Mechanisms of aerobic performance impairment with heat stress and dehydration

Journal of Applied Physiology

Volumn 109, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 1989-1995

  Cheuvront, Samuel N ^a   Kenefick, Robert W ^a   Montain, Scott J ^a   Sawka, Michael N ^a  

^a U S ARMY RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Critical core temperature; Environment; Fatigue; Fluid balance; Hypohydration

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; DEHYDRATION; ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; EXERCISE; HEAT INJURY; HUMAN; INNERVATION; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; MUSCLE FATIGUE; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; SKELETAL MUSCLE; SKIN TEMPERATURE; SWEATING; THERMOREGULATION;

ANIMALS; BODY TEMPERATURE REGULATION; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; DEHYDRATION; HEAT STRESS DISORDERS; HUMANS; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; MUSCLE FATIGUE; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; PHYSICAL EXERTION; SKIN TEMPERATURE; SWEATING; WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE;

EID: 78149347608     PISSN: 87507587     EISSN: 15221601     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00367.2010     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Armstrong LE, Costill DL, Fink WJ. Influence of diuretic-induced dehydration on competitive running performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 17:456-461, 1985.
2. 2peak during submaximal exercise in the heat. J Appl Physiol 94:1162-1168, 2003.
3. Bassett DR Jr, Howley ET. Limiting factors for maximum oxygen uptake and determinants of endurance performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 32:70-84, 2000.
4. Bennett AF. Thermal dependence of muscle function. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 247: R217-R229, 1984.
5. Bergh U, Ekblom B. Influence of muscle temperature on maximal muscle strength and power output in human skeletal muscles. Acta Physiol Scand 107:33-37, 1979.
6. Brengelmann GL, Johnson JM, Hermansen L, Rowell LB. Altered control of skin blood flow during exercise at high internal temperatures. J Appl Physiol 43:790-794, 1977.
7. Brooks GA, Hittelman KJ, Faulkner JA, Beyer RE. Temperature, skeletal muscle mitochondrial functions, and oxygen debt. Am J Physiol 220:1053-1059, 1971.
8. Bynum GD, Pandolf KB, Schuette WH, Goldman RF, Lees DE, Whang-Peng J, Atkinson ER, Bull JM. Induced hyperthermia in sedated humans and the concept of critical thermal maximum. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 235: R228-R236, 1978.
9. Byrne C, Lee JW, Chew SN, Lim CL, Tan EM. Continuous thermoregulatory response to mass-participation distance running in heat. Med Sci Sports Exerc 38:803-810, 2006.
10. Cabanac M. Sensory pleasure optimizes muscular work. Clin Invest Med 29:110-116, 2006.
11. Caputa M, Cabanac M. Muscular work as thermal behavior in humans. J Appl Physiol 48:1020-1023, 1980.
12. Cheung SS, Sleivert GG. Multiple triggers for hyperthermic fatigue and exhaustion. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 32:100-106, 2004.
13. Cheuvront SN, Carter R 3rd, Castellani JW, Sawka MN. Hypohydration impairs endurance exercise performance in temperate but not cold air. J Appl Physiol 99:1972-1976, 2005.
14. Cheuvront SN, Carter 3rd R, Sawka MN. Fluid balance and endurance exercise performance. Curr Sports Med Rep 2:202-208, 2003.
15. Coyle EF, González-Alonso J. Cardiovascular drift during prolonged exercise: new perspectives. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 29:88-92, 2001.
16. Coyle EF, Hopper MK, Coggan AR. Maximal oxygen uptake relative to plasma volume expansion. Int J Sports Med 11:116-119, 1990.
17. Davies CT. Influence of skin temperature on sweating and aerobic performance during severe work. J Appl Physiol 47:770-777, 1979.
18. Dill DB, Costill DL. Calculation of percentage changes in volumes of blood, plasma, and red cells in dehydration. J Appl Physiol 37:247-248, 1974.
19. diPrampero PE. Factors limiting maximal performance in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 90:420-429, 2003.
20. Dubois M, Sato S, Lees DE, Bull JM, Smith R, White BG, Moore H, Macnamara TE. Electroencephalographic changes during whole body hyperthermia in humans. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 50:486-95, 1980.
21. Edwards RT, Harris RC, Hultman E, Kaijser L, Koh D, Nordesjo LO. Effect of temperature on muscle energy metabolism and endurance during successive isometric contractions, sustained to fatigue, of the quadriceps muscle in man. J Physiol 220:335-352, 1972.
22. Ely BR, Cheuvront SN, Kenefick RW, Sawka MN. Aerobic performance is degraded, despite modest hyperthermia, in hot environments. Med Sci Sports Exerc 42:135-141, 2010.
23. Ely MR, Cheuvront SN, Roberts WO, Montain SJ. Impact of weather on marathon-running performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 39:487-493, 2007.
24. Ely BR, Ely MR, Cheuvront SN, Kenefick RW, Degroot DW, Montain SJ. Evidence against a 40°C core temperature threshold for fatigue in humans. J Appl Physiol 107:1519-1525, 2009.
25. Ely MR, Martin DE, Cheuvront SN, Montain SJ. Effect of ambient temperature on marathon pacing is dependent on runner ability. Med Sci Sports Exerc 40:1675-1680, 2008.
26. Enoka RM, Stuart DG. Neurobiology of muscle fatigue. J Appl Physiol 72:1631-1648, 1992.
27. Febbraio MA. Does muscle function and metabolism affect exercise performance in the heat? Exerc Sport Sci Rev 28:171-176, 2000.
28. Foster C, Schrager M, Snyder AC, Thompson NN. Pacing strategy and athletic performance. Sports Med 17:77-85, 1994.
29. Fritzsche RG, Switzer TW, Hodgkinson BJ, Coyle EF. Stroke volume decline during prolonged exercise is influenced by the increase in heart rate. J Appl Physiol 86:799-805, 1999.
30. Gagge AP, Stolwijk JAJ, Saltin B. Comfort and thermal sensations and associated physiological responses during exercise at various ambient temperatures. Environ Res 2:209-229, 1969.
31. Galloway SD, Maughan RJ. Effects of ambient temperature on the capacity to perform prolonged cycle exercise in man. Med Sci Sports Exerc 29:1240-1249, 1997.
32. 2max on endurance capacity of men. J Appl Physiol 34:443-447, 1973.
33. González-Alonso J. Separate and combined influences of dehydration and hyperthermia on cardiovascular responses to exercise. Int J Sports Med 19, Suppl 2: S111-S114, 1998.
34. González-Alonso J, Calbet JA. Reductions in systemic and skeletal muscle blood flow and oxygen delivery limit maximal aerobic capacity in humans. Circulation 107:824-830, 2003.
35. González-Alonso J, Calbet JA, Nielsen B. Metabolic and thermodynamic responses to dehydration-induced reductions in muscle blood flow in exercising humans. J Physiol 520:577-89, 1999.
36. González-Alonso J, Calbet JA, Nielsen B. Muscle blood flow is reduced with dehydration during prolonged exercise in humans. J Physiol 513:895-905, 1998.
37. González-Alonso J, Crandall CG, Johnson JM. The cardiovascular challenge of exercising in the heat. J Physiol 586:45-53, 2008.
38. González-Alonso J, Dalsgaard MK, Osada T, Volianitis S, Dawson EA, Yoshiga CC, Secher NH. Brain and central haemodynamics and oxygenation during maximal exercise in humans. J Physiol 557:331-342, 2004.
39. González-Alonso J, Mora-Rodríguez R, Below PR, Coyle EF. Dehydration markedly impairs cardiovascular function in hyperthermic endurance athletes during exercise. J Appl Physiol 82:1229-1236, 1997.
40. González-Alonso J, Mora-Rodríguez R, Below PR, Coyle EF. Dehydration reduces cardiac output and increases systemic and cutaneous vascular resistance during exercise. J Appl Physiol 79:1487-1496, 1995.
41. González-Alonso J, Mora-Rodríguez R, Coyle EF. Stroke volume during exercise: interaction of environment and hydration. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 278: H321-H330, 2000.
42. González-Alonso J, Mora-Rodríguez R, Coyle EF. Supine exercise restores arterial blood pressure and skin blood flow despite dehydration and hyperthermia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 277: H576-H583, 1999.
43. González-Alonso J, Teller C, Andersen SL, Jensen FB, Hyldig T, Nielsen B. Influence of body temperature on the development of fatigue during prolonged exercise in the heat. J Appl Physiol 86:1032-1039, 1999.
44. Hardy JD. Physiology of temperature regulation. Physiol Rev 41:521-606, 1961.
45. Hopkins WG, Schabort EJ, Hawley JA. Reliability of power in physical performance tests. Sports Med 31:211-234, 2001.
46. Hopkins WG, Hewson DJ. Variability of competitive performance of distance runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 33:1588-1592, 2001.
47. Iampietro PF. Use of skin temperature to predict tolerance to thermal environments. Aerospace Med 42:396-399, 1971.
48. Iampietro PF, Goldman RF. Tolerance of men working in hot, humid environments. J Appl Physiol 20:73-76, 1965.
49. Jay O, Kenny GP. Current evidence does not support an anticipatory regulation of exercise intensity mediated by rate of body heat storage. J Appl Physiol 107:630-631, 2009.
50. Jentjens RL, Wagenmakers AJ, Jeukendrup AE. Heat stress increases muscle glycogen use but reduces the oxidation of ingested carbohydrates during exercise. J Appl Physiol 92:1562-1572, 2002.
51. Johnson JM, O'Leary DS, Taylor WF, Park MK. Reflex regulation of sweat rate by skin temperature in exercising humans. J Appl Physiol 56:1283-1288, 1984.
52. Johnson JM, Park MK. Reflex control of skin blood flow by skin temperature: role of core temperature. J Appl Physiol 47:1188-1193, 1979.
53. Kenefick RW, Cheuvront SN, Palombo LJ, Ely BR, Sawka MN. Skin temperature modifies the impact of hypohydration on aerobic performance. J Appl Physiol 109:79-86, 2010.
54. Kenefick RW, Cheuvront SN, Sawka MN. Thermoregulatory function during the marathon. Sports Med 37:312-315, 2007.
55. Kenefick RW, Mahood NV, Hazzard MP, Quinn TJ, Castellani JW. Hypohydration effects on thermoregulation during moderate exercise in the cold. Eur J Appl Physiol 92:565-570, 2004.
56. Lee JKW, Nio AQX, Lim CL, Teo EYN, Byrne C. Thermoregulation, pacing and fluid balance during mass participation distance running in a warm and humid environment. Eur J Appl Physiol 109:887-898, 2010.
57. Lind AR. A physiological criterion for setting thermal environmental limits for everyday work. J Appl Physiol 18:51-56, 1963.
58. MacDougall JD, Reddan WG, Layton CR, Dempsey JA. Effects of metabolic hyperthermia on performance during heavy prolonged exercise. J Appl Physiol 36:538-544, 1974.
59. Maron MB, Wagner JA, Horvath SM. Thermoregulatory responses during competitive marathon running. J Appl Physiol 42:909-914, 1977.
60. Mazzeo RS, Fulco CS. Physiological systems and their responses to conditions of hypoxia. In: ACSM's Advanced Exercise Physiology. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, 2006, p. 564-580.
61. McCullough EA, Kenney WL. Thermal insulation and evaporative resistance of football uniforms. Med Sci Sports Exerc 35:832-837, 2003.
62. Montain SJ, Coyle EF. Influence of graded dehydration on hyperthermia and cardiovascular drift during exercise. J Appl Physiol 73:1340-1350, 1992.
63. Montain SJ, Sawka MN, Cadarette BS, Quigley MD, McKay JM. Physiological tolerance to uncompensable heat stress: effects of exercise intensity, protective clothing, and climate. J Appl Physiol 77:216-222, 1994.
64. Montain SJ, Tharion WJ. Hypohydration and muscular fatigue of the thumb alter median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 35:456-463, 2010.
65. Mundel T, Jones DA. The effects of swilling an 1 (-)-menthol solution during exercise in the heat. Eur J Appl Physiol 109:59-65, 2010.
66. Nielsen B. Olympics in Atlanta: a fight against physics. Med Sci Sports Exerc 28:665-668, 1996.
67. Nielsen M. Die Regulation der Korpertemperatur bei Muskelarbeit. Skand Arch Physiol 79:193-230, 1938.
68. Nielsen B, Hales JR, Strange S, Christensen NJ, Warberg J, Saltin B. Human circulatory and thermoregulatory adaptations with heat acclimation and exercise in a hot, dry environment. J Physiol 460:467-485, 1993.
69. Nielsen B, Hyldig T, Bidstrup F, González-Alonso J, Christoffersen GR. Brain activity and fatigue during prolonged exercise in the heat. Pflügers Arch 442:41-48, 2001.
70. Nielsen B, Nybo L. Cerebral changes during exercise in the heat. Sports Med 33:1-11, 2003.
71. Nielsen B, Savard G, Richter EA, Hargreaves M, Saltin B. Muscle blood flow and muscle metabolism during exercise and heat stress. J Appl Physiol 69:1040-1046, 1990.
72. Nunneley SA, Antunano MJ, Bomalaski SH. Thermal convergence fails to predict heat tolerance limits. Aviat Space Environ Med 63:886-890, 1993.
73. Nybo L. Hyperthermia and fatigue. J Appl Physiol 104:871-878, 2008.
74. Nybo L. Exercise and heat stress: cerebral challenges and consequences. Progress Brain Res 162:29-43, 2007.
75. 2 kinetics during intense exercise. J Appl Physiol 90:1057-1064, 2001.
76. Nybo L, Nielsen B. Perceived exertion is associated with an altered brain activity during exercise with progressive hyperthermia. J Appl Physiol 91:2017-2023, 2001.
77. Nybo L, Nielsen B. Hyperthermia and central fatigue during prolonged exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol 91:1055-1060, 2001.
78. Nybo L, Nielsen B. Middle cerebral artery blood velocity is reduced with hyperthermia during prolonged exercise in humans. J Physiol 534:279-86, 2001.
79. Nybo L, Rasmussen P. Inadequate cerebral oxygen delivery and central fatigue during strenuous exercise. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 35:110-118, 2007.
80. Pandolf KB. Influence of local and central factors in dominating rated perceived exertion during physical work. Percept Mot Skills 46:683-698, 1978.
81. Pandolf KB, Goldman RF. Convergence of skin and rectal temperatures as a criterion for heat tolerance. Aviat Space Environ Med 49:1095-1101, 1978.
82. Petrofsky JS, Phillips CA, Sawka MN, Hanpeter D, Stafford D. Blood flow and metabolism during isomeytric contractions in cat skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 50:493-502, 1981.
83. Rasmussen P, Stie H, Nybo L, Nielsen B. Heat induced fatigue and changes of the EEG is not related to reduced perfusion of the brain during prolonged exercise in humans. J Therm Biol 29:731-737, 2004.
84. Robinson S. Temperature regulation in exercise. Pediatrics 2:691-702, 1963.
85. Rowell LB. Human Circulation: Regulation During Physical Stress. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1986, p. 363-406.
86. Rowell LB, Murray JA, Brengelmann GL, Kraning KK. Human cardiovascular adjustments to rapid changes in skin temperature during exercise. Circ Res 24:711-724, 1969.
87. Saltin B, Hermansen L. Esophageal, rectal, and muscle temperature during exercise. J Appl Physiol 21:1757-1762, 1966.
88. Savage MV, Brengelman GL. Control of skin blood flow in the neutral zone of human body temperature regulation. J Appl Physiol 80:1249-1257, 1996.
89. Sawka MN. Physiological consequences of hypohydration: exercise performance and thermoregulation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 24:657-670, 1992.
90. Sawka MN, Burke LM, Eichner ER, Maughan RJ, Montain SJ, Stachenfeld NS. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and fluid replacement. Med Sci Sports Exerc 39:377-390, 2007.
91. Sawka MN, Latzka WA, Montain SJ, Cadarette BS, Kolka MA, Kraning KK, Gonzalez RR. Physiologic tolerance to uncompensable heat: intermittent exercise, field vs. laboratory. Med Sci Sports Exerc 33:422-430, 2001.
92. Sawka MN, Noakes TD. Does dehydration impair exercise performance? Med Sci Sports Exerc 39:1209-1217, 2007.
93. Sawka MN, Young AJ, Cadarette BS, Levine L, Pandolf KB. Influence of heat stress and acclimation on maximal aerobic power. Eur J Appl Physiol 53:294-298, 1985.
94. Tatterson AJ, Hahn AG, Martin DT, Febbraio MA. Effects of heat stress on physiological responses and exercise performance in elite cyclists. J Sci Med Sport 3:186-193, 2000.
95. Thomas MM, Cheung SS, Elder GC, Sleivert GG. Voluntary muscle activation is impaired by core temperature rather than local muscle temperature. J Appl Physiol 100:1361-1369, 2006.
96. Todd G, Butler JE, Taylor JL, Gandevia SC. Hyperthermia: a failure of the motor cortex and the muscle. J Physiol 563:621-631, 2005.
97. Tucker R, Marle T, Lambert EV, Noakes TD. The rate of heat storage mediates an anticipatory reduction in exercise intensity during cycling at a fixed rating of perceived exertion. J Physiol 574:905-915, 2006.
98. Tucker R, Rauch L, Harley YX, Noakes TD. Impaired exercise performance in the heat is associated with an anticipatory reduction in skeletal muscle recruitment. Pflügers Arch 448:422-430, 2004.
99. Watson P, Hasegawa H, Roelands B, Piacentini MF. Acute dopamine/noradrenaline reuptake inhibition enhances human exercise performance in warm, but not temperate conditions. J Physiol 565:873-883, 2005.
100. Wingo JE, Cureton KJ. Maximal oxygen uptake after attenuation of cardiovascular drift during heat stress. Aviat Space Environ Med 77:687-694, 2006.