The chemotherapy of tuberculous meningitis in children and adults

Tuberculosis

Volumn 90, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 375-392

  Donald, P R ^a  

^a STELLENBOSCH UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Antituberculous; Chemotherapy; Childhood; Tuberculous meningitis

Indexed keywords

AMINOSALICYLIC ACID; ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; CIPROFLOXACIN; CORTICOSTEROID; CORTICOTROPIN; DEXAMETHASONE; ETHAMBUTOL; HYDROCORTISONE; ISONIAZID; PREDNISOLONE; PYRAZINAMIDE; RIFABUTIN; RIFAMPICIN; STEROID; STREPTOMYCIN;

ADULT; BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY; CHILD; CLINICAL TRIAL; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG MEGADOSE; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; LIVER TOXICITY; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RELAPSE; REVIEW; TREATMENT FAILURE; TREATMENT RESPONSE; TUBERCULOUS MENINGITIS; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT;

ADULT; AMINOSALICYLIC ACID; ANTIBIOTICS, ANTITUBERCULAR; ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS; CHILD; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; FEMALE; HISTORY, 18TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 21ST CENTURY; HUMANS; ISONIAZID; MALE; PYRAZINAMIDE; RIFAMPIN; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; STREPTOMYCIN; TUBERCULOSIS, MENINGEAL;

EID: 78049483961     PISSN: 14729792     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2010.07.003     Document Type: Review

References (151)

1. M.J. Fitzpatrick The treatment of tuberculous meningitis. A study of 46 adult patients Am Rev Tuberc 69 1954 370 382
2. T. Takahashi, M. Tamura, Y. Asami, E. Kitamura, K. Saito, and T. Suzuki Novel wide-range quantitative nested real-time PCR assay for Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA: clinical application for diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis J Clin Microbiol 46 2008 May 1698 1707
3. G.E. Thwaites, N.D. Bang, N.H. Dung, H.T. Quy, D.T.T. Oanh, and N.T.C. Thoa Dexamethasone for the treatment of tuberculous meningitis in adolescents and adults N Eng J Med 351 2004 1741 1751
4. G.E. Thwaites, H.T.N. Lan, N.H. Dung, H.T. Quy, D.T. Oanh, and N.T. Thoa Effect of antituberculosis drug resistance on response to treatment and outcome in adults with tuberculous meningitis J Infect Dis 192 2005 79 88
5. M.-C. Schutte Clinical, cerebrospinal fluid and pathological findings and outcomes in HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients with tuberculous meningitis Infection 29 2001 213 217
6. Medical Research Council Streptomycin in tuberculosis trials committee Streptomycin treatment of tuberculous meningitis Lancet 254 1949 582 596
7. J. Kalita, and U.K. Misra Outcome of tuberculous meningitis at 6 and 12 months: a multiple regression analysis Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 3 1999 261 265
8. R. Whytt Observations on the dropsy in the brain 1768 Auld & Smellie Edinburgh p. 723-45
9. R.E. Cooke, D.L. Dunphy, and F.G. Blake Streptomycin in tuberculous meningitis. A report of its use in a one-year-old infant Yale J Biol Med 18 1946 221 226
10. W.B. Tucker Evaluation of streptomycin regimens in the treatment of tuberculosis Am Rev Tuberc 60 1949 715 754
11. H.V. Smith, R.L. Vollum, and H. Cairns Treatment of tuberculous meningitis with streptomycin Lancet 254 1948 627 636
12. H. Cairns, H.V. Smith, and R.L. Vollum Tuberculous meningitis JAMA 144 1950 92 96
13. C.J. McSweeney The treatment of tuberculous meningitis Tubercle 31 1950 210 213
14. E. Bernard, A. Duroux, A. Lotte, and A. Jarniou Etude Clinique et thérapeutique de la méningite tuberculeuse Bull Soc Med Hop Paris 70 1954 1118 1122
15. J. Lorber The results of treatment of 549 cases of tuberculous meningitis Am Rev Tuberc 69 1954(a) 13 25
16. R. Debré The prognosis of tuberculous meningitis Am Rev Tuberc 65 1952 168 180
17. O. Wasz-Höckert, and M. Donner Late prognosis in tuberculous meningitis Acta Paediatr 51 Suppl. 141 1962 5 119
18. M.H. Lepper, and H.W. Spies The present status of the treatment of tuberculosis of the central nervous system Ann N Y Acad Sci 106 1963 106 123
19. E.M. Lincoln, S.V.R. Sordillo, and P.A. Davies Tuberculous meningitis in children J Pediatr 57 1960 807 823
20. J. Lorber Tuberculous meningitis in children treated with streptomycin and P.A.S Lancet 1 1954(b) 1104 1107
21. R. Debré, and H.E. Brissaud Present method and results of treatment of tuberculous meningitis Am Rev Tuberc Pulm Dis 74 1956 221 224
22. D.F. Elmendorf, W.U. Cawthon, C. Muschenheim, and W. McDermott The absorption, distribution, excretion, and short-term toxicity of isonicotinic acid hydrazide (nydrazid) in man Am Rev Tuberc 65 1952 429 442
23. W.R. Barclay, R.H. Ebert, G.V. le Roy, R.W. Manthei, and L.J. Roth Distribution and excretion of radioactive isoniazid in tuberculous patients JAMA 151 1953 1384 1388
24. A.P. Fletcher CSF-isoniazid levels in tuberculous meningitis Lancet 2 1953 694 696
25. E.D. Pellegrino, F.G. Petrik, and R. Horton The treatment of tuberculous meningitis in infants with streptomycin and isonicotinic acid hydrazide (isoniazid) Dis Chest 26 1954 146 165
26. N.J. Farinha, K.A. Razali, G. Holzel, G. Morgan, and V.M. Novelli Tuberculosis of the central nervous system in children: a 20-year survey J Infect 41 2000 61 68
27. J.M. Fitzsimons, and H. Smith Tuberculous meningitis. Special features of treatment Tubercle 44 1963 103 111
28. Heyman S. 8th International Congress of Pediatrics, Copenhagen, p. 171; 1956.
29. W.C.M. Bulkeley Tuberculous meningitis treated with A.C.T.H. and isoniazid Br Med J 2 1953 1127 1129
30. J. Lorber Treatment of tuberculous meningitis Br Med J 1 1960 1309 1312
31. A. Pines Tuberculous meningitis since the introduction of isoniazid Tubercle 41 1960 117 122
32. B.F. Voljavec, and R.F. Corpe The influence of corticosteroid hormones in the treatment of tuberculous meningitis Am Rev Respir Dis 81 1960 539 545
33. G. Arjundas, and R. Subramaniam Tuberculous meningitis: a review of 51 cases in Madras Tubercle 42 1961 187 194
34. S. Gosh, R. Seshadri, and K.C. Jain Evaluation of corticosteroids in treatment of tuberculous meningitis Arch Dis Child 46 1971 51 54
35. P. Steiner, and C. Portugaleza Tuberculous meningitis in children Am Rev Respir Dis 107 1973 22 29
36. C.V. Sumaya, M. Simek, M.H.D. Smith, M.F. Seidemann, G.S. Ferriss, and W. Rubin Tuberculous meningitis in children during the isoniazid era J Pediatr 87 1975 43 49
37. N.I. Girgis, M.W. Yassin, J.E. Sippel, K. Sorensen, A. Hassan, and W.F. Miner The value of ethambutol in the treatment of tuberculous meningitis J Trop Med Hyg 79 1976 14 17
38. Z.H. Idriss, A.A. Sinno, and N.M. Kronfol Tuberculous meningitis in childhood Am J Dis Child 130 1976 364 367
39. G. Delage, and M. Dusseault Tuberculous meningitis in children: a retrospective study of 79 patients, with an analysis of prognostic factors Can Med Assoc J 120 1979 305 309
40. D.H. Kennedy, and R.J. Fallon Tuberculous meningitis JAMA 241 1979 264 268
41. P.F. Izquierdo, F.C. Rigual, M.T. Vila, D.P. Tamarit, and A.M. Marti Meningitis tuberculosa en ninos. Estudio de 34 casos An Esp Pediatr 14 1981 311 320
42. N.I. Girgis, Z. Farid, L.S. Hanna, M.W. Yassin, and C.K. Wallace The use of dexamethasone in preventing ocular complications in tuberculous meningitis Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 77 1983 658 659
43. N.I. Girgis, Z. Farid, M.E. Kilpatrick, Y. Sultan, and I.A. Mikhail Dexamethasone treatment for tuberculous meningitis Pediatr Infect Dis 10 1991 179 183
44. N.N. Rahajoe, N. Rahajoe, I. Boediman, M. Said, and S. Lazuardi The treatment of tuberculous meningitis in children with a combination of isoniazid, rifampicin and streptomycin - a preliminary report Tubercle 60 1979 245 250
45. M. Doanay, M. Bakir, and Dökmetas Treatment of tuberculous meningitis in adults with a combination of isoniazid, rifampicin and streptomycin: a prospective study Scand J Infect Dis 21 1989 81 85
46. J.A. Escobar, M.A. Belsey, A. Dueňas, and P. Medina Mortality from tuberculous meningitis reduced by steroid therapy Pediatrics 56 1975 1050 1055
47. A.L. Smith Tuberculous meningitis in childhood Med J Austr 1 1975 57 60
48. E.L. Kendig, and W.B. Johnston Short-term antimicrobial treatment of tuberculous meningitis N Eng J Med 258 1958 928 932
49. E.L. Kendig, and C.D. Burch Short-term antimicrobial therapy of tuberculous meningitis Am Rev Respir Dis 82 1960 672 681
50. E.L. Kendig Evolution of short-course treatment of tuberculosis in children Pediatrics 75 1985 684 686
51. N. Maggi, R. Palanza, and P. Sensi New derivatives of rifamycin SV Antimicrob Agents Chemother 5 1965 765 769
52. East African/British Medical Research Councils Controlled clinical trial of short-course (6-month) regimens of chemotherapy for treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis Lancet 1 1972 1079 1085
53. Hong Kong Chest Service/British Medical Research Council Controlled trial of 2, 4 & 6 months of pyrazinamide in a 6-month, 3 X weekly regimens for smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis, including an assessment of a combined preparation of isoniazid, rifampin & pyrazinamide Am Rev Respir Dis 143 1991 700 706
54. N.I. Girgis, M.W. Yassin, L.W. Laughlin, D.C. Edman, Z. Farid, and R.H. Watten Rifampicin in the treatment of tuberculous meningitis J Trop Med Hyg 81 1978 246 247
55. P. Sunakorn, and P. Wongsaroj Rifampin in treatment of tuberculous meningitis in children J Med Assoc Thai 61 1978 93 98
56. B. Chandra Some aspects of tuberculous meningitis in Surabaya Proc Austr Assoc Neurol 13 1976 73 81
57. P. Sunakorn, S. Pongparit, and S. Wongrun Short course chemotherapy in tuberculous meningitis J Med Assoc Thailand 63 1980 340 345
58. D.E. Bateman, P.K. Newman, and J.B. Foster A retrospective survey of proven cases of tuberculous meningitis in the Northern region, 1970-1980 J R Coll Physicians Lond 17 1983 106 110
59. P. Ramachandran, M. Duraipandian, M. Nagarajan, R. Prabhakar, C.V. Ramakrishnan, and S.P. Tripathy Three chemotherapy studies of tuberculous meningitis in children Tubercle 67 1986 17 29
60. P. Phuapradit, and A. Vejjajiva Treatment of tuberculous meningitis: role of short-course chemotherapy Q J Med 62 1987 249 258
61. P. Visudhiphan, and S. Chiemchanya Tuberculous meningitis in children: treatment with isoniazid and rifampicin for twelve months J Pediatr 114 1989 875 879
62. F. Alarcon, L. Escalante, Y. Pérez, H. Banda, G. Chacón, and G. Dueňas Tuberculous meningitis. Short course chemotherapy Arch Neurol 47 1990 1313 1317
63. M.J. Humphries, R. Teoh, J. Lau, and M. Gabriel Factors of prognostic significance in Chinese children with tuberculous meningitis Tubercle 71 1990 161 168
64. N.J. Waecker, and J.D. Connor Central nervous system tuberculosis in children: a review of 30 cases Pediatr Infect Dis J 9 1990 539 543
65. V. Chotmongkol Treatment of tuberculous meningitis with 6-month course of chemotherapy SE Asian J Trop Med Pub Hlth 22 1991 372 374
66. S. Altanbaak, E. Alhan, V. Baytok, N. Aksaray, B. Yüksel, and N. Öneuli Tuberculous meningitis in children Acta Paediatr Jap 36 1994 480 484
67. C.A. Doer, J.R. Starke, and L.T. Ong Clinical and public health aspects of tuberculous meningitis in children J Pediatr 127 1995 27 33
68. M. Doanay, S. Calangu, H. Turgut, M. Bakir, and B. Aygen Treatment of tuberculous meningitis in Turkey Scand J Infect Dis 27 1995 135 138
69. R. Verdon, S. Chevret, J.-L. Laissay, and M. Wolff Tuberculous meningitis in adults: a review of 48 cases Clin Infect Dis 22 1996 982 988
70. V.K. Yechoor, W.X. Shandera, P. Rodriguez, and T.R. Cate Tuberculous meningitis among adults with and without HIV infection Arch Intern Med 156 1996 1710 1716
71. M.T. Porkert, M. Sotir, P. Parrot-Moore, and H.M. Blumberg Tuberculous meningitis at a large inner-city medical center Am J Med Sci 313 1997 325 331
72. P.R. Donald, J.F. Schoeman, L.E. van Zyl, J.N. De Villiers, M. Pretorius, and P. Springer Intensive short course chemotherapy in the management of tuberculous meningitis Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2 1998 704 711
73. S. Hosolu, C. Ayaz, M.F. Geyik, Ö Kökolu, and A. Ceviz Tuberculous meningitis in adults: an eleven-year review Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2 1998 553 557
74. A. Yarami, F. Gurkan, M. Elevli, M. Söker, K. Haspolat, and G. Kirba Central nervous system tuberculosis in children: a review of 214 cases Pediatrics 1998 102 URL http//wwwpediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/102/5/e49
75. S.M. Katrak, P.K. Shembalkar, S.R. Bijwe, and L.D. Bhandarkar The clinical, radiological and pathological profile of tuberculous meningitis in patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection J Neurol Sci 181 2000 118 126
76. H. Paganini, F. Gonzalez, C. Santander, L. Casimir, G. Berberian, and M.T. Rosanova Tuberculous meningitis in children: clinical features and outcome in 40 cases Scand J Infect Dis 32 2000 41 45
77. C.-H. Lu, W.-N. Chang, and H.-W. Chang The prognostic factors of adult tuberculous meningitis Infection 29 2001 299 304
78. S. Hosolu, M.F. Geyik, I. Balik, B. Aygen, S. Erol, and T.G. Aygencel Predictors of outcome in patients with tuberculous meningitis Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 6 2002 64 70
79. G.E. Thwaites, T.T.H. Chau, M. Caws, N.H. Phu, L.V. Chuong, and D.X. Sinh Isoniazid resistance, mycobacterial genotype and outcome in Vietnamese adults with tuberculous meningitis Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 6 2002 865 871
80. J.-T. Wang, C.-C. Hung, W.-H. Sheng, J.-Y. Wang, S.-C. Chang, and K.-T. Luh Prognosis of tuberculous meningitis in the era of modern antituberculous chemotherapy J Microbiol Immunol Infect 35 2002 215 222
81. A.A. Cagatay, H. Ozsut, L. Gulec, S. Kucukogla, H. Berk, and N. Ince Tuberculous meningitis in adults - experience from Turkey Int J Clin Pract 58 2004 469 473
82. F.S. Faella, P. Pagliano, V. Attanasio, M. Rossi, C. Rescigno, and F. Scarano Factors influencing the presentation and outcome of tuberculous meningitis in childhood In Vivo 20 2006 187 192
83. O. Moling, and P. Mian The high mortality rate associated with tuberculous meningitis Clin Infect Dis 20 1995 1429 1430
84. J.F. Schoeman, L.E. Van Zyl, J.A. Laubscher, and P.R. Donald Effect of corticosteroids on intracranial pressure, computed tomographic findings, and clinical outcome in young children with tuberculous meningitis Pediatrics 99 1997 226 231
85. R.F. Jacobs, P. Sunakorn, T. Chotpityasunonah, S. Pope, and K. Kelleher Intensive short course chemotherapy for tuberculous meningitis Pediatr Infect Dis J 11 1992 194 198
86. V.N. Acharya, B.T. Kudva, V.J. Retnam, and P.J. Mehta Adult tuberculous meningitis: comparative study of different chemotherapeutic regimens J Assoc Physicians India 33 1985 583 585
87. A.K. Dutt, D. Moers, and W.W. Stead Short course chemotherapy for extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Nine years experience Ann Intern Med 104 1986 7 12
88. K.-K. Lau, T.-S. Yu, A.C.-K. Chan, L.K.-S. Wong, C.-M. Tam, and B. Sheng A registry of tuberculous meningitis in Hong Kong Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 9 2005 1391 1397
89. J.H. van Loenhout-Rooyackers, A. Keyser, R.J.F. Laheij, A.L.M. Verbeek, and J.W.M. van der Meer Tuberculous meningitis: is a 6-month treatment regimen sufficient? Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 5 2001 1028 1035
90. J. Woodfield, and A. Argent Evidence behind the WHO guidelines: hospital care for children: what is the most appropriate anti-microbial treatment for tuberculous meningitis J Trop Pediatr 54 2008 2210 2224
91. P.R. Donald, W.L. Gent, H.I. Seifart, J.H. Lamprecht, and D.P. Parkin Cerebrospinal fluid isoniazid concentrations in children with tuberculous meningitis: the influence of dosage and acetylation status Pediatrics 89 1992 247 250
92. G.A. Ellard, M.J. Humphries, and B.W. Allen Cerebrospinal fluid drug concentrations and the treatment of tuberculous meningitis Am Rev Respir Dis 148 1993 650 655
93. A. Jindani, V.R. Aber, E.A. Edwards, and D.A. Mitchison The early bactericidal activity of drugs in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis Am Rev Respir Dis 121 1980 939 949
94. P.R. Donald, F.A. Sirgel, F.J. Botha, H.I. Seifart, D.P. Parkin, and M.L. vandenplas The earl bactericidal activity of isoniazid related to its dose size in pulmonary tuberculosis Am Rev Respir Dis 156 1997 895 900
95. D.A. Mitchison Treatment of tuberculosis J Royal Coll Physicians Lond 14 1980 91 99
96. S.L. Chan, W.W. Yew, W.K. Ma, D.J. Girling, V.R. Aber, and D. Felmingham The early bactericidal activity of rifabutin measured by sputum viable counts in Hong Kong patients with pulmonary tuberculosis Tuber Lung Dis 73 1992 33 38
97. F.A. Sirgel, F.J.H. Botha, D.P. Parkin, B.W. Van de Wal, P.R. Donald, and P.K. Clark The early bactericidal activity of rifabutin in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis measured by sputum viable counts: a new method of drug assessment J Antimicrob Chemother 32 1993 867 875
98. F.A. Sirgel, P.B. Fourie, P.R. Donald, N. Padayatchi, R. Rustomjee, J. Levin Rifapentine EBA Collaborative Study Group The early bactericidal activities of rifampin and rifapentine in pulmonary tuberculosis Am J Respir Crit Care Med 172 2005 128 135
99. A.H. Diacon, R.F. Patentia, A. Venter, P.D. van Helden, P.J. Smith, and H. McIlleron Early bactericidal activity of high-dose rifampin in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis evidenced by positive sputum smears Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51 2007 1994 2990
100. S. Furesz, R. Scotti, R. Pallanza, and E. Mapelli Rifampicin: a new rifamycin Arzneimittelforschung 17 1967 534 537
101. J.J.G. D'Oliviera Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of rifampin in meningeal tuberculosis Am Rev Respir Dis 106 1972 432 437
102. D. Larbaoui, F. Boulahbal, A. Ait-Khaled, D. Baghbagha, H. Benseman, and S.I. Bensafar Etude des taux sériques et rachidiens de rifampicine (AMP) Arch Inst Pasteur Alger 51-52 1972-1973 171 181
103. G. Binda, E. Domenichini, A. Gottardi, B. Orlandi, E. Ortelli, and B. Pacini Rifampicin, a general review Arzneimittelforschung 21 1971 1907 1962
104. F.J.H. Botha, F.A. Sirgel, D.P. Parkin, B.W. Van de Wal, P.R. Donald, and D.A. Mitchison Early bactericidal activity of ethambutol, pyrazinamide and the fixed combination of isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide (Rifater) in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis S Afr Med J 86 1996 155 158
105. D.A. Mitchison, and A.J. Nunn Influence of initial drug resistance on the response to short-course chemotherapy of pulmonary tuberculosis Am Rev Respir Dis 133 1986 423 430
106. G.A. Ellard, M.J. Humphries, M. Gabriel, and R. Teoh Penetration of pyrazinamide into the cerebrospinal fluid in tuberculous meningitis Br Med J 294 1987 284 285
107. P.R. Donald, and H.I. Seifart Cerebrospinal fluid pyrazinamide concentrations in children with tuberculous meningitis Pediatr Infect Dis J 7 1988 469 471
108. V.A. Place, M.M. Pyle, and J. de la Huerga Ethambutol in tuberculous meningitis Am Rev Respir Dis 99 1969 783 785
109. I.D. Bobrowitz Ethambutol in tuberculous meningitis Chest 61 1972 629 632
110. D.A. Mitchison Role of individual drugs in the chemotherapy of tuberculosis Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 4 2000 796 806
111. P.R. Donald, and A.H. Diacon The early bactericidal activity of anti-tuberculosis drugs: a literature review Tuberculosis 88 Suppl. 2008 S75 S83
112. M. Drancourt, H. Gallais, D. Raoult, E. Estrangin, M.N. Mallet, and P. De Micco Ofloxacin penetration into cerebrospinal fluid J Antimicrob Chemother 22 1988 264 265
113. J.C. Pioget, M. Wolff, E. Singlas, M.J. Laisne, B. Clair, and B. Regnier Diffusion of oflaxacin into cerebrospinal fluid of patients with purulent meningitis or ventriculitis Antimicrob Agents Chemother 33 1989 933 936
114. J.W.C. Alffenaar, M. de Vries, G.J. Luijckx, D. van Soolingen, T.S. van der werf, and R. van Altena Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics of moxifloxacin in a patient with tuberculous meningitis Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52 2008 2293 2295
115. I.E. Hughes, H. Smith, and P.O. Kane Ethionamide: its passage into the cerebrospinal fluid in man Lancet 1 1962 616 617
116. P.R. Donald, and H.I. Seifart Cerebrospinal fluid ethionamide concentrations in children with tuberculous meningitis J Pediatr 115 1989 483 486
117. K.G.S. Nair, I.G. Epstein, H. Baron, and M.G. Mulinos Absorption, distribution and excretion of cycloserine in man Antibio Ann 1955-1956 136 140
118. R. Dubois The treatment of acute tuberculosis in childhood The treatment of tuberculosis in childhood 1956 Centre International de L'Enfance, Travaux et Documents-X Paris 155 193
119. R. Spector, and A.V. Lorenzo The active transport of para-amino salicylic acid from the cerebrospinal fluid J Pharmacol Exp Ther 185 1973 642 648
120. E.M. Lincoln, and E.M. Sewell Tuberculosis of the meninges and central nervous system Tuberculosis in children 1962 McGraw-HillBook Company New York 161 183
121. R.J. Bonforte, C.M. Karpas, I. Gribetz, and S. Shanzer Tuberculous meningitis due to primary drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis hominis Pediatrics 42 1968 969 975
122. P. Steiner, M. Rao, M. Mitchell, and M. Steiner Primary drug-resistant tuberculosis in children Am J Dis Child 139 1985 780 782
123. R.J. Fallon The treatment of tuberculous meningitis J Antimicrob Chemother 4 1978 1 8
124. A.B. Chang, K. Grimwood, A.S. Harvey, J.V. Rosenfeld, and A. Olinsky Central nervous system tuberculosis after resolution of miliary tuberculosis Pediatr Infect Dis J 17 1998 519 523
125. S.E. Berning, T.A. Cherry, and M.D. Iseman Novel treatment of meningitis caused by multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis with intrathecal levofloxacin and amikacin: case report Clin Infect Dis 32 2001 643 646
126. A. Upton, A. Woodhouse, R. Vaughan, Newton, and R. Ellis-Pegler Evolution of central nervous system multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis and late relapse of cryptic prosthetic hip joint tuberculosis: complications during treatment of disseminated isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis in an immunocompromised host J Clin Microbiol 47 2009 507 510
127. J.M. Topley, S. Bamber, H.M. Coovadia, and P.D. Corr Tuberculous meningitis and co-infection with HIV Ann Trop Paediatr 18 1998 261 266
128. G.E. Thwaites, N.D. Bang, N.H. Dung, H.T. Quy, D.T.T. Oanh, and N.T.C. Thoa The influence of HIV infection on clinical presentation, response to treatment, and outcome in adults with tuberculous meningitis Clin Infect Dis 192 2005 2134 2141
129. J. Berenguer, S. Moreno, F. Laguna, T. Vicente, M. Adrados, and J. Ortega-LaHoz Tuberculous meningitis in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus N Eng J Med 326 1992 668 672
130. M. Dubé, P.D. Holtom, and R.A. Larsen Tuberculous meningitis with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection Am J Med 93 1992 520 524
131. M. Whiteman, L. Espinoza, J.D. Post, M.D. Bell, and S. Falcone Central nervous system tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients: clinical and radiographic findings Am J Neuroradiol 16 1995 1319 1327
132. A.S. Karstaedt, S. Valtchanova, R. Barriere, and H.H. Crewe-Brown Tuberculous meningitis in South African urban adults Q J Med 91 1998 743 747
133. D. Cecchini, J. Ambrosioni, C. Brezzo, M. Corti, A. Rybko, and M. Perez Tuberculous meningitis in HIV-infected patients: drug susceptibility and clinical outcome AIDS 21 2007 373 374
134. G.L. Daikos, T. Cleary, A. Rodriguez, and M.A. Fischl Multidrug-resistant tuberculous meningitis in patients with AIDS Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 7 2003 394 398
135. G. Watt, J.B. Selkon, S. Bautista, and L.W. Laughlin Drug resistant tuberculous meningitis in the Philippines: a case report Tubercle 70 1989 139 141
136. J.A. Jereb, R.M. Klevens, T.D. Privett, P.J. Smith, J.T. Crawford, and V.L. Sharp Tuberculosis in health care workers at a hospital with an outbreak of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Arch Intern Med 155 1995 854 859
137. M. Sofia, M. Maniscalo, N. Honoré, A. Molino, M. Mormile, and B. Heym Familial outbreak of disseminated multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and meningitis Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 5 2001 551 558
138. N. Padayatchi, S. Bamber, H. Dawood, and R. Bobat Multidrug-resistant tuberculous meningitis in children in Durban, South Africa Pediatr Infect Dis J 25 2006 147 150
139. V.B. Patel, N. Padayatchi, A.I. Bhigjee, J. Allen, B. Bhagwan, and A.A. Moodley Multidrug-resistant tuberculous meningitis in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa Clin Infect Dis 38 2004 851 856
140. A. Meybeck, J. Calbet, R. Ruimy, K. Mashri, M. Jachym, and V. Joly Multidrug-resistant tuberculous meningitis in an HIV-positive patient: a challenging disease AIDS Patient Care STDS 21 2007 149 153
141. S. Nagarathna, W. Rafi, H.B. Veenakumari, R. Mani, P. Satishchandra, and A. Chandramuki Drug susceptibility profiling of tuberculous meningitis Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 12 2008 105 107
142. World Health Organization Treatment of tuberculosis. Guidelines.4th ed., 2009 WHO/HTM/TB/2009.420 Geneva
143. European Respiratory Society, the World Health Organisation, the International Union against Tuberculosis, and Lung Disease Europe Region Tuberculosis management in Europe Eur Respir J 14 1999 978 992
144. World Health Organization Treatment of tuberculosis. Guidance for national programmes 2003 WHO/CDS/TB/2003.313 Geneva
145. American Academy of Pediatrics 2006 report of the committee on infectious diseases L.K. Pickering, C.J. Baker, S.S. Long, J.A. McMillan, Tuberculosis 27th ed. 2006 678 698 Elk Grove Village, IL, USA
146. American Thoracic Society, and CDC and Infectious Diseases Society of America Treatment of tuberculosis MMWR 52 2003 1 80
147. Deutsches Zentralkomitee zur Bekämpfung der Tuberklose Richtlinien zur medikamentösen Behandlung der Tuberkulose im Erwachsen- und Kindesalter Pneumonologie 55 2001 494 511
148. World Health Organization Guidance for national programmes on the management of tuberculosis in children 2006 WHO/HTM/TB/2006.371
149. Brazilian Thoracic Association Guidelines on tuberculosis J Bras Pneumol 35 2009 1018 1048
150. G. Thwaites, M. Fisher, C. Hemingway, G. Scott, T. Solomon, and J. Innes British Infection Society guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis of the central nervous system in adults and children J Infect 59 2009 167 187
151. Indian Academy of Pediatrics Working Group on Tuberculosis Consensus statement on childhood tuberculosis Indian Pediatrics 47 2010 41 55