Cellular, biochemical and molecular effects of cadmium on marine invertebrates: Focus on Paracentrotus lividus sea urchin development

Cadmium in the Environment

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 337-366

  Roccheri, Maria Carmela ^a   Matranga, Valeria ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PALERMO   (Italy)

^b CNR   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 78149455339     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (165)

1. Agnello, M., Filosto, S., Scudiero, R., Rinaldi, A. M. & Roccheri, M. C. (2006). Cadmium accumulation induces apoptosis in P. lividus embryos. Caryologia, 59, 403-408.
2. Agnello, M., Filosto, S., Scudiero, R., Rinaldi, A. M. & Roccheri, M. C. (2007). Cadmium induces apoptotic response in sea urchin embryos. Cell Stress Chaperones, 12, 44-50.
3. Amiard, J. C., Amiard-Triquet, C., Barka, S., Pellerin, J. & Rainbow, P. S. (2006). Metallothioneins in aquatic invertebrates: their role in metal detoxification and their use as biomarkers. Aquat. Toxicol., 76(2), 160-202.
4. Andrews, G. K. (2000). Regulation of metallothionein gene expression by oxidative stress and metal ions. Biochem. Pharmacol., 59, 95-104.
5. Ansaldo, M., Nahabedian, D. E., Di Fonzo, C. & Wider, E. A. (2009). Effect of cadmium, lead and arsenic on the oviposition, hatching and embryonic survival of Biomphalaria glabrata. Sci. Total Environ., 407(6), 1923-8.
6. Arizzi Novelli, A., Losso, C., Ghetti, P. F. & Volpi Ghirardini, A. (2003). Toxicity of heavy metals using sperm cell and embryo toxicity bioassays with Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea): Comparison with exposure concentrations in the Lagoon of Venice, Italy. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 22, 1295-1301.
7. Au, D. W., Lee, C. Y., Chan, K. L. & Wu, R. S. (2001). Reproductive impairment of sea urchins upon chronic exposure to cadmium. Part I: Effects on gamete quality. Environ. Pollut., 111(1), 1-9.
8. Barata, C., Baird, D. J. & Soares, A. M. V. M. (2002). Demographic responses of a tropical cladoceran to cadmium: effects of food supply and density. Ecological Applications, 12(2), 552-564.
9. Bauman, J. W., Liu, J. & Klaassen, C. D. (1993). Production of metallothionein and heatshock proteins in response to metals. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol., 21(1), 15-22.
10. Bebianno, M. J. & Serafim, M. A. (2003). Variation of metal and metallothionein concentrations in a natural population of Ruditapes decussatus. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 44(1), 53-66.
11. Bertin, G. & Averbeck, D. (2006). Cadmium: cellular effects, modifications of biomolecules, modulation of DNA repair and genotoxic consequences. Biochimie, 88(11), 1549-59.
12. Bonaventura, R., Poma, V., Costa, C. &, Matranga, V. (2005). UVB radiation prevents skeleton growth and stimulates the expression of stress markers in sea urchin embryos. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 328(1), 150-7.
13. Bonaventura, R., Poma, V., Russo, R., Zito, F., & Matranga, V. (2006). Effects of UV-B radiation on development and hsp70 expression in sea urchin cleavage embryos. Marine Biology, 149, 79-86.
14. Boutet, I., Tanguy, A., Rousseau, S., Auffret, M., & Moraga, D. (2003). Molecular identification and expression of heat shock cognate 70 (hsc70) and heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) genes in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Cell Stress Chaperones, 8(1), 76-85.
15. Bridges, C. C. & Zalups, R. K. (2005). Molecular and ionic mimicry and the transport of toxic metals. Toxicol. Appl. Pharm., 204, 274-308.
16. Brouwer, M., Enghild, J., Hoexum-Brouwer, T., Thogersen, I. & Truncali, A. (1995). Primary structure and tissue-specific expression of blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) metallothionein isoforms. Biochem. J., 15(311), 617-622.
17. Brouwer, M., Schlenk, D., Ringwood, A. H. & Brouwer-Hoexum, T. (1992). Metal-specific induction of metallothionein isoforms in the blue crab Callinectes sapidus in response to single- and mixed-metal exposure. Arch. Biochem. Biophys, 294(2), 461-8.
18. Bustamante, P., Teyssié, J-L., Fowler, S. W., Cotret, O., Danis, B., Miramand, P. & Warnau, M. (2002). Biokinetics of zinc and cadmium accumulation and depuration at differentstages in the life cycle of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 231,167-177.
19. Carballo, J. L. & Naranjo, S. (2002). Environmental assessment of a large industrial marine complex based on a community of benthic filter feeders. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 44, 605-610.
20. Casano, C., Roccheri, M. C., Onorato, K., Cascino, D. & Gianguzza, F. (1998). Deciliation: a stressful event for Paracentrotus lividus embryos. Biochem. Biophys Res. Commun., 248, 628-634.
21. Catarino, A. I., Cabral, H. N., Peeters, K., Pernet, P., Punjabi, U. & Dubois, P. (2008). Metal concentrations, sperm motility, and RNA/DNA ratio in two echinoderm species from a highly contaminated fjord (the Sørfjord, Norway). Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 27(7), 1553-60.
22. Cebrian, E., & Uriz, M. J. (2007). Do heavy metals play an active role in sponge cell behaviour in the absence of calcium? Consequences in larval settlement. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 346, 60-65.
23. Cechetto, J. D., Soltys, B. J. & Gupta, R. S. (2000). Localization of mitochondrial 60-kD heat shock chaperonin protein (Hsp60) in pituitary growth hormone secretory granules and pancreatic zymogen granules. J. Histochem. Cytochem., 48, 45-56.
24. Chan, P. K. & Cheng, S. H. (2003). Cadmium-induced ectopic apoptosis in zebrafish embryos. Arch Toxicol., 77(2), 69-79.
25. Cheng, S. H., Chan, K. W., Chan, P. K., So, C. H., Lam, P. K. & Wu, R. S. (2004). Wholemount in situ TUNEL method revealed ectopic pattern of apoptosis in cadmium treated naupliar larvae of barnacle (Balanus amphitrite Darwin). Chemosphere, 55(10), 1387-94.
26. Coteur, G., Danis, B. & Dubois, Ph. (2005). Echinoderm reactive oxygen species (ROS) production measured by peroxidase, luminolenhanced chemiluminescence (PLCL) as an immunotoxicological tool. In: V. Matranga, (Ed.), Echinodermata: Marine Molecular Biotechnology Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology (W. E. G. Muller, 71-83). Berlin, Germany: Springer Verlag.
27. Coteur, G., Warnau, M., Jangoux, M. & Dubois, Ph. (2002). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by amoebocytes of Asterias rubens (Echinodermata). Fish Shellfish Immunol., 12, 187-200.
28. Coyle, P., Philcox, J. C., Carey, L. C. & Rofe, A. M. (2002). Metallothionein: the multipurpose protein. Cell Mol. Life Sci., 59(4), 627-47.
29. Csermely, P., Schnaide, T., Soti, C., Prohászka, Z. & Nardai, G. (1998). The 90-kDa molecular chaperone family: structure, function, and clinical applications. A comprehensive review. Pharmacol. Ther., 7(2), 129-68.
30. De Lisle, P. F. & Roberts M. H. Jr., (1988). The effect of salinity on cadmium toxicity to the estuarinemysid Mysidopsis bahia: role of chemical speciation. Aquat. Toxicol., 12, 357-370.
31. Den Besten, P. J., Valk, S., Van Weerlee, E., Nolting, R. F., Postma, J. F. & Everaarts, J. M. (2001). Bioaccumulation and biomarkers in the sea star Asterias rubens (Echinodermata: Asteroidea): a North Sea field study. Mar. Environ. Res., 51(4), 365-87.
32. Dubois, M. & Hare, L. (2009). Subcellular Distribution of Cadmium in Two Aquatic Invertebrates: Change Over Time and Relationship to Cd Assimilation and Loss by a Predatory Insect. Environ. Sci. Technol., 43(2), 356-361.
33. Ellis, R. E., Yuan, J. Y. & Horvitz, H. R. (1991). Mechanisms and functions of cell death. Annu. Rev. Cell. Biol., 7, 663-98.
34. Epel, D. (2003). Protection of DNA during early development: adaptations and evolutionary consequences. Evolution & Development, 5(1), 83-88.
35. Erk, M., Ruus, A., Ingebrigtsen, K. & Hylland, K. (2005). Cadmium accumulation and Cdbinding proteins in marine invertebrates: A radiotracer study. Chemosphere, 61(11), 1651-1664.
36. Esser, C., Alberti, S. & Höhfeld, J. (2004). Cooperation of molecular chaperones with the ubiquitin/proteasome system. Biochim. Biophys Acta, 1695(1-3), 171-88. Review.
37. Fernandez, N. & Beiras, R. (2001). Combined toxicity of dissolved mercury with copper, lead and cadmium on embryogenesis and early larval growth of the Paracentrotus lividus sea urchin. Ecotoxicology, 10, 263-71.
38. Filosto, S., Roccheri, M. C. Bonaventura R. & Matranga V. (2008). Environmentally relevant cadmium concentrations affect development and induce apoptosis of Paracentrotus lividus larvae cultured in vitro. Cell Biol. Toxicol., 24, 603-610.
39. Foulkes, E. C. (2000). Transport of toxic heavy metals across cell membranes. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 223, 234-40.
40. Garrido, C., Gurbuxani, S., Ravagnan, L. & Kroemer, G. (2001). Heat shock proteins: endogenous modulators of apoptotic cell death. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 286, 433-442.
41. Garrido, C., Schmitt, E., Cande, C., Vahsen, N., Parcellier, A. & Kromer, G. (2003). Hsp27 and hsp70: potentially oncogenic apoptosis inhibitors. Cell Cycle, 2, 579-584.
42. Gaubin, Y., Vaissade, F., Croute, F., Beau, B., Soleilhavoup, J. & Murat, J. (2000). Implication of free radicals and glutathione in the mechanism of cadmium-induced expression of stress proteins in the A549 human lung cell-line. Biochim. Biophys Acta, 1495, 4-13.
43. Geraci, F., Pinsino, A., Turturici, G., Savona, R., Giudice, G. & Sconzo, G. (2004). Nickel, lead, and cadmium induce differential cellular responses in sea urchin embryos by activating the synthesis of different HSP70s. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communication, 322(3), 873-877.
44. Gianguzza, F., Ragusa, M. A., Roccheri, M. C., Di Liegro, I. & Rinaldi, A. M. (2000). Isolation and characterization of a Paracentrotus lividus cDNA encoding a stressinducible chaperonin. Cell Stress & Chaperones, 5(2), 87-89.
45. Giguere, A., Couillard, Y., Campbell, P. G. C., Perceval, O., Hare, L., Pinel-Alloul, B. & Pellerin, J. (2003). Steady-state distribution of metals among metallothioneins and other cytosolic ligands and links to cytotoxicity in bivalves along a polymetallic gradient. Aquat. Toxicol., 64, 185-200.
46. Giudice, G., Sconzo, G. & Roccheri, M. C. (1999). Studies on heat shock protein in sea urchin development. Develop Growth Differ., 41, 375-380.
47. Goldstone, J. V., Hamdoun, A., Cole, B. J., Howard-Ashby, M., Nebert Rainbow, P. S. & Black, W. H. (2005). Cadmium, zinc and the uptake of calcium by two crabs, Carcinus maenas and Eriocheir sinensis. Aquat. Toxicol., 72, 45-65.
48. Goldstone, J. V., Hamdoun, A., Cole, B. J., Howard-Ashby, M., Nebert, D. W., Scally, M., Dean, M., Epel, D., Hahn, M. E. & Stegeman, J. J. (2006). The chemical defensome: environmental sensing and response genes in the Strongylocentrotus purpuratus genome. Dev. Biol., 300(1), 366-84.
49. Gopalakrishnan, S., Thilagam, H. & Vivek Raja, P. (2008). Comparison of heavy metal toxicity in life stages (spermiotoxicity, egg toxicity, embryotoxicity and larval toxicity) of Hydroides elegans. Chemosphere,71, 515-528.
50. Green, D. R. (1998). Apoptotic pathways: the roads to ruin. Cell, 94(6), 695-8.
51. Hamada, T., Tanimoto, A. & Sasaguri, Y. (1997). Apoptosis induced by cadmium. Apoptosis, 2, 359-367.
52. Hamdoun, A. & Epel, D. (2007). Embryo stability and vulnerability in an always changing world. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A., 104(6), 1745-50.
53. Hartl, F. U., Martin, J. & Neupert, W. (1992). Protein Folding in the Cell: The Role of Molecular Chaperones Hsp70 and Hsp60. Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure, 21, 293-322.
54. Heikkila, J. J. (2003). Expression and function of small heat shock protein genes during Xenopus development. Semin. Cell. Dev. Biol., 14(5), 259-66.
55. Heikkila, J. J., Browder, L. W., Gedamu, L., Nickells, R. W. & Schultz, G. A. (1986). Heatshock gene expression in animal embryonic systems. Can. J. Genet. Cytol., 28(6), 1093-105.
56. Hirata, M. & Hall, B. K. (2000). Temporospatial patterns of apoptosis in chick embryos during the morphogenetic period of development. Int. J. Dev. Biol., 44, 757-768.
57. Huettenbrenner, S., Maier, S., Leisser, C., Polgar, D., Strasser, S., Grusch, M. & Krupitza, G. (2003). The evolution of cell death programs as prerequisites of multicellularity. Mutat. Res., 543(3), 235-49.
58. Ivanina, A. V., Cherkasov, A. S. & Sokolova, I. M. (2008). Effects of cadmium on cellular protein and glutathione synthesis and expression of stress proteins in eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica Gmelin. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 211, 577-586.
59. Jacobson, M. D., Weil, M. & Raff, M. C. (1997). Programmed cell death in animal development. Cell, 88, 347-354.
60. Jarup, L., Berglund, M., Elinder, C. G., Nordberg, G. & Vahter, M. (1998). Health effects of cadmium exposure a review of the literature and a risk estimate. Scand J. Work Environ. Health, 24, 1-51.
61. Jensen, A., Forbes, V. E. & Parker, E. D. Jr., (2001). Variation in cadmium uptake, feeding rate, and life-history effects in the gastropod Potamopyrgus antipodarum: linking toxicant effects on individuals to the population level. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 20, 2503-2513.
62. Kefaloyianni, E., Gourgou, E., Ferle, V., Kotsakis, E., Gaitanaki, C. & Beis, I. (2005). Acute thermal stress and various heavy metals induce tissue-specific pro- or antiapoptotic events via the p38-MAPK signal transduction pathway in Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lam). The Journal of Experimental Biology, 208, 4427-4436.
63. Kiang, J. G. & Tsokos, G. C. (1998). Heat shock protein 70 kDa: molecular biology, biochemistry, and physiology. Pharmacol. Ther., 80(2), 183-201.
64. Kim, J. & Sharma, R. P. J. (2006). Cadmium-induced apoptosis in murine macrophages is antagonized by antioxidants and caspase inhibitors. Toxicol. Environ. Health A., 69(12), 1181-201.
65. Kingsley, B. S. & Frazier, J. M. (1979). Cadmium transport in isolated perfused rat liver: zinc-cadmium competition. Am. J. Physiol., 236(3), 139-43.
66. Klaassen, C. D., Liu, J. & Choudhuri, S. (1999). Metallothionein: an intracellular protein to protect against cadmium toxicity. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 39, 267-294.
67. Kobayashi, N. & Okamura, H. (2005). Effects of heavy metals on sea urchin embryo development. Part 2. Interactive toxic effects of heavy metals in synthetic mine effluents. Chemosphere, 61(8), 1198-203.
68. Kobayashi, N., Naidenko, T. K. H. & Vaschenko, M. A. (1994). Standardization of a bioassay using sea urchin embryos. Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 20, 351-357.
69. Lamkanfi, M., Declercq, W., Kalai, M., Saelens, X. & Vandenabeele, P. (2002). Alice in caspase land. A phylogenetic analysis of caspases from worm to man. Cell Death Differ., 9(4), 358-61.
70. Latchman D. S. (1999). Stress proteins: An overview. Handbook of experimental pharmacology, 136, 1-7.
71. Le Bouffant, R., Cormier, P., Cueff, A., Bellé, R. & Mulner-Lorillon, O. (2007). Sea urchin embryo as a model for analysis of the signaling pathways linking DNA damage checkpoint, DNA repair and apoptosis. Cell. Mol. Life Sci., 64(13), 1723-34.
72. Lesser, M. P., Kruse, V. A., & Thomas M. B. (2003). Exposure to ultraviolet radiation causes apoptosis in developing sea urchin embryos The Journal of Experimental Biology, 206, 4097-4103.
73. Liu, Y., Zhang, S. P. & Cai, Y. Q. (2007). Cytoprotective effects of selenium on cadmiuminduced LLC-PK1 cells apoptosis by activating JNK pathway. Toxicol. In Vitro, 21(4), 677-84.
74. Lockshin, R. A. & Zakeri, Z. (2002). Caspase-independent cell deaths. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol., 14(6), 727-33.
75. Manyin, T. & Rowe, C. L. (2008). Modeling effects of cadmium on population growth of Palaemonetes pugio: Results of a full life cycle exposure. Aquatic Toxicology, 88, 111-120.
76. Marie, V., Gonzalez, P., Baudrimont, M., Boutet, I., Moraga, D., Bourdineaud, J. P. & Boudou, A. (2006). Metallothionein gene expression and protein levels in triploid and diploid oysters Crassostrea gigas after exposure to cadmium and zinc. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 25(2), 412-8.
77. Martin, P., Fareh, M., Poggi, M. C., Boulukos, K. E. & Pognonec, P. (2006). Manganese is highly effective in protecting cells from cadmium intoxication. Biochem. Biophys Res. Commun., 351(1), 294-9.
78. Matranga, V., Bonaventura, R. & Di Bella, G. (2002). Hsp70 as a stress marker of sea urchin coelomocytes in short term cultures. Cell. Mol. Biol., 48, 345-359.
79. Matranga, V., Pinsino, A., Celi, M., Natoli, A., Bonaventura, R., Schröder, H. C. & Müller, W. E. G. (2005). Monitoring Chemical and Physical Stress Using Sea Urchin Immune Cells. Prog. Mol. Subcell. Biol., 39, 85-110.
80. Matranga, V., Toia, G., Bonaventura, R. & Müller W. E. G. (2000). Cellular and biochemical responses to environmental and experimentally induced stress in sea urchin coelomocytes. Cell Stress & Chaperones, 5, 158-165.
81. Mayer, M. P. & Bukau, B. (2005). Hsp70 chaperones: Cellular functions and molecular mechanism. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. (CMLS), 62, 670-684.
82. McCahon, C. P. & Pascoe, D. (1988). Use of Gammarus pulex (L.) in safety evaluation tests: culture and selection of a sensitive life stage. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 3, 245-52.
83. McGee, B. L., Wright, D. A. & Fisher, D. J. (1998). Biotic factors modifying acute toxicity of aqueous cadmium to estuarine amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 34(1), 34-40.
84. Mehlen, P., Schulze-Osthoff, K. & Arrigo, A. P. (1996). Small stress proteins as novel regulators of apoptosis. Heat shock protein 27 blocks Fas/APO- 1- and staurosporineinduced cell death. J. Biol. Chem., 271(28), 16510-16514.
85. Mignotte, B. & Vayssiere, J. L. (1998). Mitochondria and apoptosis. Eur. J. Biochem., 252(1), 1-15.
86. Moraga, D., Meistertzheim, A. L., Tanguy-Royer, S., Boutet, I., Tanguy, A. & Donval, A. (2005). Stress response in Cu2+ and Cd2+ exposed oysters (Crassostrea gigas): an immunohistochemical approach. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 141,151-6.
87. Müller, W. E. G., Batel, R., Lacorn, M., Steinhart, H., Simat, T., Lauenroth, S., Hassanein, H. & Schroeder, H. C. (1998). Accumulation of cadmium and zinc in the marine sponge Suberites domuncula and its potential consequences on single-strand breaks and on expression of heat-shock protein: a natural field study. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 167, 127-135..
88. Nakamura, K., Yasunaga, Y., Ko, D., Xu, L. L., Moul, J. W., Peehl, D. M., Srivastava, S. & Rhim, J. S. (2002). Cadmium-induced neoplastic transformation of human prostate epithelial cells. Int. J. Oncol., 20, 543-547.
89. Naranjo, S., Carballo, J. L. & Garcia-Gomez, J. C. (1998). Towards a knowledge of marine boundaries using ascidians as indicators: characterising transition zones for species distribution along Atlantic-Mediterranean shores. Biol. J. Linnean Soc., 64, 151-177.
90. Nemer, M., Thornton, R. D., Stuebing, E. W. & Harlow, P. (1991). Structure, spatial, and temporal expression of two sea urchin metallothionein genes, SpMTB1 and SpMTA. J. Biol. Chem., 266, 6586-6593.
91. Nemer, M., Wilkinson, D. G., Travaglini, E. C., Sternberg, E. J. & Butt, T. R. (1985). Sea urchin metallothionein sequence: key to an evolutionary diversity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A., 82, 4992-4994.
92. Nigro, M., Regoli, F., Rocchi, R. & Orlando, E. (1997). Heavy metals in Antarctic molluscs. In: B. Battaglia, J. Valencia, & D. W. H. Walton (Eds.), Antarctic Communities: Species, Structure and survival (pp. 409-412). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
93. Nishikawa, A. & Hayashi, H. (1995). Spatial, temporal and hormonal regulation of programmed muscle cell death during metamorphosis of the frog Xenopus laevis. Differentiation, 59, 207-14.
94. Nollen, E. A. & Morimoto, R. I. (2002). Chaperoning signaling pathways: molecular chaperones as stress-sensing 'heat shock' proteins. J. Cell. Sci., 115, 2809-16.
95. Orth, K., Chinnaiyan, A. M., Garg, M., Froelich, C. J. & Dixit, V. M. (1996). The CED-3/ICE-like protease Mch2 is activated during apoptosis and cleaves the death substrate lamin A. J. Biol. Chem., 28, 16443-6.
96. Oweson, C., Sköld, H., Pinsino, A., Matranga, V. & Hernroth, B. (2008). Manganese effects on haematopoietic cells and circulating coelomocytes of Asterias rubens (Linnaeus). Aquatic Toxicology, 89(2), 75-81.
97. Pagano, G., Cipollaro, M., Corsale, G., Esposito, A., Ragucci, E., Giordano, G. G., & Trieff, N. M. (1986). The sea urchin: Bioassay for the Assessment of Damage from Environmental Contaminants. In: J. Cairns, Jr (Ed.), Community Toxicity Testing (66-92). Kansas City, MO: ASTM STP 920.
98. Pagano, G., Esposito, E. & Giordano, G. G. (1982). Fertilization and larval development in sea urchins following exposure of gametes and embryos to cadmium. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 11, 47-55.
99. Papathanassiou, E. & King, P. E. (1986). Ultrastructural changes in hepatopancreatic cells of the prawn Palaemon serratus induced by exposure to acutely toxic cadmium concentrations. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 2, 39-47.
100. Pathak, N. & Khandelwal, S. (2006a). Oxidative stress and apoptotic changes in murine splenocytes exposed to cadmium. Toxicology, 220(1), 26-36.
101. Pathak, N. & Khandelwal, S. (2006b). Influence of cadmium on murine thymocytes: potentiation of apoptosis and oxidative stress. Toxicology Letters, 165, 121-132.
102. Patruno, M., Thorndyke, M. C., Candia Carnevali, M. D., Bonasoro, F. & Beesley, P. (2001). Changes in ubiquitin conjugates and Hsp72 levels during arm regeneration in echinoderms. Mar. Biotechnol. (NY), 3(1), 4-15.
103. Pellerito, C., D'Agati, P., Fiore, T., Mansueto, C., Mansueto, V., Stocco, G., Nagy, L. & Pellerito, L. (2005). Synthesis, structural investigations on organotin (IV) chlorin-e6 complexes, their effect on sea urchin embryonic development and induced apoptosis. J. Inorg. Biochem., 99(6), 1294-305.
104. Perez, T., Longet, D., Schembri, T., Rebouillon, P. & Vacelet, J. (2005). Effects of 12 years' operation of a sewage treatment plant on trace metal occurrence within a Mediterranean commercial sponge (Spongia officinalis, Demospongiae). Mar. Pollut. Bull., 50, 301-309.
105. Piano, A., Valbonesi, P. & Fabbri, E. (2004). Expression of cytoprotective proteins, heat shock protein 70 and metallothioneins, in tissues of Ostrea edulis exposed to heat and heavy metals. Cell Stress Chaperones, 9(2), 134-42.
106. Pigeot, J., Miramand, P., Guyot, T., Sauriau, P.G., Fichet, D., Le Moine, O. & Huet, V. (2006). Cadmium pathways in an exploited intertidal ecosystem with chronic cadmium inputs (Marennes-Oléron, Atlantic coast, France). Marine Ecology Progress Series, 307, 101-114.
107. Pinsino, A., Della Torre, C., Sammarini, V., Bonaventura, R., Amato, E. & Matranga, V. (2008). Sea urchin coelomocytes as a novel cellular biosensor of environmental stress: a field study in the Tremiti Island Marine Protected Area, Southern Adriatic Sea, Italy. Cell Biology and Toxicology, 2, 541-552.
108. Pinsino, A., Thorndyke, M. C. & Matranga, V. (2007). Coelomocytes and post-traumatic response in the common sea star Asterias rubens. Cell Stress Chaperones, 12(4), 331-41.
109. Podgurskaya, O. V. & Kavun V. Y. (2006). Cadmium Concentration and Subcellular Distribution in Organs of the Mussel Crenomytilus Grayanus from Upwelling Regions of Okhotsk Sea and Sea of Japan. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 51, 567-572.
110. Poirier, L., Berthet, B., Amiard, J. C., Jeantet, A. Y. & Amiard-Triquet, C. (2006). A suitable model for the biomonitoring of trace metal bioavailabilities in estuarine sediments: the annelid polychaete Nereis diversicolor. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK, 86, 71-82. http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=10.1038/sj.onc.1207114&link_type=D.
111. Oadenac, G., Fichet, D. & Miramand, P. (2001). Bioaccumulation and toxicity of four dissolved metals in Paracentrotus lividus sea-urchin embryo. Marine Environmental Research, 51, 151-166.
112. Radlowska, M. & Pempkowiak, J. (2002). Stress-70 as indicator of heavy metals accumulation in blue mussel Mytilus edulis. Environ. Int., 27, 605-608.
113. Rainbow, P. S. & Black, W. H. (2005). Cadmium, zinc and the uptake of calcium by two crabs, Carcinus maenas and Eriocheir sinensis. Aquat. Toxicol., 72(1-2), 45-65.
114. Rainbow, P. S. (2002). Kenneth Mellanby Review Award. Trace metal concentrations in aquatic invertebrates: why and so what? Environ. Pollut., 120(3), 497-507. Review.
115. Rana, S. V. (2008). Metals and apoptosis: recent developments. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol., 22(4), 262-84. Review.
116. Rebelo, M. F, Pfeiffer, W. C, da Silva, H. Jr & Moraes, M. O. (2003). Cloning and detection of metallothionein mRNA by RT-PCR in mangrove oysters (Crassostrea rhizophorae). Aquat. Toxicol., 64(3), 359-62.
117. Robertson, J. D. & Orrenius, S. (2000). Molecular mechanisms of apoptosis induced by cytotoxic chemicals. Crit. Rev. Toxicol., 30(5), 609-27.
118. Roccheri, M. C., Agnello, M., Bonaventura, R. & Matranga, V. (2004). Cadmium induces the expression of specific stress proteins in sea urchin embryos. Biochem. Biophys Res. Commun., 321, 80-7.
119. Roccheri, M. C., Barbata, G., Cardinale, F., Tipa, C., Bosco, L., Oliva, O. A., Cascino, D. & Giudice, G. (1997b). Apoptosis in sea urchin embryos. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 240(2), 359-66.
120. Roccheri, M. C., Bosco, L., Ristuccia, M. E., Cascino, D., Giudice, G., Oliva, A. O. & Rinaldi, A. M. (1997a). Sea urchin mitochondrial matrix contains a 56-kDa chaperoninelike protein. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 234, 646-650.
121. Roccheri, M. C., Cascino, D. & Giudice, G. (1993). Two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of stress proteins in Paracentrotus lividus. J. Submicrosc. Cytol. Pathol., 25(2), 173-9.
122. Roccheri, M. C., Di Bernardo, M. G. & Giudice, G. (1981). Synthesis of heat-shock proteins in developing sea urchins. Dev. Biol., 83(1), 173-7.
123. Roccheri, M. C., La Rosa, M., Ferraro, M. G., Cantone, M., Cascino, D., Giudice, G. & Sconzo, G. (1988). Stress proteins by zinc ions in sea urchin embryos. Cell. Differ., 24(3), 209-13.
124. Roccheri, M. C., Patti, M., Agnello, M., Gianguzza, F., Carra, E. & Rinaldi A. M. (2001). Localization of Mitochondrial Hsp58 chaperonine during sea urchin development. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 287, 1093-1098.
125. Roccheri, M. C., Tipa, C., Bonaventura, R. & Matranga, V. (2002). Physiological and induced apoptosis in sea urchin larvae undergoing metamorphosis. Int. J. Dev. Biol., 46(6), 801-6.
126. Rodrigues, E., da Silva Santos, M. R., Rodrigues, E. Jr., Gannabathula, S. V. & Passeri Lavrado, H. (2009). Arginine metabolism of the Antarctic Bivalve Laternula elliptica (King & Broderip, 1831): an ecophysiological approach. Polar Biol [DOI 10.1007/s00300-008-0574-1] 32 (5).
127. Roesijadi, G. (1996). Metallothionein and its role in toxic metal regulation. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Endocrinology, 113, 117-123.
128. Roesijadi, G. Metal transfer as a mechanism for metallothionein-mediated metal detoxification. (2000). Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand), 46(2), 393-405.
129. Rosenberg, R., Blomqvist, M., Nilsson, H. C., Cederwall, H. & Dimming, A. (2004). Marine quality assessment by use of benthic speciesabundance distributions: a proposed new protocol within the European Union Water Framework Directive. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 49, 728-739.
130. Russo, R., Bonaventura, R., Zito, F., Schroeder, H. C., Müller, I., Müller, W. E. G. & Matranga, V. (2003). Stress to cadmium monitored by metallothionein gene induction in Paracentrotus lividus embryos. Cell Stress Chaperones, 8, 232-241.
131. Salice, C. J. & Miller, T. J. (2003). Population-level responses to long-term cadmium exposure in two strains of the freshwater gastropod Biomphalaria glabrata: results from a life-table response experiment. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 3, 678-88.
132. Samali, A. & Cotter, T. G. (1996). Heat shock proteins increase resistance to apoptosis. Exp. Cell. Res., 223(1), 163-70.
133. Sanders, B. M., (1988). The role of the stress proteins response in physiological adaptation of marine molluscs. Marine environmental research, 24, 1-4.
134. Sanders, B. M., Martin, L. S., Howe, S. R., Nelson, W. G., Hegre, E. S. &, Phelps, D. K. (1994). Tissue-specific differences in accumulation of stress proteins in Mytilus edulis exposed to a range of copper concentrations. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 125(2), 206-13.
135. Sato, Y., Kaneko, H., Negishi, S. & Yazaki, I. (2006). Larval arm resorption proceeds concomitantly with programmed cell death during metamorphosis of the sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus. Cell Tissue Res., 326, 851-860.
136. Schröder, H. C., Di Bella, G., Janipour, N., Bonaventura, R., Russo, R., Müller, W. E. & Matranga, V. (2005). DNA damage and developmental defects after exposure to UV and heavy metals in sea urchin cells and embryos compared to other invertebrates. Prog. Mol. Subcell. Biol., 39, 111-37.
137. Schröder, H. C., Hassanein, H. M., Lauenroth, S., Koziol, C., Mohamed, T. A., Lacorn, M., Steinhart, H., Batel, R. & Müller, W. E. G. (1999). Induction of DNA strand breaks and expression of HSP70 and GRP78 homolog by cadmium in the marine sponge Suberites domuncula. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 36(1), 47-55.
138. Schröder, H. C., Shostak, K., Gamulin, V., Lacorn, M., Skorokhod, A., Kavsan, V. & Müller, W. E. G. (2000) Purification, cDNA cloning and expression of a cadmium-inducible cysteine-rich metallothionein-like protein from the marine sponge Suberites domuncula. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 200, 149-157.
139. Sconzo, G., Geraci, F., Melfi, R., Cascino, D., Spinelli, G., Giudice, G. & Sirchia, R. (1997). Sea urchin HSF activity in vitro and transgenic embryos. Biochemical and Biophisical Research Communications, 240, 436-441.
140. Scudiero, R., Capasso, C., Carginale, V., Riggio, M., Capasso, A., Ciaramella, M., Filosa, S. & Parisi, E. (1997). PCR amplification and cloning of metallothionein cDNAs in temperate sea urchin characterized by a large difference in egg metallothionein content. Cell Mol. Life Sci., 53, 472-477.
141. Serra, R., Carpené, E., Marcantonio, A. C. & Isani, G. (1995). Cadmium accumulation and Cd-binding proteins in the bivalve Scapharca inaequivalvis. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Endocrinology, 111(2), 165-174.
142. Silvestre, F., Duchêne, C., Trausch, G. & Devos, P. (2005). Tissue-specific cadmium accumulation and metallothionein-like protein levels during acclimation process in the Chinese crab Eriocheir sinensis. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 140(1), 39-45.
143. Simon, H. U., Haj-Yehia, A. & Levi-Schaffer, F., (2000). Role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in apoptosis induction. Apoptosis, 5, 415-418.
144. Sokolova, I. & Lannig, G. (2008). Surviving global change in polluted environments: Physiological and molecular mechanisms of cadmium and temperature interactions in amarine ectotherm Crassostrea virginica. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology -Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 150(3), S156.
145. Sokolova, I. M., Evans, S. & Hughes, F. M. (2004). Cadmium-induced apoptosis in oyster hemocytes involves disturbance of cellular energy balance but no mitochondrial permeability transition. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 207, 3369-3380.
146. Sokolova, I. M., Sokolova, E. P. & Ponnappa, K. M. (2005). Cadmium exposure affects mitochondrial bioenergetics and gene expression of key mitochondrial proteins in the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica Gmelin (Bivalvia: Ostreidae). Aquatic Toxicology, 73(3), 242-255.
147. Takayama, S., Reed, J. & Homma, S. (2003). Heat-shock proteins as regulators of apoptosis. Oncogene, 22, 9041 -9047.
148. Tanguy, A. & Moraga, D. (2001). Cloning and characterization of a gene coding for a novel metallothionein in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas (CgMT2): a case of adaptive response to metal-induced stress? Gene, 273, 123-130.
149. Valko, M., Rhodes, C. J., Moncol, J., Izakovic, M. & Mazur, M. (2006). Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer. Chemico-biological Interactions, 160, 1-40.
150. Vanags, D. M., Pörn-Ares, M. I., Coppola, S., Burgess, D. H. & Orrenius, S. (1996). Protease involvement in fodrin cleavage and phosphatidylserine exposure in apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem., 271(49), 31075-85.
151. Vaschenko, M. A., Zhang, Z. P., Lam, P. K. S. & Wu, R. S. S. (1999). Toxic Effects of Cadmium on Fertilizing Capability of Spermatozoa, Dynamics of the First Cleavage and Pluteus Formation in the Sea Urchin Anthocidaris crassispina (Agassiz). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 38(12), 1097-1104.
152. Vega, R. L. & Epel, D. (2004). Stress-induced apoptosis in sea urchin embryogenesis. Mar. Environ. Res., 58(2-5), 799-802.
153. Viarengo, A., (1989). Heavy metal in marine invertebrates: mechanisms of regulation and toxicity at the cellular level. Aquatic Sciences, 1(2), 295-317.
154. Viarengo, A., Arena, N., Canesi, L., Alia, F. A. & Orunes, M. (1994). Structural and biochemical alteration in the gills of copper-exposed mussels. In: A. Renzoni, N. Mattei, L. Lari, & M. C. Fossi (Eds.), Contaminants in the enviroment: a multidisciplinary assessment of risk to man and other organism (CRC PRESS, 135-144).
155. Viarengo, A., Mancinelli, G., Pertica, M., Fabbri, R. & Orunesu, M. (1993). Effects of heavy metals on the Ca(2+)-ATPase activity present in gill cell plasma-membrane of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lam.). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C., 106(3), 655-60.
156. Volpi Ghirardini, A., Arizzi Novelli, A. & Tagliapietre, D. (2005a). Sediment toxicity assessment in the Lagoon of Venice (Italy) using Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fertilization and embryo bioassays. Environment International, 31, 1065-1077.
157. Volpi Ghirardini, A., Arizzi Novelli, A., Losso, C. & Ghetti, P. F. (2005b). Sperm cell and embryo toxicity tests using the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (LmK). Techniques in Aquatic Toxicology, 2, 147-168.
158. Waisberg, M., Joseph, P., Hale, B. & Beyersmann, D. (2003). Molecular and cellular mechanisms of cadmium carcinogenesis. Toxicology, 192, 95-117.
159. Warnau, M., Iaccarino, M., De Biase, A., Temara, A., Jangoux, M., Dubois, Ph., & Pagano, G. (1996). Spermiotoxicity and embryotoxicity of heavy metals in the echinoid Paracentrotus lividus. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 11(15), 1931-1936.
160. Warnau, M., Ledent, G., Temara, A., Alva, V., Jangoux, M. & Dubois, Ph. (1995). Allometry of heavy metal bioconcentration in the echinoid Paracentrotus lividus. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 29, 393-399.
161. Wilkinson, D. G. & Nemer, M. (1987). Metallothionein genes Mta and MTb expressed under distinct quantitative tissue-specific regulation in sea urchin embryos. Mol. Cell. Biol.,7, 48-58.
162. Won, E. J., Raisuddin, S. & Shin, K. H. (2008). Evaluation of induction of metallothioneinlike proteins (MTLPs) in the polychaetes for biomonitoring of heavy metal pollution in marine sediments. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 57(6-12), 544-551.
163. Wright, D. A. & Frain, J. W. (1981). The effect of calcium on cadmium toxicity in the freshwater amphipod, Gammarus pulex (L.) Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 10(3), 321-8.
164. Young, J. C., Agashe, V. R., Siegers, K. & Hartl, F. U. (2004). Pathways of chaperonemediated protein folding in the cytosol. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 5, 781-791.
165. Zhang, X., Beuron, F. & Freemont, P. S. (2002). Machinery of protein folding and unfolding. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol., 12, 231-238.