An update on tumors of the anal canal

Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

Volumn 134, Issue 11, 2010, Pages 1601-1611

  Shia, Jinru ^a  

^a MEMORIAL SLOAN KETTERING CANCER CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADENOCARCINOMA; ANAL CANAL; ANUS TUMOR; ARTICLE; HUMAN; MELANOMA; PATHOLOGY; SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA;

ADENOCARCINOMA; ANAL CANAL; ANUS NEOPLASMS; CARCINOMA, SQUAMOUS CELL; HUMANS; MELANOMA;

EID: 78249242470     PISSN: 00039985     EISSN: 15432165     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. Hamilton SR, Aaltonen LA, eds. Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of the Digestive System. Lyon, France: IARC Press; 2000. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours.
2. Morgan CN, Thompson HR. Surgical anatomy of the anal canal with special reference to the surgical importance of the internal sphincter and conjoint longitudinal muscle. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1956;19(2):88-114.
3. Greene Fl, Page DL, Fleming ID, et al. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 6th ed. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 2002.
4. Compton CC. Colorectal carcinoma: diagnostic, prognostic, and molecular features. Mod Pathol. 2003;16(4):376-388.
5. Fenger C. The anal transitional zone. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand Suppl. 1987;289:1-42.
6. Fetissof F, Dubois MP, Assan R, et al. Endocrine cells in the anal canal. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol. 1984;404(1):39-47.
7. Clemmensen OJ, Fenger C. Melanocytes in the anal canal epithelium. Histopathology. 1991;18(3):237-241.
8. Ramalingam P, Hart WR, Goldblum JR. Cytokeratin subset immunostaining in rectal adenocarcinoma and normal anal glands. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2001; 125(8):1074-1077.
9. Frisch M, Melbye M. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2006.
10. Joseph DA, Miller JW, Wu X, et al. Understanding the burden of human papillomavirus-associated anal cancers in the US. Cancer. 2008;113(suppl 10): 2892-2900.
11. De Vuyst H, Clifford GM, Nascimento MC, Madeleine MM, Franceschi S. Prevalence and type distribution of human papillomavirus in carcinoma and intraepithelial neoplasia of the vulva, vagina and anus: a meta-analysis. Int J Cancer. 2009;124(7):1626-1636.
12. Metcalf AM, Dean T. Risk of dysplasia in anal condyloma. Surgery. 1995; 118(4):724-726.
13. Byars RW, Poole GV, Barber WH. Anal carcinoma arising from condyloma acuminata. Am Surg. 2001;67(5):469-472.
14. Rock B, Shah KV, Farmer ER. A morphologic, pathologic, and virologic study of anogenital warts in men. Arch Dermatol. 1992;128(4):495-500.
15. Longacre TA, Kong CS, Welton ML. Diagnostic problems in anal pathology. Adv Anat Pathol. 2008;15(5):263-278.
16. Marchesa P, Fazio VW, Oliart S, Goldblum JR, Lavery IC. Perianal Bowen's disease: a clinicopathologic study of 47 patients. Dis Colon Rectum. 1997;40(11):1286-1293. (Pubitemid 27498363)
17. Sarmiento JM, Wolff BG, Burgart LJ, Frizelle FA, Ilstrup DM. Perianal Bowen's disease: associated tumors, human papillomavirus, surgery, and other controversies. Dis Colon Rectum. 1997;40(8):912-918.
18. Welton ML, Sharkey FE, Kahlenberg MS. The etiology and epidemiology of anal cancer. Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 2004;13(2):263-275.
19. Bean SM, Eltoum I, Horton DK, Whitlow L, Chhieng DC. Immunohistochemical expression of p16 and Ki-67 correlates with degree of anal intraepithelial neoplasia. Am J Surg Pathol. 2007;31(4):555-561.
20. Buschke A, Lowenstein L. Uber carcinomahnliche condylomata acuminata des penis. Klin Wochenschr. 1925;4:1726-1728.
21. Ackerman LV. Verrucous carcinoma of the oral cavity. Surgery. 1948; 23(4):670-678.
22. Bertram P, Treutner KH, Rubben A, Hauptmann S, Schumpelick V. Invasive squamous-cell carcinoma in giant anorectal condyloma (Buschke- Lowenstein tumor). Langenbecks Arch Chir. 1995;380(2):115-118.
23. Ergun SS, Kural YB, Buyukbabani N, Verim L, Akbulut H, Gurkan L. Giant condyloma acuminatum. Dermatol Surg. 2003;29(3):300-303.
24. Geusau A, Heinz-Peer G, Volc-Platzer B, Stingl G, Kirnbauer R. Regression of deeply infiltrating giant condyloma (Buschke-Lowenstein tumor) following long-term intralesional interferon alfa therapy. Arch Dermatol. 2000; 136(6):707-710.
25. Trombetta LJ, Place RJ. Giant condyloma acuminatum of the anorectum- trends in epidemiology and management: report of a case and review of the literature. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001;44(12):1878-1886.
26. Chu QD, Vezeridis MP, Libbey NP, Wanebo HJ. Giant condyloma acuminatum (Buschke-Lowenstein tumor) of the anorectal and perianal regions: analysis of 42 cases. Dis Colon Rectum. 1994;37(9):950-957.
27. Jass J, Sobin LH. Histological Typing of Intestinal Tumours. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Springer; 1989.
28. Klotz RG Jr, Pamukcoglu T, Souilliard DH. Transitional cloacogenic carcinoma of the anal canal: clinicopathologic study of three hundred seventythree cases. Cancer. 1967;20(10):1727-1745.
29. Gillespie JJ, MacKay B. Histogenesis of cloacogenic carcinoma: fine structure of anal transitional epithelium and cloacogenic carcinoma. Hum Pathol. 1978;9(5):579-587.
30. Chetty R, Serra S, Hsieh E. Basaloid squamous carcinoma of the anal canal with an adenoid cystic pattern: histologic and immunohistochemical reappraisal of an unusual variant. Am J Surg Pathol. 2005;29(12):1668-1672.
31. Shepherd NA, Scholefield JH, Love SB, England J, Northover JM. Prognostic factors in anal squamous carcinoma: a multivariate analysis of clinical, pathological and flow cytometric parameters in 235 cases. Histopathology. 1990;16(6):545-555.
32. Frisch M, Fenger C, van den Brule AJ, et al. Variants of squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal and perianal skin and their relation to human papillomaviruses. Cancer Res. 1999;59(3):753-757.
33. Goldman S, Auer G, Erhardt K, Seligson U. Prognostic significance of clinical stage, histologic grade, and nuclear DNA content in squamous-cell carcinoma of the anus. Dis Colon Rectum. 1987;30(6):444-448.
34. Gillison ML, Chaturvedi AK, Lowy DR. HPV prophylactic vaccines and the potential prevention of noncervical cancers in both men and women. Cancer. 2008;113(suppl 10):3036-3046.
35. Brown SR, Skinner P, Tidy J, Smith JH, Sharp F, Hosie KB. Outcome after surgical resection for high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia (Bowen's disease). Br J Surg. 1999;86(8):1063-1066.
36. Hu K, Minsky BD, Cohen AM, et al. 30 Gy may be an adequate dose in patients with anal cancer treated with excisional biopsy followed by combinedmodality therapy. J Surg Oncol. 1999;70(2):71-77.
37. Pineda CE, Welton ML. Controversies in the management of anal highgrade squamous intraepithelial lesions. Minerva Chir. 2008;63(5):389-399.
38. Ajani JA, Winter KA, Gunderson LL, et al. Fluorouracil, mitomycin, and radiotherapy vs fluorouracil, cisplatin, and radiotherapy for carcinoma of the anal canal: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008;299(16):1914-1921.
39. Roohipour R, Patil S, Goodman KA, et al. Squamous-cell carcinoma of the anal canal: predictors of treatment outcome. Dis Colon Rectum. 2008;51(2):147-153.
40. Wexler A, Berson AM, Goldstone SE, et al. Invasive anal squamous-cell carcinoma in the HIV-positive patient: outcome in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Dis Colon Rectum. 2008;51(1):73-81.
41. Beal KP, Wong D, Guillem JG, et al. Primary adenocarcinoma of the anus treated with combined modality therapy. Dis Colon Rectum. 2003;46(10):1320-1324.
42. Koulos J, Symmans F, Chumas J, Nuovo G. Human papillomavirus detection in adenocarcinoma of the anus. Mod Pathol. 1991;4(1):58-61.
43. Belkacemi Y, Berger C, Poortmans P, et al. Management of primary anal canal adenocarcinoma: a large retrospective study from the Rare Cancer Network. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003;56(5):1274-1283.
44. Hobbs CM, Lowry MA, Owen D, Sobin LH. Anal gland carcinoma. Cancer. 2001;92(8):2045-2049.
45. Wong NA, Shirazi T, Hamer-Hodges DW, Corfield AP, Lessells AM. Adenocarcinoma arising within a Crohn's-related anorectal fistula: a form of anal gland carcinoma? Histopathology. 2002;40(3):302-304.
46. Fenger C, Filipe MI. Mucin histochemistry of the anal canal epithelium: studies of normal anal mucosa and mucosa adjacent to carcinoma. Histochem J. 1981;13(6):921-930.
47. Crocker HR. Paget's disease affecting the scrotum and penis. Trans Pathol Soc London. 1889;40:187.
48. Paget J. On disease of the mammary areola preceding cancer of the mammary gland. St Bartholomew Hosp Rev. 1874;10:87.
49. Jones RE Jr, Austin C, Ackerman AB. Extramammary Paget's disease: a critical reexamination. Am J Dermatopathol. 1979;1(2):101-132.
50. Kurzl RG. Paget's disease. Semin Dermatol. 1996;15(1):60-66.
51. Regauer S. Extramammary Paget's disease-a proliferation of adnexal origin? Histopathology. 2006;48(6):723-729.
52. Marucci G, Betts CM, Golouh R, Peterse JL, Foschini MP, Eusebi V. Toker cells are probably precursors of Paget cell carcinoma: a morphological and ultrastructural description. Virchows Arch. 2002;441(2):117-123.
53. Smith KJ, Tuur S, Corvette D, Lupton GP, Skelton HG. Cytokeratin 7 staining in mammary and extramammary Paget's disease. Mod Pathol. 1997; 10(11):1069-1074.
54. Mazoujian G, Pinkus GS, Haagensen DE Jr. Extramammary Paget's disease-evidence for an apocrine origin: an immunoperoxidase study of gross cystic disease fluid protein-15, carcinoembryonic antigen, and keratin proteins. Am J Surg Pathol. 1984;8(1):43-50.
55. Billingsley KG, Stern LE, Lowy AM, Kahlenberg MS, Thomas CR Jr. Uncommon anal neoplasms. Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 2004;13(2):375-388.
56. Chanda JJ. Extramammary Paget's disease: prognosis and relationship to internal malignancy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1985;13(6):1009-1014.
57. Marchesa P, Fazio VW, Oliart S, Goldblum JR, Lavery IC, Milsom JW. Long-term outcome of patients with perianal Paget's disease. Ann Surg Oncol. 1997;4(6):475-480.
58. Goldblum JR, Hart WR. Perianal Paget's disease: a histologic and immunohistochemical study of 11 cases with and without associated rectal adenocarcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 1998;22(2):170-179.
59. Chang GJ, Gonzalez RJ, Skibber JM, Eng C, Das P, Rodriguez-Bigas MA. A twenty-year experience with adenocarcinoma of the anal canal. Dis Colon Rectum. 2009;52(8):1375-1380.
60. Klas JV, Rothenberger DA, Wong WD, Madoff RD. Malignant tumors of the anal canal: the spectrum of disease, treatment, and outcomes. Cancer. 1999; 85(8):1686-1693.
61. Fahy BN, Tang LH, Klimstra D, et al. Carcinoid of the rectum risk stratification (CaRRS): a strategy for preoperative outcome assessment. Ann Surg Oncol. 2007;14(2):396-404. (Pubitemid 46175281)
62. Shia J, Tang LH, Weiser MR, et al. Is nonsmall cell type high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the tubular gastrointestinal tract a distinct disease entity? Am J Surg Pathol. 2008;32(5):719-731.
63. Chang AE, Karnell LH, Menck HR. The National Cancer Data Base report on cutaneous and noncutaneous melanoma: a summary of 84,836 cases from the past decade: the American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer and the American Cancer Society. Cancer. 1998;83(8):1664-1678.
64. Yeh JJ, Shia J, Hwu WJ, et al. The role of abdominoperineal resection as surgical therapy for anorectal melanoma. Ann Surg. 2006;244(6):1012-1017.
65. Curtin JA, Fridlyand J, Kageshita T, et al. Distinct sets of genetic alterations in melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(20):2135-2147.
66. Antonescu CR, Busam KJ, Francone TD, et al. L576P KIT mutation in anal melanomas correlates with KIT protein expression and is sensitive to specific kinase inhibition. Int J Cancer. 2007;121(2):257-264.
67. Val-Bernal JF, Mayorga M, Diego C, Gonzalez-Vela MC. Pedunculated polypoid lymphangioma of the anal canal. Pathol Int. 2008;58(7):442-444.
68. Kitamura Y. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: past, present, and future. J Gastroenterol. 2008;43(7):499-508.
69. Agaimy A, Wunsch PH. True smooth muscle neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract: morphological spectrum and classification in a series of 85 cases from a single institute. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2007;392(1):75-81.
70. Miettinen M, Furlong M, Sarlomo-Rikala M, Burke A, Sobin LH, Lasota J. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors, intramural leiomyomas, and leiomyosarcomas in the rectum and anus: a clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic study of 144 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2001;25(9):1121-1133. (Pubitemid 32777711)
71. Hassan I, You YN, Shyyan R, et al. Surgically managed gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a comparative and prognostic analysis. Ann Surg Oncol. 2008; 15(1):52-59.
72. Nigri GR, Dente M, Valabrega S, et al. Gastrointestinal stromal tumor of the anal canal: an unusual presentation. World J Surg Oncol. 2007;5:20.
73. Tsai MC, Lin JW, Lin SE, Chen HH, Lee CM, Hu TH. Prognostic analysis of rectal stromal tumors by reference of National Institutes of Health risk categories and immunohistochemical studies. Dis Colon Rectum. 2008;51(10):1535-1543.
74. Ranganathan V. Primary rectal Hodgkin's lymphoma: initial manifestation of HIV. Am J Gastroenterol. 1996;91(1):180-181.
75. Simpson L, Taylor S, Piotrowski A. Uncommon presentations of Hodgkin's disease, case 3: Hodgkin's disease, rectal presentation. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(1): 196-198.
76. Ioachim HL, Dorsett B, Cronin W, Maya M, Wahl S. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated lymphomas: clinical, pathologic, immunologic, and viral characteristics of 111 cases. Hum Pathol. 1991;22(7):659-673.
77. Sapp M, Perez-Ordonez B, Brenneman F, Imrie K, Morava-Protzner I, Lim MS. EBV-associated perianal Hodgkin's disease in an HIV-positive individual. Am J Hematol. 2001;66(1):42-45.
78. Guler ML, Daniels JA, Abraham SC, Montgomery EA. Expression of melanoma antigens in epithelioid gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a potential diagnostic pitfall. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2008;132(8):1302-1306.