The Role of Involuntary Memories in Posttraumatic Disorder and Psychosis

Involuntary Memory

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 68-86

  Steel, Craig ^a   Holmes, Emily A ^b  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Intrusive mental experiences; Involuntary memory; Posttraumatic disorder; Psychosis; Traumatic events

Indexed keywords

EID: 78049474093     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470774069.ch4     Document Type: Chapter

References (64)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text revision). Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association.
2. Baruch, I., Hemsley, D. R., & Gray, J. A. (1988). Latent inhibition and "psychotic proneness" in normal subjects. Personality and Individual Differences, 9, 777-783.
3. Berntsen, D. (1996). Involuntary autobiographical memory. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 10, 435-454.
4. Berntsen, D. (2001). Involuntary memories of emotional events. Do memories of traumas and extremely happy events differ? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 15, 135-158.
5. Brewin, C. R. (2001). A cognitive neuroscience account of posttraumatic stress disorder and its treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 373-393.
6. Brewin, C. R., Dalgleish, T., & Joseph, S. (1996). A dual representation theory of post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychological Review, 103, 670-686.
7. Brewin, C. R., & Holmes, E. A. (2003). Psychological theories of posttraumatic stress disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 339-376.
8. Broadbent, D. E. (1977). The hidden preattentive processes. American Psychologist, 32, 109-118.
9. Brown, G. W., & Harris, T. O. (1989). Life Events and Illness. New York: Guilford Press.
10. Claridge, G. S. (1990). Can a disease model of schizophrenia survive? In R. P. Bentall (Ed.), Reconstructing schizophrenia (pp. 157-183). London: Routledge.
11. Conway, M. A., & Holmes, E. A. (2005). Autobiographical memory and the working self. In N. R. Braisby & A. R. H. Gellatly (Eds.), Cognitive Psychology (pp. 507-538). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
12. Conway, M. A., Meares, K., & Standart, S. (2004). Images and goals. Memory, 12(4), 525-531.
13. Conway, M. A., & Pleydell-Pearce, C. W. (2000). The construction of autobiographical memories in the self-memory system. Psychological Review, 107, 261-288.
14. Crow, T. J. (1980). Molecular pathology of schizophrenia: More than one disease process? British Medical Journal, 280, 66-68.
15. Davalos, D. B., Kisley, M. A., & Ross, R. G. (2002). Deficits in auditory and visual temporal perception in schizophrenia. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 7, 273-282.
16. Day, S. J., Holmes, E. A., & Hackmann, A. (2004). Occurrence of imagery and its link with early memories in agoraphobia. Memory, 12, 416-427.
17. Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2000). A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 319-345.
18. Ehlers, A., Hackmann, A., & Michaels, T. (2004). Intrusive re-experiencing in post-traumatic disorder. Memory, 12, 403-415.
19. Eichenbaum, H. (1997). Declarative memory: Insights from cognitive neurobiology. Annual Review of Psychology, 48, 547-572.
20. Engelhard, I. M., Van Den Hout, M. A., Kindt, M., Arntz, A., & Schouten, E. (2003). Peritraumatic dissociation and posttraumatic stress after pregnancy loss: A prospective study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 67-78.
21. Foa, E. B., Riggs, D. S., Massie, E. D., & Yarczower, M. (1995). The impact of fear activation and anger on the efficacy of exposure treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. Behavior Therapy, 26, 487-499.
22. Foa, E. B., & Rothbaum, B. O. (1998). Treating the trauma of rape: Cognitive behavioral therapy for PTSD. New York: Guilford Press.
23. Gauntlett-Gilbert, J., & Kuipers, E. (2005). Visual hallucinations in psychiatric conditions: Appraisals and their relationship to distress. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44, 77-87.
24. Grey, N., & Holmes, E. A. (2006). It's not just fear: Emotional and cognitive themes in "hotspots" of trauma memories an extension and replication. Manuscript in preparation.
25. Grey, N., Holmes, E., & Brewin, C. R. (2001). Peritraumatic emotional "hot spots" in memory. Behaviour and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 29, 357-362.
26. Grey, N., Young, K., & Holmes, E. (2002). Cognitive restructuring within reliving: A treatment for peritraumatic emotional "Hotspots" in posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 30, 37-56.
27. Hackmann, A., Clark, D. M., & McManus, F. (2000). Recurrent images and early memories in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 601-610.
28. Hackmann, A., Ehlers, A., Speckens, A., & Clark, D. M. (2004). Characteristics and content of intrusive memories in PTSD and their changes with treatment. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17, 231-240.
29. Halligan, S. L., Clark, D. M., & Ehlers, A. (2002). Cognitive processing, memory, and the development of PTSD symptoms: Two experimental analogue studies. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 33(2), 73-89.
30. Hemsley, D. R. (1994). A cognitive model for schizophrenia and its neural basis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 90, 80-86.
31. Holman, E. A., & Silver, R. C. (1998). Getting "stuck" in the past: Temporal orientation and coping with trauma. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1146-1163.
32. Holmes, E. A., Brewin, C. R., & Hennessy, R. G. (2004). Trauma films, information processing, and intrusive memory development. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133(1), 3-22.
33. Holmes, E. A., Brown, R. J., Mansell, W., Fearon, R. P., Hunter, E. C. M., Frasquilho, F., & Oakley, D. A. (2005) Are there two qualitatively distinct forms of dissociation? A review and some clinical implications. Clinical Psychology Review, 25(1), 1-23.
34. Holmes, E. A., Grey, N., & Young, K. A. D. (2005). Intrusive images and "hotspots" of trauma memories in posttraumatic stress disorder: emotions and cognitive themes. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 36, 3-17.
35. Holmes, E. A., & Hackmann, A. (eds.). (2004). Mental imagery and memory in psychopathology [Special issue]. Memory, 12(4).
36. Holmes, E. A., & Mathews, A. (2005). Mental imagery and emotion: A special relationship? Emotion 5(4), 489-497.
37. Holmes, E. A., & Steel, C. (2004). Schizotypy as a vulnerability factor for traumatic intrusions: An analogue investigation. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 192, 28-34.
38. Johnstone, E. C., Ebmeier, K. P., Miller, P., Owens, D. G., & Lawrie, S. M. (2005). Predicting schizophrenia: Findings from the Edinburgh high-risk study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 186, 18-25.
39. Jones, S. H., Hemsley, D. R., & Gray, J. A. (1991). Contextual effects on choice reaction time and accuracy in acute and chronic schizophrenics. British Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 415-421.
40. Kuyken, W., & Brewin, C. R. (1994). Stress and coping in depressed women. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 18(5), 403-412.
41. Layton, B., & Krikorian, R. (2002). Memory mechanisms in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 14, 254-261.
42. LeDoux, J. E., Iwata, J., Cicchetti, P., & Reis, D. J. (1988). Different projections of the central amygdaloid nucleus mediate autonomic and behavioural correlates of conditioned fear. Journal of Neuroscience, 8, 2517-2529.
43. Liddle, P. F. (1987). The symptoms of chronic schizophrenia: A re-examination of the positive-negative dichotomy. British Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 145-151.
44. Lindley, S. E., Carlson, E., & Sheikh, J. (2000). Psychotic symptoms in posttraumatic stress disorder. CNS Spectrums, 5, 52-57.
45. Mace, J. H. (2005). Priming involuntary autobiographical memories. Memory, 13(8), 874-884.
46. Mansell, W., & Lam, D. (2004). A preliminary study of autobiographical memory in remitted bipolar and unipolar depression and the role of imagery in memory specificity. Memory, 12, 437-446.
47. Marzillier, S., & Steel, C. (in press). Positive schizotypy and trauma-related intrusions within a clinical sample. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease.
48. Mason, O., Claridge, G., & Jackson, M. (1995). New scales for the assessment of schizotypy. Personality and Individual Differences, 18, 7-13.
49. Mason, O., Startup, M., Halpin, S., Schall, U., Conrad, A., & Carr, V. (2004). Risk factors for transition to first episode psychosis among individuals with "at-risk mental states." Schizophrenia Research, 71, 227-137.
50. Miller, J. (1987). Priming is not necessary for selective attention failures: Semantic effects of unattended, unprimed letters. Perception and Psychophysics, 41, 419-434.
51. Morrison, A. P. (2001). The interpretation of intrusions in psychosis: An integrative cognitive approach to psychotic symptoms. Behaviour and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 29, 257-276.
52. Morrison, A. P., Beck, A. T., Glennworth, D., Dunn, H., Reid, G., Larkin, W., & Williams, S. (2002). Imagery and psychotic symptoms: A preliminary investigation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 1053-1062.
53. Mueser, K. T., Trumbetta, S. L., Rosenberg, S. D., Vivader, R., Goodman, L. B., Osher, F. C., Auciello, P., & Foy, D. W. (1998). Trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder in severe mental illness. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 493-499.
54. Nayani, T. H., & David, A. S. (1996). The auditory hallucination: A phenomenological survey. Psychological Medicine, 26, 177-189.
55. Ozer, E. J., Best, S. R., Lipsey, T. L., & Weiss, D. S. (2003). Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 52-73.
56. Reynolds, M., & Brewin, C. R. (1999). Intrusive memories in depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 201-215.
57. Richards, D., & Lovell, K. (1999). Behavioural and cognitive behavioural interventions in the treatment of PTSD. In W. Yule (Ed.), Post-traumatic stress disorders: Concepts and therapy (pp. 239-266). Chichester: Wiley.
58. Romme, M., & Escher, A. (1989). Hearing voices. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 15, 209-216.
59. Squire, L. (1992). Memory and the hippocampus: A synthesis from findings with rats, monkeys and humans. Psychological Review, 99, 195-231.
60. Steel, C., Fowler, D., & Holmes, E. A. (2005). Trauma-related intrusions and psychosis: An information-processing account. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 33, 139-152.
61. Steel, C., Hemsley, D. R., & Jones, S. (1996). Cognitive inhibition and schizotypy as measured by the Oxford-Liverpool inventory of feelings and experiences. Personality and Individual Differences, 20, 769-773.
62. Steel, C., Hemsley, D. R., & Pickering, A. D. (2002). Distractor cueing effects on choice reaction time and their relationship with schizotypal personality. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 41, 143-156.
63. Steel, C., Mahmood, M. & Holmes, E. (2006). The role of trauma severity within the relationship between schizotypal personality traits and the development of trauma-related intrusions. Manuscript submitted for publication.
64. Zubin, J., & Spring, B. (1977). Vulnerability: A new view on schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 86, 103-126.