메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 176, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 304-318

The development of the ancient irrigation system at Engaruka, northern Tanzania: Physical and societal factors

Author keywords

Climate variability; Engaruka; Incremental change; Maasai; Pre colonial irrigation; Tanzania

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; CLIMATE VARIATION; COLONIALISM; ETHNIC GROUP; HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY; IRRIGATION SYSTEM; NINETEENTH CENTURY; REGIONAL TRADE;

EID: 78149306969     PISSN: 00167398     EISSN: 14754959     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-4959.2010.00370.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (30)

References (101)
  • 1
    • 0004164731 scopus 로고
    • East African crops
    • Longman, London
    • Acland J D 1971 East African crops Longman, London
    • (1971)
    • Acland, J.D.1
  • 3
    • 0032847597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differences in particle density between field-moist and oven-dry samples from Allophanic Soils
    • Addison B, Boyes M and Singleton P L 1999 Differences in particle density between field-moist and oven-dry samples from Allophanic Soils Australian Journal of Soil Research 37 965-70
    • (1999) Australian Journal of Soil Research , vol.37 , pp. 965-970
    • Addison, B.1    Boyes, M.2    Singleton, P.L.3
  • 4
    • 78149296984 scopus 로고
    • The Ecology of survival: case studies from northeast African history
    • Johnson D and, Anderson D M, eds, Lester Crook Academics Publishing, London
    • Anderson D M 1988 Cultivating pastoralists: ecology and economy among the Il Chamus of Baringo, 1840-1980 in Johnson D and Anderson D M eds The Ecology of survival: case studies from northeast African history Lester Crook Academics Publishing, London 241-60
    • (1988) Cultivating pastoralists: ecology and economy among the Il Chamus of Baringo, 1840-1980 , pp. 241-260
    • Anderson, D.M.1
  • 5
    • 0039875014 scopus 로고
    • The Maasai and their neighbours: Variables of interaction
    • Berntsen J L 1976 The Maasai and their neighbours: Variables of interaction African Economic History 2 1-11
    • (1976) African Economic History , vol.2 , pp. 1-11
    • Berntsen, J.L.1
  • 6
    • 78149346833 scopus 로고
    • Farmer managed irrigation systems, Manyara Division, Rift Valley, Tanzania - local time and place knowledge on operation and maintenance in five irrigation systems, 1993/94, Working Paper Institute of Development and Planning, Aalborg University, Denmark
    • Bertelsen P 1995 Farmer managed irrigation systems, Manyara Division, Rift Valley, Tanzania - local time and place knowledge on operation and maintenance in five irrigation systems, 1993/94 Working Paper Institute of Development and Planning, Aalborg University, Denmark
    • (1995)
    • Bertelsen, P.1
  • 8
    • 34547876781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A history under siege. Intensive agriculture in the Mbulu Highlands, Tanzania, 19th century to the present
    • Almqvist & Wiksell International, Stockholm
    • Börjeson L 2004 A history under siege. Intensive agriculture in the Mbulu Highlands, Tanzania, 19th century to the present Almqvist & Wiksell International, Stockholm
    • (2004)
    • Börjeson, L.1
  • 9
    • 34547905410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Boserup backwards? Agricultural intensification as 'its own driving force' in the Mbulu Highlands, Tanzania
    • Börjeson L 2007 Boserup backwards? Agricultural intensification as 'its own driving force' in the Mbulu Highlands, Tanzania Geografiska Annaler 89B 249-67
    • (2007) Geografiska Annaler , vol.89 B , pp. 249-267
    • Börjeson, L.1
  • 10
    • 0021620584 scopus 로고
    • Intensification revisited
    • Brookfield H 1984 Intensification revisited Pacific Viewpoint 25 15-44
    • (1984) Pacific Viewpoint , vol.25 , pp. 15-44
    • Brookfield, H.1
  • 11
    • 0035169965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intensification, and alternative approaches to agricultural change
    • Brookfield H 2001 Intensification, and alternative approaches to agricultural change Asia Pacific Viewpoint 42 181-92
    • (2001) Asia Pacific Viewpoint , vol.42 , pp. 181-192
    • Brookfield, H.1
  • 12
    • 35348998346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate change 2007: the physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
    • Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Averyt K B, Tignor M and, Miller H L, eds, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York
    • Christensen J H, Hewitson B, Busuioc A, Chen A, Gao X, Held I, Jones R, Kolli R K, Kwon W-T, Laprise R, Magaña Rueda V, Mearns L, Menéndez C G, Räisänen J, Rinke A, Sarr A and Whetton P 2007 Regional climate projections in Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Averyt K B, Tignor M and Miller H L eds Climate change 2007: the physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York 847-940
    • (2007) Regional climate projections , pp. 847-940
    • Christensen, J.H.1    Hewitson, B.2    Busuioc, A.3    Chen, A.4    Gao, X.5    Held, I.6    Jones, R.7    Kolli, R.K.8    Kwon, W.9    Laprise, R.10    Magaña Rueda, V.11    Mearns, L.12    Menéndez, C.G.13    Räisänen, J.14    Rinke, A.15    Sarr, A.16    Whetton, P.17
  • 15
    • 78149326323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An applied archaeological and anthropological study of intensive agriculture in the Northern Cherangani Hills, Northwest Kenya Unpublished PhD thesis Institute of Archaeology, University of Oxford
    • Davies M I J 2009 An applied archaeological and anthropological study of intensive agriculture in the Northern Cherangani Hills, Northwest Kenya Unpublished PhD thesis Institute of Archaeology, University of Oxford
    • (2009)
    • Davies, M.I.J.1
  • 16
    • 33751315102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate-human-environment interactions: resolving our past
    • Dearing J A 2006 Climate-human-environment interactions: resolving our past Climate of the Past 2 187-203
    • (2006) Climate of the Past , vol.2 , pp. 187-203
    • Dearing, J.A.1
  • 17
    • 33645464366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in surface water supply across Africa with predicted climate change
    • De Wit M and Stankiewicz J 2006 Changes in surface water supply across Africa with predicted climate change Science 311 1917-21
    • (2006) Science , vol.311 , pp. 1917-1921
    • De Wit, M.1    Stankiewicz, J.2
  • 19
    • 0345469549 scopus 로고
    • Pédogenèse et classification [Pedogenesis and classification]
    • Masson, Paris
    • Duchaufour P 1977 Pédogenèse et classification [Pedogenesis and classification] Masson, Paris
    • (1977)
    • Duchaufour, P.1
  • 20
    • 78149288588 scopus 로고
    • Zamani: a survey of East African history
    • Ogot B A, ed, East African Publishing House, Nairobi
    • Ehret C 1974 Cushites and the highland and plains nilotes to AD 1800 in Ogot B A ed Zamani: a survey of East African history East African Publishing House, Nairobi 150-69
    • (1974) Cushites and the highland and plains nilotes to AD 1800 , pp. 150-169
    • Ehret, C.1
  • 21
    • 34247512984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Archival explorations of climate variability and social vulnerability in colonial Mexico
    • Endfield G H 2007 Archival explorations of climate variability and social vulnerability in colonial Mexico Climatic Change 83 9-38
    • (2007) Climatic Change , vol.83 , pp. 9-38
    • Endfield, G.H.1
  • 24
    • 1642367542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Andosols of Terceira, Azores: measurement and significance of soil hydraulic properties
    • Fontes, J C, Gonçalves M C and Pereira L S 2004 Andosols of Terceira, Azores: measurement and significance of soil hydraulic properties Catena 56 145-54
    • (2004) Catena , vol.56 , pp. 145-154
    • Fontes, J.C.1    Gonçalves, M.C.2    Pereira, L.S.3
  • 25
    • 0003057671 scopus 로고
    • An Administrative survey of the Masai Social System
    • Fosbrooke H A 1948 An Administrative survey of the Masai Social System Tanganyika Notes and Records 26 1-49
    • (1948) Tanganyika Notes and Records , vol.26 , pp. 1-49
    • Fosbrooke, H.A.1
  • 26
    • 33646163595 scopus 로고
    • Ngorongoro: the eight wonder
    • Andre Deutsch Ltd, London
    • Fosbrooke H 1972 Ngorongoro: the eight wonder Andre Deutsch Ltd, London
    • (1972)
    • Fosbrooke, H.1
  • 27
    • 78149295499 scopus 로고
    • History of East Africa
    • Oliver R A Matthew G, eds, Vol I, Clarendon Press, Oxford
    • Freeman-Grenville G S P 1963 The coast 1498-1840 in Oliver R A and Matthew G eds History of East Africa, Vol I Clarendon Press, Oxford 129-68
    • (1963) The coast 1498-1840 , pp. 129-168
    • Freeman-Grenville, G.S.P.1
  • 29
    • 33751291229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large infrequent disturbance in an East African savanna
    • Gillson L 2006 Large infrequent disturbance in an East African savanna African Journal of Ecology 44 458-67
    • (2006) African Journal of Ecology , vol.44 , pp. 458-467
    • Gillson, L.1
  • 30
    • 78149301659 scopus 로고
    • Essays in Sudan ethnography: presented to Sir Edward Evans-Pritchard
    • Cunnison I James W, eds, C. Hurst & Co, London
    • Haaland G 1972 Nomadization as an economic career among sedentaries in the Sudan Savanna Belt in Cunnison I and James W eds Essays in Sudan ethnography: presented to Sir Edward Evans-Pritchard C. Hurst & Co, London 149-72
    • (1972) Nomadization as an economic career among sedentaries in the Sudan Savanna Belt , pp. 149-172
    • Haaland, G.1
  • 31
    • 13444304381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The human ecology of world systems in East Africa: the impact of the ivory trade
    • Håkansson N T 2004 The human ecology of world systems in East Africa: the impact of the ivory trade Human Ecology 32 561-91
    • (2004) Human Ecology , vol.32 , pp. 561-591
    • Håkansson, N.T.1
  • 34
    • 34547860515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Labour and landscapes: the political economy of Landesque Capital in nineteenth century Tanganyika
    • Håkansson N T and Widgren M 2007 Labour and landscapes: the political economy of Landesque Capital in nineteenth century Tanganyika Geografiska Annaler 89B 233-48
    • (2007) Geografiska Annaler , vol.89 B , pp. 233-248
    • Håkansson, N.T.1    Widgren, M.2
  • 35
    • 0345029952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Droughts, food and culture: ecological change and food security in Africa's later prehistory
    • Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York
    • Hassan F A 2002 Droughts, food and culture: ecological change and food security in Africa's later prehistory Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York
    • (2002)
    • Hassan, F.A.1
  • 36
    • 0003602455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Once intrepid warriors: gender, ethnicity and the cultural politics of Maasai development
    • Indiana University Press, Bloomington
    • Hodgson D 2001 Once intrepid warriors: gender, ethnicity and the cultural politics of Maasai development Indiana University Press, Bloomington
    • (2001)
    • Hodgson, D.1
  • 37
    • 33644831023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate change in Southern and East Africa during the past millennium and its implications for societal development
    • Holmgren K and Öberg H 2006 Climate change in Southern and East Africa during the past millennium and its implications for societal development Environment, Development and Sustainability 8 185-95
    • (2006) Environment, Development and Sustainability , vol.8 , pp. 185-195
    • Holmgren, K.1    Öberg, H.2
  • 38
    • 78149306310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sustainable development in a globalized world
    • Hettne B, ed, Palgrave Macmillan, New York
    • Hornborg A 2007 Environmental load displacement in world history in Hettne B ed Sustainable development in a globalized world Palgrave Macmillan, New York 94-116
    • (2007) Environmental load displacement in world history , pp. 94-116
    • Hornborg, A.1
  • 39
    • 78149341574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scatterlings of East Africa: revisions of Parakuyo identity and history, c.1830-1926, Unpublished PhD thesis Department of History, University of Texas at Austin
    • Jennings C C 2005 Scatterlings of East Africa: revisions of Parakuyo identity and history, c.1830-1926 Unpublished PhD thesis Department of History, University of Texas at Austin
    • (2005)
    • Jennings, C.C.1
  • 40
    • 0003942374 scopus 로고
    • Ecology control and economic development in East African history: the case of Tanganyika, 1850-1950
    • Heinemann, London
    • Kjekshus H 1977 Ecology control and economic development in East African history: the case of Tanganyika, 1850-1950 Heinemann, London
    • (1977)
    • Kjekshus, H.1
  • 41
    • 78149330479 scopus 로고
    • People and production in late pre-colonial Tanzania. History and structures, Finnish Society for Development Studies, Finnish Anthropology Society and Finnish Historical Society, Helsinki/Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, Uppsala
    • Koponen J 1988 People and production in late pre-colonial Tanzania. History and structures Finnish Society for Development Studies, Finnish Anthropology Society and Finnish Historical Society, Helsinki/Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, Uppsala
    • (1988)
    • Koponen, J.1
  • 42
    • 0347980543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The rise and fall of Swahili States
    • AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, CA
    • Kusimba C M 1999 The rise and fall of Swahili States AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, CA
    • (1999)
    • Kusimba, C.M.1
  • 43
    • 78149308296 scopus 로고
    • Being Maasai
    • Spear T Waller R, eds, James Currey, Oxford
    • Lamphear J 1993 Aspects of 'becoming Turkana' in Spear T and Waller R eds Being Maasai James Currey, Oxford 87-104
    • (1993) Aspects of 'becoming Turkana' , pp. 87-104
    • Lamphear, J.1
  • 44
    • 56549118228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimation of the population of ancient Engaruka - a new approach
    • Laulumaa V 2006 Estimation of the population of ancient Engaruka - a new approach Azania 41 95-102
    • (2006) Azania , vol.41 , pp. 95-102
    • Laulumaa, V.1
  • 45
    • 46449103481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Swahili cosmopolitanism in Africa and the Indian Ocean World, A.D. 600-1500
    • LaViolette A 2008 Swahili cosmopolitanism in Africa and the Indian Ocean World, A.D. 600-1500 Archaeologies 4 24-49
    • (2008) Archaeologies , vol.4 , pp. 24-49
    • LaViolette, A.1
  • 46
    • 42649093626 scopus 로고
    • Preliminary report on examination of the Engaruka ruins
    • Leakey L S B 1936 Preliminary report on examination of the Engaruka ruins Tanganyika Notes and Records 1 57-60
    • (1936) Tanganyika Notes and Records , vol.1 , pp. 57-60
    • Leakey, L.S.B.1
  • 47
    • 27644472594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Late-Holocene environmental variability at Munsa archaeological site, Uganda. a multicore, multiproxy approach
    • Lejju B J, Taylor D and Robertshaw P 2005 Late-Holocene environmental variability at Munsa archaeological site, Uganda. a multicore, multiproxy approach The Holocene 15 1044-61
    • (2005) The Holocene , vol.15 , pp. 1044-1061
    • Lejju, B.J.1    Taylor, D.2    Robertshaw, P.3
  • 48
    • 0001218729 scopus 로고
    • Transitions between cultivation and pastoralism in Sub-Saharan Africa
    • Mace R 1993 Transitions between cultivation and pastoralism in Sub-Saharan Africa Current Anthropology 34 363-82
    • (1993) Current Anthropology , vol.34 , pp. 363-382
    • Mace, R.1
  • 50
    • 0005345277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The way the wind blows: climate, history and human action
    • Columbia University Press, New York
    • McIntosh R J, Tainter J A and McIntosh S K 2000 The way the wind blows: climate, history and human action Columbia University Press, New York
    • (2000)
    • McIntosh, R.J.1    Tainter, J.A.2    McIntosh, S.K.3
  • 51
    • 0003449147 scopus 로고
    • Life, wanderings, and labours in Eastern Africa
    • Hodder and Stoughton, London
    • New C 1873 Life, wanderings, and labours in Eastern Africa Hodder and Stoughton, London
    • (1873)
    • New, C.1
  • 52
    • 0035880382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climatic and environmental change in Africa during the last two centuries
    • Nicholson S E 2001 Climatic and environmental change in Africa during the last two centuries Climate Research 17 123-44
    • (2001) Climate Research , vol.17 , pp. 123-144
    • Nicholson, S.E.1
  • 53
    • 78149347222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Northern Tanzania Info, Slug map () Accessed 19 March 2007
    • Northern Tanzania Info 2003 Slug map () Accessed 19 March 2007
    • (2003)
  • 57
    • 84972822944 scopus 로고
    • Engaruka revisited. Excavations of 1982
    • Robertshaw P 1986 Engaruka revisited. Excavations of 1982 Azania 21 1-27
    • (1986) Azania , vol.21 , pp. 1-27
    • Robertshaw, P.1
  • 58
    • 0040506924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beyond chiefdoms. Pathways to complexity in Africa
    • Keech McIntosh S, ed, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
    • Robertshaw P 1999 Seeking and keeping power in Bunyoro-Kitara, Uganda in Keech McIntosh S ed Beyond chiefdoms. Pathways to complexity in Africa Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 124-35
    • (1999) Seeking and keeping power in Bunyoro-Kitara, Uganda , pp. 124-135
    • Robertshaw, P.1
  • 59
    • 0034016638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate change and the rise of political complexity in western Uganda
    • Robertshaw P and Taylor D 2000 Climate change and the rise of political complexity in western Uganda Journal of African History 41 1-28
    • (2000) Journal of African History , vol.41 , pp. 1-28
    • Robertshaw, P.1    Taylor, D.2
  • 60
    • 33846374094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Little Ice Age drought in equatorial Africa. Intertropical Convergence Zone migrations and El Ninõ-Southern Oscillation variability
    • Russell J M and Johnson T C 2007 Little Ice Age drought in equatorial Africa. Intertropical Convergence Zone migrations and El Ninõ-Southern Oscillation variability Geology 35 21-24
    • (2007) Geology , vol.35 , pp. 21-24
    • Russell, J.M.1    Johnson, T.C.2
  • 61
    • 46649115538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A record of vegetation dynamics and lake level changes from Lake Emakat, northern Tanzania, during the last c. 1200 years
    • Ryner M, Holmgren K and Taylor D 2008 A record of vegetation dynamics and lake level changes from Lake Emakat, northern Tanzania, during the last c. 1200 years Journal of Palaeolimnology 40 583-601
    • (2008) Journal of Palaeolimnology , vol.40 , pp. 583-601
    • Ryner, M.1    Holmgren, K.2    Taylor, D.3
  • 62
    • 79957390154 scopus 로고
    • Engaruka. Excavations during 1964
    • Sassoon H 1966 Engaruka. Excavations during 1964 Azania 1 79-99
    • (1966) Azania , vol.1 , pp. 79-99
    • Sassoon, H.1
  • 63
    • 84905205401 scopus 로고
    • New views on Engaruka, northern Tanzania
    • Sassoon H 1967 New views on Engaruka, northern Tanzania Journal of African History 8 201-17
    • (1967) Journal of African History , vol.8 , pp. 201-217
    • Sassoon, H.1
  • 64
    • 78149347993 scopus 로고
    • Excavations at Engaruka, an iron age archaeological site in Tanzania, National Geographic Society Research Reports, 1965 projects
    • Sassoon H 1971 Excavations at Engaruka, an iron age archaeological site in Tanzania National Geographic Society Research Reports, 1965 projects 221-30
    • (1971) , pp. 221-230
    • Sassoon, H.1
  • 65
    • 0003509209 scopus 로고
    • Livestock and equality in East Africa
    • Indiana University Press, Bloomington
    • Schneider H K 1979 Livestock and equality in East Africa Indiana University Press, Bloomington
    • (1979)
    • Schneider, H.K.1
  • 66
    • 0034968852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Present and potential future vulnerability of eastern and southern Africa's hydrology and water resources
    • Schulze R, Meigh J and Horan M 2001 Present and potential future vulnerability of eastern and southern Africa's hydrology and water resources South African Journal of Sciences 97 150-60
    • (2001) South African Journal of Sciences , vol.97 , pp. 150-160
    • Schulze, R.1    Meigh, J.2    Horan, M.3
  • 67
    • 78149326690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stone Age observations in the Engaruka area
    • Seitsonen O 2005 Stone Age observations in the Engaruka area Nyame Akuma 63 27-32
    • (2005) Nyame Akuma , vol.63 , pp. 27-32
    • Seitsonen, O.1
  • 68
    • 0036004093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An irrigation intake is like a uterus: culture and agriculture in precolonial North Pare, Tanzania
    • Sheridan M J 2002 An irrigation intake is like a uterus: culture and agriculture in precolonial North Pare, Tanzania American Anthropologist 104 79-92
    • (2002) American Anthropologist , vol.104 , pp. 79-92
    • Sheridan, M.J.1
  • 69
    • 78149324737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Engaruka 2002: a report of the archaeological investigations of the University of Helsinki team, Unpublished excavation report, Department of Archaeology, University of Helsinki, a
    • Siiriäinen A, Laulumaa V, Koponen M and Seitsonen O 2003a Engaruka 2002: a report of the archaeological investigations of the University of Helsinki team Unpublished excavation report, Department of Archaeology, University of Helsinki
    • (2003)
    • Siiriäinen, A.1    Laulumaa, V.2    Koponen, M.3    Seitsonen, O.4
  • 70
    • 78149352494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Engaruka excavations 2002: find catalogue, Unpublished excavation report, Department of Archaeology, University of Helsinki, b
    • Siiriäinen A, Laulumaa V, Koponen M and Seitsonen O 2003b Engaruka excavations 2002: find catalogue Unpublished excavation report, Department of Archaeology, University of Helsinki
    • (2003)
    • Siiriäinen, A.1    Laulumaa, V.2    Koponen, M.3    Seitsonen, O.4
  • 71
    • 78149340847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A report of the archaeological survey in the Manyara and Arusha regions 2003, Unpublished survey report, Department of Archaeology, University of Helsinki
    • Siiriäinen A, Laulumaa V, Koponen M and Seitsonen O 2004 A report of the archaeological survey in the Manyara and Arusha regions 2003 Unpublished survey report, Department of Archaeology, University of Helsinki
    • (2004)
    • Siiriäinen, A.1    Laulumaa, V.2    Koponen, M.3    Seitsonen, O.4
  • 72
    • 78149323657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparative study of thirty city-state cultures
    • Hansen M H, ed, The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, Rietzels Forlag, Copenhagen
    • Sinclair P J J and Håkansson N T 2000 The Swahili city-state culture in Hansen M H ed A comparative study of thirty city-state cultures The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, Rietzels Forlag, Copenhagen 463-82
    • (2000) The Swahili city-state culture , pp. 463-482
    • Sinclair, P.J.J.1    Håkansson, N.T.2
  • 73
    • 78149312992 scopus 로고
    • Being Maasai
    • Spear T Waller R, eds, James Currey, Oxford
    • Sobania N 1993 Defeat and dispersal in Spear T and Waller R eds Being Maasai James Currey, Oxford 105-19
    • (1993) Defeat and dispersal , pp. 105-119
    • Sobania, N.1
  • 74
    • 0003098530 scopus 로고
    • Being Maasai
    • Spear T Waller R, eds, James Currey, Oxford
    • Spear T 1993 Being 'Maasai' but not 'people of cattle' in Spear T and Waller R eds Being Maasai James Currey, Oxford 120-36
    • (1993) Being 'Maasai' but not 'people of cattle' , pp. 120-136
    • Spear, T.1
  • 75
    • 0003609185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The pastoral continuum. The marginalization of tradition in East Africa
    • Oxford University Press, Oxford
    • Spencer P 1999 The pastoral continuum. The marginalization of tradition in East Africa Oxford University Press, Oxford
    • (1999)
    • Spencer, P.1
  • 77
    • 78149353231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Towards an applied archaeology of east African intensive agricultural systems, Unpublished PhD thesis Institute of Archaeology, University College London, a
    • Stump D 2006a Towards an applied archaeology of east African intensive agricultural systems Unpublished PhD thesis Institute of Archaeology, University College London
    • (2006)
    • Stump, D.1
  • 78
    • 39749084814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The development and expansion of the field and irrigation systems at Engaruka, Tanzania
    • Stump D 2006b The development and expansion of the field and irrigation systems at Engaruka, Tanzania Azania 41 69-94
    • (2006) Azania , vol.41 , pp. 69-94
    • Stump, D.1
  • 79
    • 84973031481 scopus 로고
    • Engaruka and its waters
    • Sutton J E G 1978 Engaruka and its waters Azania 13 37-70
    • (1978) Azania , vol.13 , pp. 37-70
    • Sutton, J.E.G.1
  • 80
    • 84958436165 scopus 로고
    • Irrigation and soil-conservation in Africa agricultural history - with at reconstruction of the Inyanga terracing (Zimbabwe) and engaruka irrigation works (Tanzania)
    • Sutton J E G 1984 Irrigation and soil-conservation in Africa agricultural history - with at reconstruction of the Inyanga terracing (Zimbabwe) and engaruka irrigation works (Tanzania) Journal of African History 25 25-41
    • (1984) Journal of African History , vol.25 , pp. 25-41
    • Sutton, J.E.G.1
  • 81
    • 84973084104 scopus 로고
    • The irrigation and Manuring of the Engaruka field system: further observations and historical discussion of a later Iron Age settlement in the northern Tanzanian rift
    • Sutton J E G 1986 The irrigation and Manuring of the Engaruka field system: further observations and historical discussion of a later Iron Age settlement in the northern Tanzanian rift Azania 21 27-48
    • (1986) Azania , vol.21 , pp. 27-48
    • Sutton, J.E.G.1
  • 82
    • 0003062894 scopus 로고
    • Being Maasai
    • Spear T Waller R, eds, James Currey, Oxford
    • Sutton J E G 1993 Becoming Maasailand in Spear T and Waller R eds Being Maasai James Currey, Oxford 38-60
    • (1993) Becoming Maasailand , pp. 38-60
    • Sutton, J.E.G.1
  • 83
    • 78149334139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Engaruka: an irrigation agriculture community in northern Tanzania before the Maasai reprint from Azania 33 Nairobi, British Institute in Eastern Africa
    • Sutton J E G 2000 1998 Engaruka: an irrigation agriculture community in northern Tanzania before the Maasai reprint from Azania 33 Nairobi, British Institute in Eastern Africa
    • (1998)
    • Sutton, J.E.G.1
  • 85
    • 78149347221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate and environmental dynamics during the last 2000 years as inferred from dambo sediments, Irkeepusi, northern Tanzania, Unpublished MSc thesis Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Stockholm University
    • Svensson E 2009 Climate and environmental dynamics during the last 2000 years as inferred from dambo sediments, Irkeepusi, northern Tanzania Unpublished MSc thesis Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Stockholm University
    • (2009)
    • Svensson, E.1
  • 86
    • 0005345277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The way the wind blows: climate, history and human action
    • McIntosh R J, Tainter J A Keech McIntosh S, eds, Columbia University Press, New York
    • Tainter J A 2000 Global change, history, and sustainability in McIntosh R J, Tainter J A and Keech McIntosh S eds The way the wind blows: climate, history and human action Columbia University Press, New York 331-56
    • (2000) Global change, history, and sustainability , pp. 331-356
    • Tainter, J.A.1
  • 87
    • 77953713300 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Collapse, sustainability, and the environment: how authors choose to fail or succeed
    • Tainter J A 2008 Collapse, sustainability, and the environment: how authors choose to fail or succeed Reviews in Anthropology 37 342-71
    • (2008) Reviews in Anthropology , vol.37 , pp. 342-371
    • Tainter, J.A.1
  • 88
    • 0034046995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental change and political-economic upheaval in precolonial western Uganda
    • Taylor D, Robertshaw P and Marchant R 2000 Environmental change and political-economic upheaval in precolonial western Uganda The Holocene 10 527-36
    • (2000) The Holocene , vol.10 , pp. 527-536
    • Taylor, D.1    Robertshaw, P.2    Marchant, R.3
  • 89
    • 34447098231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptation to climate change and variability: farmer responses to intra-seasonal precipitation trends in South Africa
    • Thomas D S G, Twyman C, Osbahr H and Hewitson B 2007 Adaptation to climate change and variability: farmer responses to intra-seasonal precipitation trends in South Africa Climatic Change 83 301-22
    • (2007) Climatic Change , vol.83 , pp. 301-322
    • Thomas, D.S.G.1    Twyman, C.2    Osbahr, H.3    Hewitson, B.4
  • 90
    • 78149326322 scopus 로고
    • The precolonial ivory trade of East Africa: reconstruction of a human-elephant ecosystem, Unpublished PhD Dissertation Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusets
    • Thorbahn P F 1979 The precolonial ivory trade of East Africa: reconstruction of a human-elephant ecosystem Unpublished PhD Dissertation Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusets
    • (1979)
    • Thorbahn, P.F.1
  • 91
    • 0003392494 scopus 로고
    • Soils of the tropics: properties and appraisal
    • Routledge, New York
    • Van Wambeke A 1992 Soils of the tropics: properties and appraisal Routledge, New York
    • (1992)
    • Van Wambeke, A.1
  • 92
    • 0034719447 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rainfall and drought in equatorial East Africa during the past 1,100 years
    • Verschuren D, Laird K R and Cumming B F 2000 Rainfall and drought in equatorial East Africa during the past 1, 100 years Nature 403 410-14
    • (2000) Nature , vol.403 , pp. 410-414
    • Verschuren, D.1    Laird, K.R.2    Cumming, B.F.3
  • 95
    • 0005892279 scopus 로고
    • Ecology, migration, and expansion in East Africa
    • Waller R 1985 Ecology, migration, and expansion in East Africa African Affairs 84 347-70
    • (1985) African Affairs , vol.84 , pp. 347-370
    • Waller, R.1
  • 96
    • 0032460996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Indigenous irrigation, agriculture and development, Marakwet, Kenya
    • Watson E, Adams W M and Mutiso S K 1998 Indigenous irrigation, agriculture and development, Marakwet, Kenya The Geographical Journal 164 67-84
    • (1998) The Geographical Journal , vol.164 , pp. 67-84
    • Watson, E.1    Adams, W.M.2    Mutiso, S.K.3
  • 97
    • 78149327039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mass movements in East African highlands. Processes, effects and scar recovery Dissertation 14, Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University
    • Westerberg L-O 1999 Mass movements in East African highlands. Processes, effects and scar recovery Dissertation 14, Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University
    • (1999)
    • Westerberg, L.1
  • 98
    • 34547925158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Islands of intensive agriculture in Eastern Africa
    • James Currey, Oxford
    • Widgren M and Sutton J E G 2004 Islands of intensive agriculture in Eastern Africa James Currey, Oxford
    • (2004)
    • Widgren, M.1    Sutton, J.E.G.2
  • 99
    • 78149352452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Resources Institute, Earth trends: environmental information () Accessed 13 August 2008
    • World Resources Institute 2006 Earth trends: environmental information () Accessed 13 August 2008
    • (2006)
  • 101
    • 78149314111 scopus 로고
    • The archaeology of Africa. Food, metals, and towns
    • Shaw T, Sinclair P, Andah B Okpoko A, eds, Routledge, London
    • Wright H T 1993 Trade and politics on the Eastern Littoral of Africa, AD 800-1300 in Shaw T, Sinclair P, Andah B and Okpoko A eds The archaeology of Africa. Food, metals, and towns Routledge, London 658-72
    • (1993) Trade and politics on the Eastern Littoral of Africa, AD 800-1300 , pp. 658-672
    • Wright, H.T.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.