The use of psychological first aid (PFA) training among nurses to enhance population resiliency

International Journal of Emergency Mental Health

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 21-31

  Everly Jr , George S ^a   Barnett, Daniel J ^b   Sperry, Nancy L ^c   Links, Jonathan M ^b  

^a LOYOLA UNIVERSITY MARYLAND   (United States)

^b JOHNS HOPKINS BLOOMBERG SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^c PENN STATE MILTON S HERSHEY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Disaster mental health; Disaster nursing; Resilience; Workplace psychological first aid

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CRISIS INTERVENTION; DISASTER; EDUCATION; EMERGENCY HEALTH SERVICE; FIRST AID; HUMAN; MANPOWER; METHODOLOGY; NURSING; NURSING EDUCATION; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; SURGE CAPACITY;

CRISIS INTERVENTION; DISASTERS; EDUCATION, NURSING, CONTINUING; EMERGENCY SERVICES, PSYCHIATRIC; FIRST AID; HUMANS; STRESS DISORDERS, TRAUMATIC; SURGE CAPACITY;

EID: 78049409109     PISSN: 15224821     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN; 2008, April). Nursing Fact Sheet. Retrieved from: www.aacn.nche.edu/Media/FactSheets/nursfact.htm
2. Ablah, E., Hawley, S., Konda, K. M., Wolfe, D., & Cook, D. J. (2008). Evaluation of mental health emergency preparedness among health professionals. Journal of Allied Health, 37(3), 144-149.
3. American Heart Association (AHA; 2008, December). Highlights of the History of CPR. Retrieved from: http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml? identifier=3012990
4. American Nurses Association (ANA; 2006). Nurses and Disaster Preparedness: ICN Position Statement. Retrieved from ANA Nursing World: http://www.icn.ch/psdisasterprep01. htm
5. American Nurses Association (ANA; 2007). ANA's Definition of Nursing. Retrieved from ANA Nursing World: http://www.nursingworld.org/ MainMenuCategories/ CertificationandAccreditation/AboutNursing.aspx
6. American Nurses Association (ANA; 2008, March). Adapting Standard of Care Under Extreme Conditions: Guidance for Professionals during Disasters, Pandemics and other Extreme Emergencies. Retrieved from ANA Nursing World: http://nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ HealthcareandPolicyIssues/DPR/ TheLawEthicsofDisasterResponse/ AdaptingStandardsofCare.aspx
7. Becker, S. M., & Middleton, S. (2008). Improving hospital preparedness for radiological terrorism: Perspectives from emergency department physicians and nurses. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 2, 174-184.
8. Bonnano, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59(1), 20-28.
9. Boscarino, J. A., & Adams, R. E. (2008). Overview of findings from the World Trade Center disaster outcome study: Recommendations for future research after exposure to psychological trauma. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 10(4), 275-290.
10. Boscarino, J. A., Adams, R. E., & Figley, C. R. (2005). A Prospective cohort study of the effectiveness of employersponsored crisis interventions after a major disaster. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 7(1), 9-22.
11. Buerhaus, P. I., Auerbach, D. I., & Staiger, D. O. (2009). The recent surge in nurse employment: Causes And implications. Health Affairs, 28(4), w657-w668.
12. Campbell, J. E. (1996). BTLS History. Retrieved from Basic Trauma Life Support of Alabama: http://www.alacep.org/ btlshist.htm
13. Chaffee, M. (2009). Willingness of health care personnel to work in a disaster: An integrative review of the literature. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 3, 42-56.
14. Chan, W. F., & Wong, T. K. (2007). Issues in Clinical Nursing: Preparing for pandemic influenza: Revisit the basics. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 16, 1858-1864.
15. Corrarino, J. E. (2008). Disaster-related mental health needs of women and children. Maternal Child Nursing, 33(4), 242-248.
16. DeSimone, C. L. (2009). Response of public health workers to various emergencies. American Association of Occupational Health Nurses, 57, 17-23.
17. Drayer, C.S., Cameron, D.C., Woodward, W.D., & Glass, A.J. (1954). Psychological First Aid in community disasters. Journal of American Medical Association, 156(1), 36-41.
18. Everly G.S., Jr. (1999) Toward a model of psychological triage: Who will most need assistance? International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 1(3), 151-4.
19. Everly, G. S., Jr. (2005). Terrorism: A Unique challenge to public mental health services. In G. S. Everly Jr, & C. L. Parker (Eds.), Mental health aspects of disaster: Public health preparedness and response, (Chapter 3, I-2). Baltimore, Maryland: United States of America.
20. Everly, G. S., Jr., Beaton, R. D., Pfefferbaum, B., & Parker, C. L. (2008). Training for disaster response personnel: The development of proposed core competencies in disaster mental health. Public Health Reports, 123, 539-542.
21. Everly, G. S., Jr., & Flynn, B. W. (2006). Principles and practical procedures for acute Psychological First Aid training for personnel without mental health experience. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 8(2), 93-100.
22. Everly, G. S., Jr., & Parker, C. L. (2005). Disaster mental health: Historical and contemporary foundations. In G.S. Everly Jr, & C. L. Parker (Eds.), Mental health aspects of disaster: Public health preparedness and response, (Chapter 1, I-2). Baltimore, Maryland: United States of America.
23. Everly, G. S., Jr., Sherman, M. F., Nucifora Jr, F., Langlieb, A., Kaminsky, M. J., & Links, J. M. (2008). A quantitative expression of resiliency in the workplace: An odds ratio analysis. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 10(3), 169-176.
24. Everly, G. S., Jr., Smith, K. J., & Welzant, V. (2008). Cognitive-affective resilience indicia as predictors of burnout and job-related outcome. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 10(3), 185-190.
25. Everly, G. S., Jr., Strouse, D., & Everly, G. S., III (2010). Resilient leadership. NY: DiaMedica.
26. Everly, G. S., Jr., Welzant, V., & Jacobson, J. M. (2008). Resistance and resilience: The final frontier in traumatic stress management. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 10(4), 261-270.
27. Flannery, R. B., Jr., Farley, E., Rego, S., & Walker, A. P. (2007). Characteristics of staff victims of psychiatric patient assaults: 15-year analysis of the Assaulted Staff Action Program (ASAP). Psychiatric Quarterly, 78, 25-37.
28. Flynn, B. W. (2006, November). Facing the Future: Who Will Own Readiness for our Emerging Threats? Retrieved from Uniformed Services University Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress: http://www.cartercenter.org/documents/ nondatabase/sym06-flynn.ppt#256,1,FACING THE FUTURE:WHO WILL OWN READINESS FOR OUR EMERGING THREATS
29. Flynn, B. W. (2008, January). Promoting Resilience and Recovery Merging Public Health and Behavioral Health Paradigms. Retrieved from: Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences: Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress. http://publichealth.yale.edu/ycphp/psychosocialconference/ PromoResilience&RecoveryBHPHFlynnFinal.pdf
30. Flynn, B. W. (2008, May). Understanding and Integrating Psychosocial Factors to Enhance Communication During a Crisis. Retrieved from Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences: http://orise.orau.gov/emi/events/ recent/2008/presentations/EPI-Flynn.ppt
31. Flynn, B. W. (2008, June). The Need to Train All Responders in Behavioral Health Issues. Retrieved from Uniformed Services University Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress: http://nccphp.sph.unc.edu/BHARRT/Flynn.pdf
32. Garrosa, E., Moreno-Jiménez, B., Liang, Y., & González, J. (2008). The relationship between socio-demographic variables, job stressors, burnout, and hardy personality in nurses: An exploratory study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 4(3), 418-427.
33. Gebbie, K. M., & Turnock, B. J. (2006). The public health workforce, 2006: New challenges. Health Affairs, 25(4), 923-933.
34. Hamblen, J. L., Norris, F. H., Pietruszkiewics, S., Gibson, L. E., Naturale, A., & Louis, C. (2009). Cognitive behavioral therapy for postdisaster distress: A community based treatment program for survivors of Hurricane Katrina. Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 36, 206-214.
35. Hecht, B. K. (2005). Retrieved from First Aid: From Witchdoctors and Religious Knights to Modern Doctors: http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art. asp?articlekey=52749
36. Heinz, D. (2004). Hospital nurse Ssaffing and patient outcomes: A review of current literature. Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing, 23(1), 44-50.
37. Hick, J. L., Barbera, J. A., & Kelen, G. D. (2009). Refining surge capacity: Conventional, contingency, and crisis capacity . Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 3 (Supplement 1), S1-S9.
38. Hobfoll, S., Watson, P., Bell, C., Bryant, R., Brymer, M., Friedan, M., et al. (2007). Five essential elements of immediate and mid-term mass trauma intervention: Empirical evidence. Psychiatry, 70(4), 283-315.
39. Hughes, F., Grigg, M., Fritsch, K., & Calder, S. (2007). Psychosocial response in emergency situations - the nurse's role. International Nursing Review, 54, 19-27.
40. Jackson, D., Firtko, A., & Edenborough, M. (2007). Personal resiliency as a strategy for surviving and thriving in the face of workplace adversity: A literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 60(1), 1-9.
41. Jenkins, J. L., Hsu, E. B., Sauer, L. M., Hsieh, Y.-H., & Kirsch, T. D. (2009). Prevalence of Unmet health Care Needs and Description of Health Care-Seeking Behavior Among Displaced People After the 2007 California Wildfires. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 3 (Suppl 1), S24-28.
42. Judkins, S., Massey, C., & Huff, B. (2006). Hardiness, stress, and use of ill-time among nurse managers: Is there a connection? Nursing Economics, 24(4), 187-192.
43. Kaminsky, M., McCabe, O. L., Langlieb, A., & Everly, G. S., Jr. (2005). Resistance, resiliency, and recovery: An outcome-driven continuum of care for disaster mental health services. In G. S. Everly Jr, & C. L. Parker (Eds.), Mental health aspects of disaster: Public health preparedness and response, (Chapter 5, I-2). Baltimore, Maryland: United States of America.
44. Kaminsky, M., McCabe, O. L., Langlieb, A., & Everly, G. S., Jr. (2007). An evidence-informed model of human resistance, resiliency, and recovery: The Johns Hopkins' outcome-driven paradigm for disaster mental health services. Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention, 7(1), 1-11.
45. Lancee, W., Maunder, R., Goldbloom, D., & coauthors. (2008). Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among Toronto hospital workers one to two years after the SARS outbreak. Psychiatric Services, 59(1), 91-95.
46. Littleton-Kearney, M. T., & Slepski, L. A. (2008). Directions for disaster nursing education in the United States. Crical Care Nursing Clinics of North America, 20, 103-109.
47. Litz, B. T., & Schlenger, W. E. (2009, Winter). PTSD in Service Members and New Veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan Wars: A Bibliography and Critique. Retrieved from PTSD Research Quarterly: http://www.ptsd.va.gov/ professional/newsletters/research-quarterly/V20N1.pdf
48. Mak, I. W., Chu, C. M., Pan, P. C., Yiu, M. G., & Chan, V. L. (2009). Long-term psychiatric morbidities among SARS survivors. General Hospital Psychiatry, 31(4), 318-326.
49. Maunder, R., Lancee, W., Balderson, K., Bennett, J., Borgundvaag, B., Evans, S., et al. (2006). Long-term psychological and occupational effects of providing hospital healthcare during SARS outbreak. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 12(12), 1924-1932.
50. Maunder, R. G., Peladeau, N., Leszcz, M., Romano, D., Savage, D., Rose, M., et al. (2008). Applying the lessons of SARS to pandemic influenza: An evidenced-based approach to mitigating the stress experienced by healthcare workers. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 99(6), 486-488.
51. Mitchell C.S., Gochfeld M., Shubert J., Kipen, H., Moline J., Langlieb A., et al. (2007). Surveillance of workers responding under the National Response Plan. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 49(8),922-7.
52. National Association of School Nurses (NASN). (2006). Position Statement. Retrieved from: http://www.nasn.org/Default.aspx?tabid=221
53. Norris, F. H., & Bellamy, N. D. (2009). Evaluation of a national effort to reach Hurricane Katrina survivors and evacuees: The Crisis Counseling Assistance and Training Program . Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 36, 165-175.
54. Norris, F. H., & Rosen, C. S. (2009). Innovations in disaster mental health services and evaluation: National, state, and local responses to Hurricane Katrina (Introduction to the Special Issue). Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 36, 159-164.
55. Nursing Advocacy. (2007). The Center for Nursing Advocacy. What is the Nursing Shortage and Why Does it Exist? Retrieved from: www.nursingadvocacy.org/ faq/ nursing-shortage.html
56. Nursing Emergency Preparedness Education Coalition (NEPEC). (n.d.) Overview. Retrieved from: http://www. nursing.vanderbilt.edu/incmce/overview. html
57. Nursing Emergency Preparedness Education Coalition (NEPEC). (2003). Competencies. Educational Competencies for Registered Nurses Responding to Mass Casualty Incidents. Retrieved from: http://www.nursing.vanderbilt.edu/incmce/ competencies.html
58. O'Boyle, C., Robertson, C., & Secor-Turner, M. (2006). Nurse's beliefs about public health emergencies: Fear of abandonment. American Journal of Infection Control, 34, 351-357.
59. O'Boyle, C., Robertson, C., & Secor-Turner, M. (2006, August). Nurses' recommendations for effective actions. American Association of Occupational Health Nurses, 54(8), 347-353.
60. Parker, C. L., Barnett, D. J., Everly, G. S., Jr., & Links, J. M. (2006). Expanding disaster mental health response: A conceptual training framework for public health professionals. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 8(2), 101-110.
61. Parker, C. L., Everly, G. S., Jr., Barnett, D. J., & Links, J. M. (2006). Establishing evidence-informed core intervention competencies in Psychological First Aid for public health personnel. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 8(2), 83-92.
62. Pendry, P. (2007). Moral distress: Recognizing it to retain nurses. Nursing Economics, 25(4), 217-221.
63. Perrin, P. C., McCabe, O. L., Everly, G. S., Jr., & Links, J. M. (2009). Preparing for an influenza Ppndemic: Mental health consequences. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 24(3), 223-230.
64. Raphael, B. (1986). When disaster strikes. NY: Basic Books.
65. Rebmann, T., & Mohr, L. (2008). Missouri nurses' bioterrorism preparedness. Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science , 6(3), 243-251.
66. Rodriguez, J., & Kohn, R. (2008). Use of mental health services among disaster survivors. Current Opinions in Psychiatry, 21, 370-378.
67. Rooze, M., Netten, J., deRuyter, A., deVries, M., Helsloot, I., deSoir, E., et al. (2008). Prioritizing care during the acute phase: The prominent role of basic psychosocial life support. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 23(4), S49-54.
68. Rosen, C. S., Matthie, M. M., & Norris, F. H. (2009). Factors predicting crisis counselor referrals to other crisis counseling, disaster relief, and psychological services: A cross-site analysis of post-Katrina programs. Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 36, 186-194.
69. Rutledge, T., Dollarhide, A., Shively, M., Weinger, M., Stucky, E., Jain, S., et al. (2009). A real-time assessment of work stress in physicians and nurses. Health Psychology, 28(2), 194-200.
70. Ruzek, J. I., Young, B. H., Cordova, M. J., & Flynn, B. w. (2004). Integration of disaster mental health services with emergency medicine. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 19(1), 46-53.
71. Seal, K. H., Bertenthal, D., Miner, C. R., Saunak, S., & Marmar, C. (2007). Bringing the war back home: Mental health disorders among 103,788 US Veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan seen at Department of Veterans Affairs facilities. Archives of Internal Medicine, 167 (5), 476-482.
72. Seal, K. H., Metzler, T. J., Gima, K. S., Bertenthal, D., Maguen, S., & Marmar, C. R. (2009). Trends and risk factors for mental health diagnoses among Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans using Department of Veterans Affairs health care, 2002-2008. American Journal of Public Health, 99(9), 1651-1658.
73. Secor-Turner, M., & O'Boyle, C. (2006). Nurses and emergency disasters: What is known. American Journal of Infection Control, 34, 414-420.
74. Shubert, J., Ritchie, E. C., Everly, G. S., Jr., Fiedler, N., Williams, M. B., Mitchell, C. S., et al. (2008). A missing element in disaster mental health: Behavioral health surveillance for first responders. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 9(3), 201-214.
75. Thavichachart, N., Tangwongchai, S., Worakul, P., Kanchanatawan, B., Suppapitiporn, S., Sukoltapirom na Pattalung, A., et al. (2009). Posttraumatic mental health establishment of the tsunami surviovors in Thailand. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health, 5, 11.
76. Tomczyk, D., Alvarez, D., Borgman, P., Cartier, M., Caulum, L., Galloway, C., et al. (2008). Caring for those who care: The role of the occupational health nurse in disasters. American Association of Occupational Health Nurses Journal, 56(6), 243-250.
77. United States Census Bureau (2009, December), Public Information Office, Facts for Features. Retrieved from: http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/ releases/archives/facts-for-features-special-editions/004491.html
78. United States Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS). (2010). Shortage Designation: HPSAs, MUAs and MUPs Retrieved from: http://bhpr.hrsa.gov/ shortage/
79. Vanderploeg, R. D., Belanger, H. G., & Curtiss, G. (2009). Mild traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder and their associations with health symptoms. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 90(7), 1084-1093.
80. Veenema, T. G. (2006). Expanding educational opportunities in disaster response and emergency preparedness for nurses. Nursing Education Perspectives, 27(2), 93-99.
81. Veenema, T., Walden, B., Feinstein, N., & Williams, J. (2008). Factors affecing hospital-based nurses' willingness to respond to a radiation emergency. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 2(4), 224-229.
82. Veteran Affairs, U. S. (2009). National Center For PTSD. Epidemiological Facts About PTSD. Retrieved from: http:// www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/pages/ epidemiologicalfacts- ptsd.asp
83. Watson, P. J. (2009). Academic/State/Federal collaboration and the improvement of practices in disaster mental health services and evaluation. Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 36, 215-220.
84. Weiner, E. (2006). Preparing nurses internationally for emergency planning and response. OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 11(3), Manuscript 3. Retrieved from: http://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ ANAMarketplace/ ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/ Volume112006/No3Sept06/ PreparingNurses.aspx
85. Whittaker, S., Carson, W., & Smolenski, M.C. (2000). Assuring continued competence - Policy questions and approaches: How should the profession respond? The Online Journal of Issues In Nursing, 5(3). Retrieved from: http://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ ANAMarketplace/ ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/ Volume52000/No3Sept00/ArticlePreviousTopic/ ContinuedCompetence.aspx
86. Weiner, E., Irwin, M., Trangenstein, P., & Gordon, J.(2005). Emergency preparedness curriculum in US nursing schools, Survey results. Nursing Education Perspectives, 26(6), 334-339.
87. Williams, J., Nocera, M., & Casteel, C. (2008). The effectiveness of disaster training for health care workers: A systematic review. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 52, 211-222.
88. Whittaker, S., Carson, W., & Smolenski, M.C. (2000). Assuring continued competence - Policy questions and approaches: How should the profession respond? The Online Journal of Issues In Nursing, 5(3). Retrieved from: http://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ ANAMarketplace/ ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/ Volume52000/No3Sept00/ArticlePreviousTopic/ ContinuedCompetence.aspx
89. Williams, J., Nocera, M., & Casteel, C. (2008). The effectiveness of disaster training for health care workers: A systematic review. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 52, 211-222.
90. Wu, P., Fang, Y., Guan, Z., Fan, B., Kong, J., Yao, Z., et al. (2009). The psychological impact of the SARS epidemic on hospital employees in China: Exposure, risk perception, and altruistic acceptance of risk. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 54(5), 302-311.
91. Zurmehly, J., Martin, P., & Fitzpatrick, J. (2009). Registered nurse empowerment and intent to leave current position and/or profession. Journal of Nursing Management, 17, 383-391.