The glucose triad and its role in comprehensive glycaemic control: Current status, future management

International Journal of Clinical Practice

Volumn 64, Issue 12, 2010, Pages 1705-1711

  Ceriello, A ^a  

^a INSTITUT D INVESTIGACIONS BIOMÈDIQUES AUGUST PI I SUNYER IDIBAPS   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GLUCOSE; HEMOGLOBIN A1C; ORAL ANTIDIABETIC AGENT;

ADVERSE OUTCOME; DIET RESTRICTION; DISEASE COURSE; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HUMAN; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; POSTPRANDIAL STATE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

BLOOD GLUCOSE; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; FASTING; GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE 1; HEMOGLOBIN A, GLYCOSYLATED; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMANS; HYPERGLYCEMIA; POSTPRANDIAL PERIOD;

EID: 78349291472     PISSN: 13685031     EISSN: 17421241     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2010.02517.x     Document Type: Review

References (48)

1. Stratton IM, Adler AI, Neil HA, et al. Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study. BMJ 2000; 321: 405-12.
2. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet 1998; 352: 837-53.
3. Laakso M, Kuusisto J,. Epidemiological evidence for the association of hyperglycaemia and atherosclerotic vascular disease in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Ann Med 1996; 28: 415-8.
4. Selvin E, Marinopoulos S, Berkenblit G, et al. Meta-analysis: glycosylated hemoglobin and cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 2004; 141: 421-31.
5. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes-2008. Diabetes Care 2008; 31 (Suppl. 1): S12-54.
6. Canadian Diabetes Association. Canadian Diabetes Association 2008 clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and management of diabetes in Canada. Can J Diabetes 2008; 32 (Suppl. 1): S1-201.
7. Ryden L, Standl E, Bartnik M, et al. Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases: executive summary. The Task Force on Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Eur Heart J 2007; 28: 88-136.
8. Monnier L, Colette C, Dunseath GJ, Owens DR,. The loss of postprandial glycemic control precedes stepwise deterioration of fasting with worsening diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 263-9.
9. Avignon A, Radauceanu A, Monnier L,. Nonfasting plasma glucose is a better marker of diabetic control than fasting plasma glucose in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1997; 20: 1822-6.
10. Trovati M, Burzacca S, Mularoni E, et al. A comparison of the predictive power for overall blood glucose control of a good fasting level in type 2 diabetic patients on diet alone or with oral agents. Diabet Med 1992; 9: 134-7.
11. Ceriello A, Colagiuri S,. International Diabetes Federation guideline for management of postmeal glucose: a review of recommendations. Diabet Med 2008; 25: 1151-6.
12. Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP, et al. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 2545-59.
13. Bonds DE, Miller ME, Bergenstal RM, et al. The association between symptomatic, severe hypoglycaemia and mortality in type 2 diabetes: retrospective epidemiological analysis of the ACCORD study. BMJ 2010; 340: b4909.
14. Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, et al. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 2560-72.
15. Currie CJ, Peters JR, Tynan A, et al. Survival as a function of HbA1c in people with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 2010; 375: 481-9.
16. Grant RW, Buse JB, Meigs JB,. Quality of diabetes care in U.S. academic medical centers: low rates of medical regimen change. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 337-442.
17. Liebl A, Mata M, Eschwege E,. Evaluation of risk factors for development of complications in Type II diabetes in Europe. Diabetologia 2002; 45: S23-8.
18. McFarlane SI, Jacober SJ, Winer N, et al. Control of cardiovascular risk factors in patients with diabetes and hypertension at urban academic medical centers. Diabetes Care 2002; 25: 718-23.
19. Saydah SH, Fradkin J, Cowie CC,. Poor control of risk factors for vascular disease among adults with previously diagnosed diabetes. JAMA 2004; 291: 335-42.
20. Leiter LA, Ceriello A, Davidson JA, et al. Postprandial glucose regulation: new data and new implications. Clin Ther 2005; 27 (Suppl. B): S42-56.
21. Monnier L, Colette C, Boniface H,. Contribution of postprandial glucose to chronic hyperglycaemia: from the glucose triad to the trilogy of sevens. Diabetes Metab 2006; 32 (No. 2): 2S11-6.
22. Tibaldi J,. Importance of postprandial glucose levels as a target for glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. South Med J 2009; 102: 60-6.
23. Woo V, Shestakova MV, Orskov C, Ceriello A,. Targets and tactics: the relative importance of HbA, fasting and postprandial plasma glucose levels to glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes. Int J Clin Pract 2008; 62: 1935-42.
24. Mitrakou A, Kelley D, Mokan M, et al. Role of reduced suppression of glucose production and diminished early insulin release in impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 22-9.
25. DeFronzo RA,. Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Med Clin North Am 2004; 88: 787-835.
26. Drucker DJ, Nauck MA,. The incretin system: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes. Lancet 2006; 368: 1696-705.
27. Monnier L, Lapinski H, Colette C,. Contributions of fasting and postprandial plasma glucose increments to the overall diurnal hyperglycemia of type 2 diabetic patients: variations with increasing levels of HbA(1c). Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 881-5.
28. Peter R, Dunseath G, Luzio SD, Chudleigh R, Choudhury SR, Owens DR,. Relative and absolute contributions of postprandial and fasting plasma glucose to daytime hyperglycaemia and HbA(1c) in subjects with Type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med 2009; 26: 974-80.
29. Nalysnyk L, Hernandez-Medina M, Krishnarajah G,. Glycaemic variability and complications in patients with diabetes mellitus: evidence from a systematic review of the literature. Diabetes Obes Metab 2010; 12: 288-98.
30. Balkau B, Hu G, Qiao Q, Tuomilehto J, Borch-Johnsen K, Pyorala K,. Prediction of the risk of cardiovascular mortality using a score that includes glucose as a risk factor. The DECODE Study. Diabetologia 2004; 47: 2118-28.
31. De Vegt F, Dekker JM, Ruhe HG, et al. Hyperglycaemia is associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the Hoorn population: the Hoorn Study. Diabetologia 1999; 42: 926-31.
32. Temelkova-Kurktschiev TS, Koehler C, Henkel E, Leonhardt W, Fuecker K, Hanefeld M,. Postchallenge plasma glucose and glycemic spikes are more strongly associated with atherosclerosis than fasting glucose or HbA1c level. Diabetes Care 2000; 23: 1830-4.
33. Ceriello A,. Postprandial hyperglycemia and cardiovascular disease: is the HEART2D study the answer? Diabetes Care 2009; 32: 521-2.
34. Peter R, Rees A,. Postprandial glycaemia and cardiovascular risk. Br J Diabetes Vasc Dis 2008; 8: 8-14.
35. Raz I, Wilson PW, Strojek K, et al. Effects of prandial versus fasting glycemia on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes: the HEART2D trial. Diabetes Care 2009; 32: 381-6.
36. Chiasson JL, Josse RG, Gomis R, Hanefeld M, Karasik A, Laakso M,. Acarbose treatment and the risk of cardiovascular disease and hypertension in patients with impaired glucose tolerance: the STOP-NIDDM trial. JAMA 2003; 290: 486-94.
37. Hanefeld M, Cagatay M, Petrowitsch T, Neuser D, Petzinna D, Rupp M,. Acarbose reduces the risk for myocardial infarction in type 2 diabetic patients: meta-analysis of seven long-term studies. Eur Heart J 2004; 25: 10-6.
38. The NAVIGATOR Study Group. Effect of nateglinide on the incidence of diabetes and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med 2010; 362: 1463-76.
39. The ACCORD Study Group. Effects of intensive blood-pressure control in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2010; 362: 1575-85.
40. The ACCORD Study Group. Effects of combination lipid therapy in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2010; 362: 1563-74.
41. Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, et al. Effects of a fixed combination of perindopril and indapamide on macrovascular and microvascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the ADVANCE trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007; 370: 829-40.
42. Reaven PD, Moritz TE, Schwenke DC, et al. Intensive glucose-lowering therapy reduces cardiovascular disease events in veterans affairs diabetes trial participants with lower calcified coronary atherosclerosis. Diabetes 2009; 58: 2642-8.
43. Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA, Matthews DR, Neil HA,. 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: 1577-89.
44. Duckworth W, Abraira C, Moritz T, et al. Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 129-39.
45. Skyler JS, Bergenstal R, Bonow RO, et al. Intensive glycemic control and the prevention of cardiovascular events: implications of the ACCORD, ADVANCE, and VA diabetes trials: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and a scientific statement of the American College of Cardiology Foundation and the American Heart Association. Diabetes Care 2009; 32: 187-92.
46. Opperman AM, Venter CS, Oosthuizen W, Thompson RL, Vorster HH,. Meta-analysis of the health effects of using the glycaemic index in meal-planning. Br J Nutr 2004; 92: 367-81.
47. Ceriello A, Colagiuri S, Gerich J, Tuomilehto J,. Guideline for Management of Postmeal Glucose. Brussels: International Diabetes Federation, 2007.
48. Scheen AJ,. Pharmacokinetics of dipeptidylpeptidase-4 inhibitors. Diabetes Obes Metab 2010; 12: 648-58.