Pulmonary hypertension with left-sided heart disease

Nature Reviews Cardiology

Volumn 7, Issue 11, 2010, Pages 648-659

  Guazzi, Marco ^a   Arena, Ross ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MILAN   (Italy)

^b VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CAUSAL ATTRIBUTION; FOLLOW UP; HEART DISEASE; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE FILLING PRESSURE; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE RELAXATION; HEART RIGHT VENTRICLE FAILURE; HEART RIGHT VENTRICLE OVERLOAD; HEMODYNAMICS; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INCIDENCE; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LUNG CAPILLARY; MITRAL VALVE STENOSIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; REVIEW;

BLOOD PRESSURE; CARDIAC PACING, ARTIFICIAL; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; HEART FAILURE; HEART VENTRICLES; HEMODYNAMICS; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION, PULMONARY; PROGNOSIS; PULMONARY WEDGE PRESSURE; RISK FACTORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, LEFT; VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, RIGHT;

EID: 78049287670     PISSN: 17595002     EISSN: 17595010     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2010.144     Document Type: Review

References (129)

1. WHO. Executive summary from the World Symposium on Primary Pulmonary Hypertension (WHO, Evian, 1998).
2. Simonneau, G. et al. Clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 43, 5S-12S (2004).
3. th edn Ch. 52 (eds Mason, R. J., Broaddus, V. C., Murray, J. F. & Nadel, J. A.) 1544-1569 (Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia, 2005).
4. Gheorghiade, M., Filippatos, G., De Luca, L. & Burnett, J. Congestion in acute heart failure syndromes: an essential target of evaluation and treatment. Am. J. Med. 119 (Suppl. 1), S3-S10 (2006). (Pubitemid 44755377)
5. Lucas, C. et al. Freedom from congestion predicts good survival despite previous class IV symptoms of heart failure. Am. Heart J. 140, 840-847 (2000).
6. Gandhi, S. K. et al. The pathogenesis of acute pulmonary edema associated with hypertension. N. Engl. J. Med. 344, 17-22 (2001).
7. Aurigemma, G. P. & Gaasch, W. H. Clinical practice. Diastolic heart failure. N. Engl. J. Med. 351, 1097-1105 (2004).
8. Klapholz, M. et al. Hospitalization for heart failure in the presence of a normal left ventricular ejection fraction: results of the New York Heart Failure Registry. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 43, 1432-1438 (2004).
9. Kjaergaard, J. et al. Prognostic importance of pulmonary hypertension in patients with heart failure. Am. J. Cardiol. 99, 1146-1150 (2007).
10. Shapiro, B. P., Nishimura, R. A., McGoon, M. D. & Redfield, M. M. Diagnostic dilemmas: diastolic heart failure causing pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary hypertension causing diastolic dysfunction. Adv. Pulmon. Hypertens. 5, 13-20 (2006).
11. Lam, C. S. et al. Pulmonary hypertension in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a community-based study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 53, 1119-1126 (2009).
12. Hoeper, M. M. et al. Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment of non-pulmonary arterial hypertension pulmonary hypertension. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 54, S85-S96 (2009).
13. Guazzi, M. Alveolar gas diffusion abnormalities in heart failure. J. Card. Fail. 14, 695-702 (2008).
14. Aird, W. C. Phenotypic heterogeneity of the endothelium: II. Representative vascular beds. Circ. Res. 100, 174-190 (2007).
15. Crone, C., Saumon, G. & Basset, G. News from the alveoli. News Physiol. Sci. 5, 50-53 (1990).
16. West, J. B. & Mathieu-Costello, O. Vulnerability of pulmonary capillaries in heart disease. Circulation 92, 622-631 (1995).
17. Tsukimoto, K., Mathieu-Costello, O., Prediletto, R., Elliott, A. R. & West, J. B. Ultrastructural appearances of pulmonary capillaries at high transmural pressures. J. Appl. Physiol. 71, 573-582 (1991).
18. Conforti, E., Fenoglio, C., Bernocchi, G., Bruschi, O. & Miserocchi, G. A. Morphofunctional analysis of lung tissue in mild interstitial edema. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 282, L766-L774 (2002).
19. Negrini, D., Passi, A., de Luca, G. & Miserocchi, G. Pulmonary interstitial pressure and proteoglycans during development of pulmonary edema. Am. J. Physiol. 270, H2000-H2007 (1996).
20. Palestini, P. et al. Composition, biophysical properties, and morphometry of plasma membranes in pulmonary interstitial edema. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 282, L1382-L1390 (2002).
21. De Pasquale, C. G. et al. Plasma surfactant protein-B: a novel biomarker in chronic heart failure. Circulation 110, 1091-1096 (2004).
22. Townsley, M. I., Fu, Z., Mathieu-Costello, O. & West, J. B. Pulmonary microvascular permeability. Responses to high vascular pressure after induction of pacing-induced heart failure in dogs. Circ. Res. 77, 317-325 (1995).
23. Kay, J. M. & Edwards, F. R. Ultrastructure of the alveolar-capillary wall in mitral stenosis. J. Pathol. 111, 239-245 (1973).
24. Lee, Y. S. Electron microscopic studies on the alveolar-capillary barrier in the patients of chronic pulmonary edema. Jpn Circ. J. 43, 945-954 (1979).
25. Drake, R. E. & Doursout, M. F. Pulmonary edema and elevated left atrial pressure: four hours and beyond. News Physiol. Sci. 17, 223-226 (2002).
26. Berg, J. T., Breen, E. C., Fu, Z., Mathieu-Costello, O. & West, J. B. Alveolar hypoxia increases gene expression of extracellular matrix proteins and platelet-derived growth factor-B in lung parenchyma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 158, 1920-1928 (1998).
27. Guazzi, M., Pontone, G., Brambilla, R., Agostoni, P. & Reina, G. Alveolar-capillary membrane gas conductance: a novel prognostic indicator in chronic heart failure. Eur. Heart J. 23, 467-476 (2002).
28. Rabinovitch, M. EVE and beyond, retro and prospective insights. Am. J. Physiol. 277, L5-L12 (1999).
29. Rich, S. & Rabinovitch, M. Diagnosis and treatment of secondary (non-category 1) pulmonary hypertension. Circulation 118, 2190-2199 (2008).
30. Stobierska-Dzierzek, B., Awad, H. & Michler, R. E. The evolving management of acute right-sided heart failure in cardiac transplant recipients. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 38, 923-931 (2001).
31. Du, L. et al. Signaling molecules in nonfamilial pulmonary hypertension. N. Engl. J. Med. 348, 500-509 (2003). (Pubitemid 36159885)
32. Ooi, H., Colucci, W. S. & Givertz, M. M. Endothelin mediates increased pulmonary vascular tone in patients with heart failure: demonstration by direct intrapulmonary infusion of sitaxsentan. Circulation 106, 1618-1621 (2002).
33. Cooper, C. J. et al. The influence of basal nitric oxide activity on pulmonary vascular resistance in patients with congestive heart failure. Am. J. Cardiol. 82, 609-614 (1998).
34. Stamler, J. S., Loh, E., Roddy, M. A., Currie, K. E. & Creager, M. A. Nitric oxide regulates basal systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance in healthy humans. Circulation 89, 2035-2040 (1994).
35. Blitzer, M. L., Loh, E., Roddy, M. A., Stamler, J. S. & Creager, M. A. Endothelium-derived nitric oxide regulates systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance during acute hypoxia in humans. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 28, 591-596 (1996).
36. Guazzi, M., Arena, R., Vicenzi, M. & Guazzi, M. D. Regulation of alveolar gas conductance by NO in man, as based on studies with NO donors and inhibitors of NO production. Acta Physiol. (Oxf.) 196, 267-277 (2009).
37. Porter, T. R. et al. Endothelium-dependent pulmonary artery responses in chronic heart failure: influence of pulmonary hypertension. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 22, 1418-1424 (1993).
38. Yanagisawa, M. et al. Anovel potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells. Nature 332, 411-415 (1988).
39. Fukuroda, T. et al. Endothelin receptor subtypes in human versus rabbit pulmonary arteries. J. Appl. Physiol. 76, 1976-1982 (1994).
40. Giaid, A. et al. Expression of endothelin-1 in the lungs of patients with pulmonary hypertension. N. Engl. J. Med. 328, 1732-1739 (1993). (Pubitemid 23170122)
41. Ray, L. et al. Early increase in pulmonary vascular reactivity with overexpression of endothelin-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor in canine experimental heart failure. Exp. Physiol. 93, 434-442 (2008).
42. Cody, R. J., Haas, G. J., Binkley, P. F., Capers, Q. & Kelley, R. Plasma endothelin correlates with the extent of pulmonary hypertension in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. Circulation 85, 504-509 (1992).
43. Hülsmann, M. et al. Value of cardiopulmonary exercise testing and big endothelin plasma levels to predict short-term prognosis of patients with chronic heart failure. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 32, 1695-1700 (1998).
44. Rich, S. & McLaughlin, V. V. Endothelin receptor blockers in cardiovascular disease. Circulation 108, 2184-2190 (2003).
45. Drazner, M. H. et al. Relationship between right and left-sided filling pressures in 1000 patients with advanced heart failure. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 18, 1126-1132 (1999).
46. Drazner, M. H. et al. The relationship of right-and left-sided filling pressures in patients with heart failure and a preserved ejection fraction. Circ. Heart Fail. 3, 202-206 (2010).
47. Enriquez-Sarano, M., Rossi, A., Seward, J. B., Bailey, K. R. & Tajik, A. J. Determinants of pulmonary hypertension in left ventricular dysfunction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 29, 153-159 (1997).
48. Buchbinder, N. & Ganz, W. Hemodynamic monitoring: invasive techniques. Anesthesiology 45, 146-155 (1976).
49. Chemla, D., Castelain, V., Hervé, P., Lecarpentier, Y. & Brimioulle, S. Haemodynamic evaluation of pulmonary hypertension. Eur. Respir. J. 20, 1314-1331 (2002).
50. Kafi, S. A., Mélot, C., Vachiéry, J. L., Brimioulle, S. & Naeije, R. Partitioning of pulmonary vascular resistance in primary pulmonary hypertension. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 31, 1372-1376 (1998). (Pubitemid 28219131)
51. Klinger, J. R. & Hill, N. S. Right ventricular dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chest 99, 715-723 (1991).
52. Guyton, A. C., Lindsey, A. W. & Gilluly, J. J. The limits of right ventricular compensation following acute increase in pulmonary circulatory resistance. Circ. Res. 2, 326-332 (1954).
53. Guazzi, M. et al. How the left and right sides of the heart, as well as pulmonary venous drainage, adapt to an increasing degree of head-up tilting in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: differences from the normal heart. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 36, 185-193 (2000).
54. th edn Ch. 12 (ed. Brenner, B. M.) 398-458 (Saunders, Philadelphia, 2008).
55. Marenzi, G. et al. Interrelation of humoral factors, hemodynamics, and fluid and salt metabolism in congestive heart failure: effects of extracorporeal ultrafiltration. Am. J. Med. 94, 49-56 (1993).
56. Guazzi, M. D. et al. Apparent paradox of neurohumoral axis inhibition after body fluid volume depletion in patients with chronic congestive heart failure and water retention. Br. Heart J. 72, 534-539 (1994).
57. Ghio, S. et al. Independent and additive prognostic value of right ventricular systolic function and pulmonary artery pressure in patients with chronic heart failure. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 37, 183-188 (2001).
58. Polak, J. F., Holman, B. L., Wynne, J. & Colucci, W. S. Right ventricular ejection fraction: an indicator of increased mortality in patients with congestive heart failure associated with coronary artery disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2, 217-224 (1983).
59. Di Salvo, T. G., Mathier, M., Semigran, M. J. & Dec, G. W. Preserved right ventricular ejection fraction predicts exercise capacity and survival in advanced heart failure. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 25, 1143-1153 (1995).
60. Sun, J. Pet al. Comparison of mortality rates and progression of left ventricular dysfunction in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and dilated versus nondilated right ventricular cavities. Am. J. Cardiol. 80, 1583-1587 (1997).
61. Gavazzi, A. et al. Value of right ventricular ejection fraction in predicting short-term prognosis of patients with severe chronic heart failure. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 16, 774-785 (1997).
62. rd, Murali, S., Counihan, P. J., Mandarino, W. A. & Kormos, R. L. Right ventricular performance and contractile reserve in patients with severe heart failure. Assessment by pressure-area relations and association with outcome. Circulation 94, 3190-3197 (1996).
63. de Groote, P. et al. Right ventricular ejection fraction is an independent predictor of survival in patients with moderate heart failure. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 32, 948-954 (1998).
64. Meluzin, J. et al. Prognostic importance of various echocardiographic right ventricular functional parameters in patients with symptomatic heart failure. J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr. 18, 435-444 (2005).
65. Field, M. E. et al. Right ventricular dysfunction and adverse outcome in patients with advanced heart failure. J. Card. Fail. 12, 616-620 (2006).
66. Meyer, P. et al. Effects of right ventricular ejection fraction on outcomes in chronic systolic heart failure. Circulation 121, 252-258 (2010).
67. Lester, S. J. et al. Unlocking the mysteries of diastolic function: deciphering the Rosetta Stone 10 years later. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 51, 679-689 (2008).
68. Nagueh, S. F., Middleton, K. J., Kopelen, H. A., Zoghbi, W. A. & Quiñones, M. A. Doppler tissue imaging: a noninvasive technique for evaluation of left ventricular relaxation and estimation of filling pressures. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 30, 1527-1533 (1997).
69. Lam, C. S. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: invasive solution to diagnostic confusion? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 55, 1711-1712 (2010).
70. Fiack, C. A. & Farber, H. W. Pulmonary hypertension associated with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 29, 230-231 (2010).
71. Piérard, L. A. & Lancellotti, P. The role of ischemic mitral regurgitation in the pathogenesis of acute pulmonary edema. N. Engl. J. Med. 351, 1627-1634 (2004).
72. Guazzi, M. Pulmonary hypertension in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: any pathophysiological role of mitral regurgitation. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 54, 1191-1192 (2009).
73. Costard-Jäckie, A. & Fowler, M. B. Influence of preoperative pulmonary artery pressure on mortality after heart transplantation: testing of potential reversibility of pulmonary hypertension with nitroprusside is useful in defining a high risk group. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 19, 48-54 (1992).
74. Givertz, M. M., Hare, J. M., Loh, E., Gauthier, D. F. & Colucci, W. S. Effect of bolus milrinone on hemodynamic variables and pulmonary vascular resistance in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction: a rapid test for reversibility of pulmonary hypertension. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 28, 1775-1780 (1996).
75. Kitzman, D. W., Higginbotham, M. B., Cobb, F. R., Sheikh, K. H. & Sullivan, M. J. Exercise intolerance in patients with heart failure and preserved left ventricular systolic function: failure of the Frank-Starling mechanism. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 17, 1065-1072 (1991).
76. Tolle, J. J., Waxman, A. B., Van Horn, T. L., Pappagianopoulos, P. P. & Systrom, D. M. Exercise-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension. Circulation 118, 2183-2189 (2008).
77. Tumminello, G., Lancellotti, P., Lempereur, M., D'Orio, V. & Pierard, L. A. Determinants of pulmonary artery hypertension at rest and during exercise in patients with heart failure. Eur. Heart J. 28, 569-574 (2007).
78. Butler, J., Chomsky, D. B. & Wilson, J. R. Pulmonary hypertension and exercise intolerance in patients with heart failure. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 34, 1802-1806 (1999).
79. Reindl, I. et al. Impaired ventilatory efficiency in chronic heart failure: possible role of pulmonary vasoconstriction. Am. Heart J. 136, 778-785 (1998).
80. Lewis, G. D., Shah, R. V., Pappagianopolas, P. P., Systrom, D. M. & Semigran, M. J. Determinants of ventilatory efficiency in heart failure: the role of right ventricular performance and pulmonary vascular tone. Circ. Heart Fail. 1, 227-233 (2008).
81. Guazzi, M., Myers, J. & Arena, R. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in the clinical and prognostic assessment of diastolic heart failure. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 46, 1883-1890 (2005). (Pubitemid 41579812)
82. Arena, R. et al. Development of a ventilatory classification system in patients with heart failure. Circulation 115, 2410-2417 (2007).
83. Guazzi, M. et al. Exercise oscillatory ventilation may predict sudden cardiac death in heart failure patients. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 50, 299-308 (2007).
84. Olson, T. P. et al. Effects of acute changes in pulmonary wedge pressure on periodic breathing at rest in heart failure patients. Am. Heart J. 153, 104.e1-104.e7 (2007).
85. Solin, P. et al. Influence of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure on central apnea in heart failure. Circulation 99, 1574-1579 (1999).
86. Abramson, S. V. et al. Pulmonary hypertension predicts mortality and morbidity in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Ann. Intern. Med. 116, 888-895 (1992).
87. Rickenbacher, P. R. et al. Transplant candidates with severe left ventricular dysfunction managed with medical treatment: characteristics and survival. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 27, 1192-1197 (1996).
88. Hosenpud, J. D., Bennett, L. E., Keck, B. M., Boucek, M. M. & Novick, R. J. The Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: seventeenth official report-2000. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 19, 909-931 (2000).
89. Yui, Y., Nakajima, H., Kawai, C. & Murakami, T. Prostacyclin therapy in patients with congestive heart failure. Am. J. Cardiol. 50, 320-324 (1982). (Pubitemid 12059027)
90. Serra, W., Musiari, L., Ardissino, D., Gherli, T. & Montanari, A. Benefit of prostaglandin infusion in severe heart failure: preliminary clinical experience of repetitive administration. Int. J. Cardiol. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard. 2008.12.173.
91. Sueta, C. A. et al. Safety and efficacy of epoprostenol in patients with severe congestive heart failure. Epoprostenol Multicenter Research Group. Am. J. Cardiol. 75, 34A-43A (1995).
92. Sablotzki, A. et al. Iloprost improves hemodynamics in patients with severe chronic cardiac failure and secondary pulmonary hypertension. Can. J. Anaesth. 49, 1076-1080 (2002).
93. Califf, R. M. et al. Arandomized controlled trial of epoprostenol therapy for severe congestive heart failure: The Flolan International Randomized Survival Trial (FIRST). Am. Heart J. 134, 44-54 (1997).
94. Mulder, P. et al. Role of endogenous endothelin in chronic heart failure: effect of long-term treatment with an endothelin antagonist on survival, hemodynamics, and cardiac remodeling. Circulation 96, 1976-1982 (1997).
95. Wada, A. et al. Comparison of the effects of selective endothelin ETA and ETB receptor antagonists in congestive heart failure. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 30, 1385-1392 (1997).
96. Sütsch, G. et al. Short-term oral endothelinreceptor antagonist therapy in conventionally treated patients with symptomatic severe chronic heart failure. Circulation 98, 2262-2268 (1998).
97. Kalra, P. R., Moon, J. C. & Coats, A. J. Do results of the ENABLE (Endothelin Antagonist Bosentan for Lowering Cardiac Events in Heart Failure) study spell the end for non-selective endothelin antagonism in heart failure? Int. J. Cardiol. 85, 195-197 (2002).
98. Packer, M. et al. Clinical effects of endothelin receptor antagonism with bosentan in patients with severe chronic heart failure: results of a pilot study. J. Card. Fail. 11, 12-20 (2005).
99. Kaluski, E. et al. Clinical and hemodynamic effects of bosentan dose optimization in symptomatic heart failure patients with severe systolic dysfunction, associated with secondary pulmonary hypertension-a multi-center randomized study. Cardiology 109, 273-280 (2008).
100. A Receptor Blockade Trial (HEAT). Circulation 106, 2666-2672 (2002).
101. Anand, I. et al. Long-term effects of darusentan on left-ventricular remodelling and clinical outcomes in the Endothelin A Receptor Antagonist Trial in Heart Failure (EARTH): randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 364, 347-354 (2004).
102. McMurray, J. J. et al. Effects of tezosentan on symptoms and clinical outcomes in patients with acute heart failure: the VERITAS randomized controlled trials. JAMA 298, 2009-2019 (2007).
103. Givertz, M. M. et al. Acute endothelin A receptor blockade causes selective pulmonary vasodilation in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation 101, 2922-2927 (2000).
104. Argenziano, M. et al. Randomized, double-blind trial of inhaled nitric oxide in LVAD recipients with pulmonary hypertension. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 65, 340-345 (1998).
105. Kieler-Jensen, N., Lundin, S. & Ricksten, S. E. Vasodilator therapy after heart transplantation: effects of inhaled nitric oxide and intravenous prostacyclin, prostaglandin E1, and sodium nitroprusside. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 14, 436-443 (1995).
106. Hare, J. M. et al. Influence of inhaled nitric oxide on systemic flow and ventricular filling pressure in patients receiving mechanical circulatory assistance. Circulation 95, 2250-2253 (1997).
107. Kieler-Jensen, N. et al. Inhaled nitric oxide in the evaluation of heart transplant candidates with elevated pulmonary vascular resistance. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 13, 366-375 (1994).
108. Bocchi, E. A. et al. Inhaled nitric oxide leading to pulmonary edema in stable severe heart failure. Am. J. Cardiol. 74, 70-72 (1994).
109. Miller, O. I., Tang, S. F., Keech, A. & Celermajer, D. S. Rebound pulmonary hypertension on withdrawal from inhaled nitric oxide. Lancet 346, 51-52 (1995).
110. Murray, F., MacLean, M. R. & Pyne, N. J. Increased expression of the cGMP-inhibited cAMP-specific (PDE3) and cGMP binding cGMP-specific (PDE5) phosphodiesterases in models of pulmonary hypertension. Br. J. Pharmacol. 137, 1187-1194 (2002).
111. Melenovsky, V. et al. Transpulmonary B-type natriuretic peptide uptake and cyclic guanosine monophosphate release in heart failure and pulmonary hypertension: the effects of sildenafil. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 54, 595-600 (2009).
112. Galiè, N. et al. Sildenafil citrate therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension. N. Engl. J. Med. 353, 2148-2157 (2005). (Pubitemid 41653106)
113. Guazzi, M. Clinical use of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors in chronic heart failure. Cire. Heart Fail. 1, 272-280 (2008).
114. Alaeddini, J. et al. Efficacy and safety of sildenafil in the evaluation of pulmonary hypertension in severe heart failure. Am. J. Cardiol. 94, 1475-1477 (2004).
115. Lepore, J. J. et al. Hemodynamic effects of sildenafil in patients with congestive heart failure and pulmonary hypertension: combined administration with inhaled nitric oxide. Chest 127, 1647-1653 (2005).
116. Guazzi, M., Tumminello, G., Di Marco, F., Fiorentini, C. & Guazzi, M. D. The effects of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibition with sildenafil on pulmonary hemodynamics and diffusion capacity, exercise ventilatory efficiency, and oxygen uptake kinetics in chronic heart failure. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 44, 2339-2348 (2004).
117. Lewis, G. D. et al. Sildenafil improves exercise hemodynamics and oxygen uptake in patients with systolic heart failure. Circulation 115, 59-66 (2007).
118. Guazzi, M., Samaja, M., Arena, R., Vicenzi, M. & Guazzi, M. D. Long-term use of sildenafil in the therapeutic management of heart failure. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 50, 2136-2144 (2007).
119. Lewis, G. D. et al. Sildenafil improves exercise capacity and quality of life in patients with systolic heart failure and secondary pulmonary hypertension. Circulation 116, 1555-1562 (2007).
120. Behling, A. et al. Effects of 5'-phosphodiesterase four-week long inhibition with sildenafil in patients with chronic heart failure: a doubleblind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J. Card. Fail. 14, 189-197 (2008).
121. Tedford, R. J. et al. PDE5A inhibitor treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension after mechanical circulatory support. Circ. Heart Fail. 1, 213-219 (2008).
122. Stehlik, J. & Movsesian, M. A. Combined use of PDE5 inhibitors and nitrates in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension in patients with heart failure. J. Card. Fail. 15, 31-34 (2009).
123. Hunt, S. A. et al. 2009 focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2005 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. Circulation 119, e391-e479 (2009).
124. Verhaert, D. et al. Long-term reverse remodeling with cardiac resynchronization therapy: results of extended echocardiographic follow-up. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 55, 1788-1795 (2010).
125. Healey, J. S., Davies, R. A. & Tang, A. S. Improvement of apparently fixed pulmonary hypertension with cardiac resynchronization therapy. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 23, 650-652 (2004).
126. Bleeker, G. B. et al. Left ventricular dyssynchrony predicts right ventricular remodeling after cardiac resynchronization therapy. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 46, 2264-2269 (2005).
127. Shalaby, A., Voigt, A., El-Saed, A. & Saba, S. Usefulness of pulmonary artery pressure by echocardiography to predict outcome in patients receiving cardiac resynchronization therapy heart failure. Am. J. Cardiol. 101, 238-241 (2008).
128. Zimpfer, D. et al. Left ventricular assist devices decrease fixed pulmonary hypertension in cardiac transplant candidates. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 133, 689-695 (2007).
129. Etz, C. D. et al. Medically refractory pulmonary hypertension: treatment with nonpulsatile left ventricular assist devices. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 83, 1697-1705 (2007).