Observations of elevated convection initiation leading to a surface-based squall line during 13 June IHOP_2002

Monthly Weather Review

Volumn 139, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 247-271

  Marsham, John H ^a   Trier, Stanley B ^b   Weckwerth, Tammy M ^b   Wilson, James W ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

^b NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (United States)

Author keywords

Convection; Mesoscale systems; Radar observations; Squall lines

Indexed keywords

COLD POOL; CONVECTION; CONVERGENCE ZONES; DUAL-POLARIZATIONS; FREE CONVECTIONS; FRONTAL ZONES; LOCAL TIME; LOW LEVEL JET; MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEM; MESOSCALE SYSTEMS; NEAR-SURFACE; RADAR OBSERVATIONS; SQUALL LINES; STRUCTURE AND ORIENTATION; SURFACE DATA; SURFACE-BASED; WAVE TRAPPING;

DOPPLER RADAR; LAKES; RADAR;

STORMS;

ATMOSPHERIC CONVECTION; BOUNDARY LAYER; COLD POOL; DOPPLER RADAR; MESOSCALE METEOROLOGY; RADIOSONDE; SQUALL LINE; WAVE PROPAGATION;

GREAT PLAINS;

EID: 77958553649     PISSN: 00270644     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/2010MWR3422.1     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Augustine, J. A., and F. Caracena, 1994: Lower-tropospheric precursors to nocturnal MCS development over the central United States. Wea. Forecasting, 9, 116-135.
2. Bennett, L. J., K. A. Browning, A. M. Blyth, D. J. Parker, and P. A. Clark, 2006: A review of the initiation of precipitating convection in the United Kingdom. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 132, 1001-1020.
3. Bernardet, L. R., and W. R. Cotton, 1998: Multiscale evolution of a derecho-producing mesoscale convective system. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 2991-3015.
4. Bernardet, L. R., L. D. Grasso, J.E.Nachamkin,C.A. Finley, and W.R.Cotton, 2000: Simulating convective events using a high-resolution mesoscale model. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 14 963-14 982.
5. Blanchard, D. O., 1990: Mesoscale convective patterns of the southern high plains. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 71, 994-1005.
6. Brock, F. V., K. C. Crawford, R. L. Elliott, G. W. Cuperus, S. J. Stadler, H. L. Johnson, and M. D. Eilts, 1995: The Oklahoma mesonet: A technical overview. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 12, 5-19.
7. Browning, K. A., and Coauthors, 2007: The Convective Storm Initiation Project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 88, 1939-1955.
8. Browning, K. A., J. H. Marsham, J. C. Nicol, F. M. Perry, B. A. White, A. M. Blyth, and S. D. Mobbs, 2010: Observations of dual slantwise circulations above a cool undercurrent in a mesoscale convective system. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 136, 354-373.
9. Bryan, G. H., and M. L. Weisman, 2006: Mechanisms for the production of severe surface winds in a simulation of an elevated convective system. Preprints, 23rdConf. on SevereLocal Storms, St. Louis, MO, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 7.5. [Available online at http://ams.confex.com/ams/23SLS/techprogram/paper_115224.htm.]
10. Bryan, G. H., R. Rotunno, and J. M. Fritsch, 2007: Roll circulations in the convective region of a simulated squall line. J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 1249-1266.
11. Buzzi, A., M. Fantini, and G. Lippolis, 1991: Quasi-stationary organized convection in the presence of an inversion near the surface: Experiments with a 2-D numerical model. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 45, 75-86.
12. Carbone, R. E., J. W. Conway, N. A. Crook, and M. W. Moncrieff, 1990: The generation and propagation of a nocturnal squall line. Part I: Observations and implications for mesoscale predictability. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 26-49.
13. Champollion, C., C. Flamant, O. Bock, F. Masson, D. D. Turner, and T. Weckwerth, 2009: Mesoscale GPS tomography applied to the 12 June 2002 convective initiation event of IHOP_2002. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 135, 645-662.
14. Clarke, R. H., R. K. Smith, and D. G. Reid, 1981: The morning glory of the Gulf of Carpentaria: An atmospheric undular bore. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 1726-1750.
15. Colman, B. R., 1990: Thunderstorms above frontal surfaces in environments without positive CAPE. Part I: A climatology. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 1103-1121.
16. Corfidi, S. F., S. J. Corfidi, and D. M. Schultz, 2008: Elevated convection and castellanus: Ambiguities, significance, and questions. Wea. Forecasting, 23, 1280-1303.
17. Cotton, W. R., R. L. George, P. J. Wetzel, and R. L. McAnelly, 1983: A long-lived mesoscale convective complex. Part I: The mountain-generated component. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 1893-1918.
18. Cotton, W. R., M.-S. Lin, R. L. McAnelly, and C. J. Tremback, 1989: A composite model of mesoscale convective complexes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 765-783.
19. Crook, N. A., 1988: Trapping of low-level internal gravity waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1533-1541.
20. Crook, N. A., and M. W. Moncrieff, 1988: Effect of large-scale convergence on the generation and maintenance of deep moist convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 3606-3624.
21. Crum, T. D., R. L. Alberty, and D. W. Burgess, 1993: Recording, archiving and using WSR-88D data. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 74, 645-653.
22. Davis, C. A., K. W. Manning, R. E. Carbone, S. B. Trier, and J. D. Tuttle, 2003: Coherence of warm-season continental rainfall in numerical weather prediction models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131, 2667-2679.
23. Dudhia, J., M. W. Moncrieff, and D. K. W. So, 1987: The twodimensional dynamics of West African squall lines. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 113, 121-146.
24. Engerer, N. A., D. J. Stensrud, and M. C. Coniglio, 2008: Surface characteristics of observed cold pools. Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 4839-4849.
25. Fovell, R. G., 2005: Convective initiation ahead of the sea-breeze front. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 264-278.
26. Fovell, R. G., G. L. Mullendore, and S.-H. Kim, 2006: Discrete propagation in numerically simulated nocturnal squall lines. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 3735-3752.
27. French, A. J., and M. D. Parker, 2010: The response of simulated nocturnal convective systems to a developing low-level jet. J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 3384-3408.
28. Fujita, T., 1963: Analytical mesometeorology:Areview. SevereLocal Storms, Meteor. Monogr., No. 27, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77-125.
29. Glickman, T. S. Ed., 2000: Glossary of Meteorology. 2nd ed. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 855 pp.
30. Goff, R. C., 1976: Vertical structure of thunderstorm outflows. Mon. Wea. Rev., 104, 1429-1440.
31. Grim, J. A., R. M. Rauber, G. M. McFarquhar, and B. F. Jewett, 2009:Development and forcing of the rear inflowjet in a rapidly developing and decaying squall line during BAMEX. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 1206-1229.
32. Hane, C. E., J. A. Haynes, D. L. Andra, and F. H. Carr, 2008: The evolution of morning convective systems over the U.S. Great Plains during the warm season. Part II: A climatology and the influence of environmental factors. Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 929-944.
33. Horgan, K. L., D. M. Schultz, J. E. Hales Jr., S. F. Corfidi, and R. H. Johns, 2007: A five-year climatology of elevated severe convective storms in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. Wea. Forecasting, 22, 1031-1044.
34. Johnson, R.H., and P. J. Hamilton, 1988: The relationship of surface pressure features to the precipitation and airflow structure of an intensemidlatitude squall line.Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 1444-1473.
35. Kane, R. J., Jr., C. R. Chelius, and J. M. Fritsch, 1987: Precipitation characteristics of mesoscale convective weather systems. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 26, 1345-1357.
36. Klemp, J. B., R. Rotunno, and W. C. Skamarock, 1997: On the propagation of internal bores. J. Fluid Mech., 331, 81-106.
37. Knupp, K. R., 2006: Observational analysis of a gust front to bore to solitary wave transition within an evolving nocturnal boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 2016-2035.
38. Koch, S. E., and W. L. Clark, 1999: A nonclassical cold front observed during COPS-91: Frontal structure and the process of severe storm initiation. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 2862-2890.
39. Laing, A. G., and J. M. Fritsch, 2000: The large-scale environments of the global populations of mesoscale convective complexes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 2756-2776.
40. Lutz, J., P. Johnson, B. Lewis, E. Loew, M. Randall, and J. Van Andel, 1995: NCAR's S-Pol: Portable polarimetric S-band radar. Preprints, Ninth Symp. onMeteorological Observations and Instrumentation, Charlotte, NC, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 408-410.
41. Maddox, R. A., 1983: Large-scale meteorological conditions associated with midlatitude, mesoscale convective complexes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 1475-1493.
42. Mahoney, K. M., G. M. Lackmann, and M. D. Parker, 2009: The role of momentum transport in the motion of a quasi-idealized mesoscale convective system. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 3316-3338.
43. Marsham, J. H., and D. J. Parker, 2006: Secondary initiation of multiple bands of cumulonimbus over southern Britain. II: Dynamics of secondary initiation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 132, 1053-1072.
44. Marsham, J. H., C. J. Morcrette, K. A. Browning, A. M. Blyth, D. J. Parker, U. Corsmeier, N. Kalthoff, and M. Kohler, 2007a: Variable cirrus shading during CSIP IOP 5. I: Effects on convective initiation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 133, 1643-1660.
45. Marsham, J. H., and Coauthors, 2007b: Variable cirrus shading during CSIP IOP 5. II: Effects on the convective boundary layer. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 133, 1661-1675.
46. Marsham, J. H., K. A. Browning, J. C. Nicol, D. J. Parker, E. G. Norton, A. M. Blyth, U. Corsmeier, and F. M. Perry, 2010: Multisensor observations of a wave beneath an impacting rearinflow jet in an elevated mesoscale convective system. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 136, 1788-1812, doi:10.1002/qj.669.
47. McPherson, R. A., and Coauthors, 2007: Statewide monitoring of the mesoscale environment: A technical update on the Oklahoma Mesonet. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 24, 301-321.
48. Morcrette, C. J., K. A. Browning, A. M. Blyth, K. E. Bozier, P. A. Clark, D. Ladd, E. G. Norton, and E. Pavelin, 2006: Secondary initiation of multiple bands of cumulonimbus over southern Britain. I: An observational case-study. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 132, 1021-1051.
49. Nappo, C. J., 2002: An Introduction to Atmospheric Gravity Waves. International Geophysics Series, Vol. 85,Academic Press, 276 pp.
50. Parker, M. D., 2008: Response of simulated squall lines to low-level cooling. J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 1323-1341.
51. Rotunno, R., J. B. Klemp, and M. L. Weisman, 1988: A theory for strong, long-lived squall lines. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 463-485.
52. Schmidt, J. M., and W. R. Cotton, 1990: Interactions between upper and lower tropospheric gravity waves on squall line structure and maintenance. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 1205-1222.
53. Schumacher, R. S., 2009: Mechanisms for quasi-stationary behavior in simulated heavy-rain-producing convective systems. J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 1543-1568.
54. Schumacher, R. S., and R. H. Johnson, 2008: Mesoscale processes contributing to extreme rainfall in a midlatitude warm-season flash flood. Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 3964-3986.
55. Skamarock, W. C., M. L. Weisman, and J. B. Klemp, 1994: Threedimensional evolution of simulated long-lived squall lines. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2563-2584.
56. Stoelinga,M.T., J. D. Locatelli, R. D. Schwartz, and P. V. Hobbs, 2003: Is a cold pool necessary for the maintenance of a squall line produced by a cold front aloft? Mon. Wea. Rev., 131, 95-115.
57. Stumpf, G. J., R. H. Johnson, and B. F. Smull, 1991: The wake low in a midlatitude mesoscale convective system having complex convective organization. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 134-158.
58. Trapp, R. J., D. M. Schultz, A. V. Ryzhkov, and R. L. Holle, 2001: Multiscale structure and evolution of an Oklahoma winter precipitation event. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 486-501.
59. Trier, S. B., and D. B. Parsons, 1993: Evolution of environmental conditions preceding the development of a nocturnal mesoscale convective complex. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 1078-1098.
60. Trier, S. B., W. C. Skamarock, and M. A. LeMone, 1997: Structure and evolution of the 22 February TOGA COARE squall line: Organization mechanisms inferred from numerical simulation. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 386-407.
61. Trier, S. B., C. A. Davis, D. A. Ahijevych, M. L. Weisman, and G. H. Bryan, 2006: Mechanisms supporting long-lived episodes of propagating nocturnal convection within a 7-day WRF model simulation. J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 2437-2461.
62. Wallace, J. M., 1975: Diurnal variations in precipitation and thunderstorm frequency over the conterminous United States. Mon. Wea. Rev., 103, 406-419.
63. Weckwerth, T. M., and Coauthors, 2004: An overview of the International H2O Project (IHOP_2002) and some preliminary highlights. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 85, 253-277.
64. Weckwerth, T. M., H. V. Murphey, C. Flamant, J. Goldstein, and C. R. Pettet, 2008: An observational study of convection initiation on 12 June 2002 during IHOP_2002. Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 2283-2304.
65. Weisman, M. L., 1993: The genesis of severe long-lived bow echoes. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 645-670.
66. Wetzel, P. J., W. R. Cotton, and R. L. McAnelly, 1983: A longlived mesoscale convective complex. Part II: Evolution and structure of the mature complex. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 1919-1937.
67. Wilson, J. W., and R. D. Roberts, 2006: Summary of convective storm initiation and evolution during IHOP: Observational and modeling perspective. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 23-47.
68. Young, G. S., and J. M. Fritsch, 1989: A proposal for general conventions in analyses of mesoscale boundaries. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 70, 1412-1421.