Simmons B, Patel R, Ford E, Cooper R. In-hospital mortality rates from acute myocardial infarction by race in U.S. hospitals: findings from the National Hospital Discharge Survey. Circulation. 1987;76(2):280-288.
28. Gillum R. Coronary artery bypass surgery and coronary angiography in the US, 1979-1983. American Heart Journal 1987;110:1255-1260.
29. Wenneker MB, Epstein AM. Racial inequalities in the use of procedures for patients with ischemic heart disease in Massachusetts. JAMA. 1989;261: 253-257.
30. Ford E, Cooper R, Castaner A, Simmons B, Mar M. Coronary arteriography and coronary bypass surgery among whites and non-whites relative to hospital-based incidence rates for coronary artery disease: findings from NHDS. Am J Public Health. 1989;79:437-440.
31. Maynard C, Litwin PE, Martin JS, et al. Characteristics of black patients admitted to coronary care units in metropolitan Seattle: results from the myocardial infarction triage and intervention registry (MITI). Am J Cardiol. 1991;67:18-23.
32. Gittelsohn AM, Halpern J, Sanchez RL. Income, race, and surgery in Maryland. Am J Public Health. 1991;81:1435-1441.
33. Hannan EL, Kilburn H, O'Donnell JF, Lukacik G, Shields EP. Interracial access to selected cardiac procedures for patients hospitalized with coronary artery disease in New York state. Med Care. 1991;29:430-441.
34. Goldberg KC, Hartz AJ, Jacobsen SJ, Krakauer U, Rimm AA. Racial and community factors influencing coronary artery bypass graft surgery rates for all 1986 Medicare patients. JAMA. 1992;267: 1473-1477.
35. Escarce JJ, Epstein KR, Colby DC, Schwartz JS. Racial differences in the elderly's use of medical procedures and diagnostic tests. Am J Public Health. 1993;83:948-954.
36. Whittle J, Conigliaro J, Good CB, Lofgren RP. Racial differences in the use of invasive cardiovascular procedures in the Department of Veterans Affairs medical system. N Engl J Med. 1993;329: 621-627.
37. Johnson PA, Lee TH, Cook EF, Rouan GW, Goldman L. Effect of race on the presentation and management of patients with acute chest pain. Ann Intern Med. 1993;118:593-601.
38. Wilson PA, Griffith JR, Tedeschi PJ. Does race affect hospital use? Am J Public Health. 1985;75: 263-269.
39. Yergan J, Flood AB, Logerfo JP, Diehr P. Relationship between patient race and the intensity of hospital services. Med Care. 1987;25:592-603.
40. Blendon RJ, Aiken LH, Freeman HE, Corey CR. Access to medical care for black and white Americans: a matter of continuing concern. JAMA. 1989;261:278-281.
41. Strogatz DS. Use of medical care for chest pain: differences between blacks and whites. Am J Public Health. 1990;80:290-294.
42. Weissman JS, Stern R, Fielding S, Epstein A. Delayed access to health care: risk factors, reasons, and consequences. Ann Intern Med. 1991;114: 325-331.
43. Moore RD, Stanton D, Gopalan R, Chaisson RE. Racial differences in the use of drug therapy for HIV disease in an urban community. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:763-768.
44. Todd KH, Samaroo N, Hoffman JR. Ethnicity as a risk factor for inadequate emergency department analgesia. JAMA. 1993;269:1537-1539.
45. Moore RD, Bone LR, Geller G, Mamon JA, Stokes EJ, Levine DM. Prevalence, detection, and treatment of alcoholism in hospitalized patients. JAMA. 1989;261:403-407.
46. Powe NR, Griffith RI, de Lissovoy G, et al. Access to recombinant erythropoietin by medicare-entitled dialysis patients in the first year after FDA approval. JAMA. 1992;268:1434-1440.
47. Diehr P, Yergan J, Chu J, et al. Treatment modality and quality differences for black and white breast-cancer patients treated in community hospitals. Med Care. 1989;27:942-958.
48. Kogan MD, Kotelchuck M, Alexander GR, Johnson WE. Racial disparities in reported prenatal care advice from health care providers. Am J Public Health. 1994;84:82-88.
49. Lieu TA, Newacheck PW McManus MA. Race, ethnicity, and access to ambulatory care among US adolescents. Am J Public Health. 1993;83:960-965.
50. Thomas A, Sillen S. Racism and Psychiatry. Seacaucus, NJ: Citadel Press, 1976.
51. Brantley T. Racism and its impact on psychotherapy. Am J Psychiatry. 1983;140:1605-1608.
52. Dolan B, Policy K, Allen R, Kingsley N. Addressing racism in psychiatry: is the therapeutic community model applicable? Int J Soc Psych. 1991;37(2):271-279.
53. Littlewood R. Psychiatric diagnosis and racial bias: empirical and interpretative approaches. Soc Sci Med. 1992;34(2):141-149.
54. Wade JC. Institutional racism: an analysis of the mental health system. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 1993;63(4):536-544.
55. Carmichael S, Hamilton C. Black Power. The Politics of Liberation in America. New York, NY: Random House, 1967.
56. Williams J. Redefining institutional racism. Ethn Racial Stud. 1985;8(3):323-348.
57. Hawkins DF. The discovery of institutional racism: an example of the interaction between law and social science. Res Race Ethn Relat. 1991;6: 167-182.
58. Knowles L, Prewitt K. Institutional Racism in America. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1969.
59. Blauner R. Racial Oppression in America. New York, NY: Harper and Row, 1972.
60. Feagin JR. Racial and Ethnic Relations. 3rd ed. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1989.
61. Anthias F. Race and class revisited - conceptualizing race and racism. Social Rev. 1990;38(1):19-42.
62. Haas M. Filipinos in Hawaii and institutional racism. Philipp Social Rev. 1984;32:41-53.
63. Muir DE. Race: The mythic root of racism. Soc Inq. 1993;63:339-350.
64. Solomos J, Back L. Conceptualizing racism: social theory, politics and research. Sociol. 1994;28:143-161.
65. Butsch RJ. Some dynamics of racial stratification in the United States. Int Rev Mod Soc. 1978;8:167-178.
66. Watson SA. Minority Access and Health Reform: A Civil Right to Health Care. J Law, Med & Ethics. 1994;22(2):127-137.
67. Sullivan LW. From the Secretary of Health and Human Services: effects of discrimination and racism on access to health care. JAMA. 1991;266: 2674.
68. Eisenberg JM. Sociologic influences on decision-making by clinicians. Ann Intern Med. 1979;90: 957-964.
69. Baron HM. The web of urban racism. In Prewitt K and Knowles LK eds. Institutional Racism in America. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1968.
70. Hatcher R, Shallice J. The politics of anti-racist education. Multiracial Education. 1983;12:26-32.
71. Jordan W. White Over Black:American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550-1812. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, Inc., 1968.
72. Krieger N, Bassett M. The health of black folk: disease, class and ideology in science. Monthly Rev. 1986;38:74-85.
73. Krieger N. Shades of difference: theoretical underpinnings of the medical controversy on black/ white differences in the United States, 1830-1870. Inter J Health Serv. 1987;17:259-278.
74. Sokoloff L. The rise and decline of the Jewish quota in medical school admissions. Bull N Y Acad Med. 1992;68:497-518.
75. Hatch J, Moss N, Saran A, Presley-Cantrell L, Mallory C. Community research: partnership in black communities. Am J Prev Med. 1993;9(Suppl):27-31.
76. King G, Bendel R. A statistical model estimating the number of African American physicians in the United States. J Natl Med Assoc. 1995;86:264-272.
77. US Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service; Health Resources and Services Administration. Minority Physicians: A Profile. September 1993.
78. Petersdorf RG, Turner KS, Nickens HW, Ready T. Minorities in medicine:post, present and future. Acad Med. 1990;65:663-670.
79. Simpson CE, Aronoff R. Factors Affecting the Supply of Minority Physicians in 2000. Pub Health Rep. 1988;103(2);178-184.
80. Dreyfuss J, Lawrence C. The Bakke case: The Politics of Inequality. New York, NY: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1979.
81. Black professionals outraged by 'racist' invite from Indiana Medical Group (Indiana State Medical Association). Jet. 1994;85(10):4-6.
82. The Cancer Letter. April 2, 1993;19(14):5-6.
83. Cotton P. Is there still too much extrapolation from data on middle-aged white men? JAMA. 1990;263: 1049-1050.
84. Cotton P. Examples abound of gaps in medical knowledge because of groups excluded from scientific study. JAMA. 1990;263:1051-1055.
85. Svensson, CK. Representation of American blacks in clinical trials of new drugs. JAMA. 1989;261: 263-265.
86. Dresser R. Wanted: Single, white male for medical research. Hastings Cent Rep. 1992;Jan-Feb:24-29.
87. Gamble VN. A legacy of distrust: African Americans and medical research. Am J Prev Med. 1993;9(Suppl):35-38.
88. Krieger N, Rowley DL, Herman AA, Avery B, Phillips MT. Racism, sexism, and social class: implications for studies of health, disease, and well being. Am J Prev Med. 1993;9(Suppl):82-122.
89. Beckwith J. A historical view of social responsibility in genetics. BioScience. 1993;43(5):327-333.
90. Stoeckle JD, Zola I. After everyone can pay for medical care: some perspectives on future treatment and practice. Med Care. 1964;2:36-41.
91. Perkoff GT, Anderson M. Relationship between demographic characteristics, patient's chief complaint, and medical care destination in an emergency room. Med Care. 1970;8:309-323.
92. Shaw CT. A detailed examination of treatment procedures of whites and blacks in hospitals. Soc Sci Med. 1971;5:251-256.
93. Egbert LD, Rothman IL. Relation between the race and economic status of patients and who performs their surgery. N Engl J Med. 1977;297:90-91.
94. Jaret C. Recent structural change and US urban ethnic minorities. J Urban Aff. 1991;13(3):307-336.
95. Bureau of Census. Persons of Hispanic Origin in the United States. Tables CP-3-3, 1990.
96. Bureau of Census. Asian and Pacific Islanders in the United States. Tables CP-3-5, 1990.
97. LaVeist TA. The political empowerment and health status of African-Americans: mapping a new territory. Am J Sociol. 1992;97:1080-1095.
98. Rice M, Winn M. Black health care in America: a political perspective. J Natl Med Assoc. 1990;82: 429-437.
99. King G. Commentary: A new frontier but the same old problem. J Law, Med & Ethics. 1994;20(2):138-140.