Periodontal disease as a risk marker in coronary heart disease and chronic kidney disease

Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension

Volumn 19, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 519-526

  Fisher, Monica A ^a   Borgnakke, Wenche S ^b   Taylor, George W ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS SCHOOL OF MEDICINE WICHITA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN SCHOOL OF DENTISTRY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

chronic kidney disease; coronary heart disease; inflammation; periodontal disease

Indexed keywords

C REACTIVE PROTEIN;

ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BACTEREMIA; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE MARKER; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INFLAMMATION; INSULIN RESISTANCE; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; PERIODONTAL DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR;

BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; CHRONIC DISEASE; CORONARY DISEASE; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION MEDIATORS; KIDNEY DISEASES; PERIODONTAL DISEASES; PROGNOSIS; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 77958534176     PISSN: 10624821     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MNH.0b013e32833eda38     Document Type: Review

References (71)

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Heart disease facts and statistics: deaths: final data for 2006. http://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/statis- tics.htm. [Accessed 4 July 2010]
2. National Kidney Foundation: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). The facts about chronic kidney disease (CKD). http://www.kidney.org/kidneydisease/ckd/in-dex. cfm. [Accessed 5 June 2010]
3. Friedewald VE, Kornman KS, BeckJD, et al. Journal of Periodontology editors' consensus: periodontitis and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. J Per-iodontol 2009; 80:1021-1032
4. Friedewald VE, Kornman KS, Beck JD, et al. American Journal of Cardiology. Am J Cardiol 2009; 104:59-68.
5. Tonelli M, Pfeffer MA. Kidney disease and cardiovascular risk. Annu Rev Med 2007; 58:123-139.
6. Fisher MA, Taylor GW, Papapanou PN, et al. Clinical and serologic markers of periodontal infection and chronic kidney disease. J Periodontol 2008; 79:1670-1678.
7. Borrell LN, Papapanou PN. Analytical epidemiology of periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2005; 32 (Suppl 6):132-158.
8. Page RC, Eke PI. Case definitions for use in population-based surveillance of periodontitis. J Periodontol 2007; 78 (Suppl 7):1387-1399.
9. Fisher MA, Taylor GW, Tilashalski KR. Smokeless tobacco and severe active periodontal disease, NHANES III. J Dent Res 2005; 84:705-710.
10. Fisher MA, Taylor GW. A prediction model for chronic kidney disease includes periodontal disease. J Periodontol 2009; 80:16-23.
11. Soejima H, Oe Y, Nakayama H, et al. Periodontal status and Prevotella intermedia antibody in acute coronary syndrome. Int J Cardiol 2009; 137:304-306.
12. OffenbacherS, BarrosSP, Singer RE, et al. Periodontal disease at the biofilm-gingival interface. J Periodontol 2007; 78:1911-1925.
13. Dye BA, Herrera-Abreu M, Lerche-Sehm J, et al. Serum antibodies to peri-odontal bacteria as diagnostic markers of periodontitis. J Periodontol 2009; 80:634-647
14. Colombo AP, Sakellari D, Haffajee AD, et al. Serum antibodies reacting with subgingival species in refractory periodontitis subjects. J Clin Periodontol 1998; 25:596-604.
15. Dye BA, Choudhary K, Shea S, Papapanou PN. Serum antibodies to periodontal pathogens and markers of systemic inflammation. J Clin Periodontol 2005; 32:1189-1199.
16. Labarthe D. Epidemiology and prevention of cardiovascular disease: a global challenge. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers; 1998.
17. National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 39 (Suppl 1):S1-S266.
18. Last J. A dictionary of epidemiology, 4th ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2001.
19. Libby P, Ridker PM, Maseri A. Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Circulation 2002; 105:1135-1143.
20. Beck JD, Eke P, Lin D, et al. Association between IgG antibody to oral organisms and carotid intima-medial thickness in community-dwelling adults. Atherosclerosis 2005; 183:342-348.
21. Cengiz MI, Sumer P, Cengiz S, Yavuz U. The effect of the duration of the dialysis in hemodialysis patients on dental and periodontal findings. Oral Dis 2009; 15:336-341.
22. Taylor GW, Borgnakke WS. Periodontal disease: associations with diabetes, glycemic control and complications. Oral Dis 2008; 14:191-203.
23. Piconi S, Trabattoni D, Luraghi C, et al. Treatment of periodontal disease results in improvements in endothelial dysfunction and reduction of the carotid intima-media thickness. FASEB J 2009; 23:1196-1204.
24. Basile DP. The endothelial cell in ischemic acute kidney injury: implications for acute and chronic function. Kidney Int 2007; 72:151-156.
25. Go AS, Chertow GM, Fan D, et al. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. N Engl J Med 2004; 351:1296-1305.
26. Shlipak MG, Katz R, Kestenbaum B, et al. Clinical and subclinical cardiovas-cular disease and kidney function decline in the elderly. Atherosclerosis 2009; 204:298-303.
27. Haraszthy VI, Zambon JJ, Trevisan M, et al. Identification of periodontal pathogens in atheromatous plaques. J Periodontol 2000; 71:1554-1560.
28. Kozarov EV, Dorn BR, Shelburne CE, et al. Human atherosclerotic plaque contains viable invasive Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyr-omonas gingivalis. Arterioscl Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25:e17-e18.
29. Deshpande RG, Khan MB, Genco CA. Invasion of aortic and heart endothelial cells by Porphyromonas gingivalis. Infect Immun 1998; 66:5337-5343.
30. Dorn BR, Dunn WA Jr, Progulske-Fox A. Invasion of human coronary artery cells by periodontal pathogens. Infect Immun 1999; 67:5792-5798.
31. Tonetti MS, D'AiutoF, Nibali L, et al. Treatment of periodontitis and endothelial function. N Engl J Med 2007; 356:911-920.
32. Bohnstedt S, Cullinan MP, Ford PJ, et al. High antibody levels to P. gingivalis in cardiovascular disease. J Dent Res 2010; 89:938-942.
33. Holmlund A, Hedin M, Pussinen PJ, et al. Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) a possible link between impaired oral health and acute myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 2009 [Epub ahead of print]. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.10.034
34. Pussinen PJ, Nyyssonen K, Alfthan G, et al. Serum antibody levels to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans predict the risk for coronary heart disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25:833-838.
35. Kshirsagar AV, Offenbacher S, Moss KL, et al. Antibodies to periodontal organisms are associated with decreased kidney function: the dental atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Blood Purif 2007; 25:125-132.
36. Taylor GW, Borgnakke WS. Treatment of established complications: periodontal disease. In: Herman WH, Kinmouth AL, Wareham NJ, Williams R, editors. The evidence base in diabetes care, 2nd ed. Singapore: Wiley; 2010. pp. 291-316.
37. Simpson TC, Needleman I, Wild SH, et al. Treatment of periodontal disease for glycaemic control in people with diabetes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010:CD004714
38. Franjic B, Marwick TH. The diabetic, hypertensive heart: epidemiology and mechanisms of a very high-risk situation. J Hum Hypertens2009; 23:709-717.
39. D'Souza A, Hussain M, Howarth FC, et al. Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of accelerated atherosclerosis in the diabetic heart. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 331:89-116.
40. Donahue RP, Wu T. Insulin resistance and periodontal disease: an epidemiologic overview of research needs and future directions. Ann Periodontol 2001; 6:119-124.
41. Framingham Heart Study, a project of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Boston University: general cardiovascular disease risk score profile (10-year risk). http://www.framinghamheartstudy.org/risk/coronar-y.html. [Accessed 4 July 2010]
42. Fisher MA, Taylor GW, Shelton BJ, et al. Periodontal disease and other nontraditional risk factors for CKD. Am J Kidney Dis 2008; 51:45-52.
43. Ioannidou E, Shaqman M, Burleson J, Dongari-Bagtzoglou A. Periodontitis case definition affects the association with renal function in kidney transplant recipients. Oral Dis 2010 [Epub ahead of print]. doi: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2010. 01665.x
44. Desvarieux M, Demmer RT, Jacobs DR, et al. Periodontal bacteria and hypertension: the oral infections and vascular disease epidemiology study (INVEST). J Hypertens 2010; 28: 1413-1421.
45. Li X, Tse HF, Yiu KH, et al. Increased levels of circulating endothelial progenitor cells in subjects with moderate to severe chronic periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2009; 36:933-939.
46. Desvarieux M, Demmer RT, Rundek T, et al. Periodontal microbiota and carotid intima-media thickness: the oral infections and vascular disease epidemiology study (INVEST). Circulation 2005; 111:576-582.
47. Helfand M, Buckley DI, Freeman M, et al. Emerging risk factors for coronary heart disease: a summary of systematic reviews conducted for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2009; 151:496-507.
48. Buckley DI, Fu R, Freeman M, et al. C-reactive protein as a risk factor for coronary heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analyses for he U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2009; 151:483-495.
49. Offenbacher S, Beck JD, Moss K, et al. Results from the Periodontitis and Vascular Events (PAVE) Study: a pilot multicentered, RCT to study effects of periodontal therapy in a secondary prevention model of cardiovascular disease. J Periodontol 2009; 80:190-201
50. Tonelli M, Sacks F, Pfeffer M, et al. Biomarkers of inflammation and progression of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2005; 68:237-245.
51. Fox ER, Benjamin EJ, Sarpong DF, et al. The relation of C-reactive protein to chronic kidney disease in African Americans: the Jackson Heart Study. BMC Nephrol 2010; 11:1. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2369/11/1. [Accessed 4 July 2010]
52. Fox ER, Benjamin EJ, Sarpong DF, et al. Epidemiology, heritability, and genetic linkage of C-reactive protein in African Americans (from the Jackson Heart Study). Am J Cardiol 2008; 102:835-841.
53. Paraskevas S, Huizinga JD, Loos BG. A systematic review and meta-analyses on C-reactive protein in relation to periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2008; 35:277-290.
54. Vidal F, Figueredo CM, Cordovil I, Fischer RG. Periodontal therapy reduces plasma levels of interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and fibrinogen in patients with severe periodontitis and refractory arterial hypertension. J Periodontol 2009; 80:786-791.
55. De Oliveira C, Watt R, Hamer M. Toothbrushing, inflammation, and risk of cardiovascular disease: results from Scottish Health Survey. BMJ 2010; 340:c2451. http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/340/may27-1/c2451. [Accessed 4 July 2010]
56. Buhlin K, Hultin M, Norderyd O, et al. Risk factors for atherosclerosis in cases with severe periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2009; 36:541-549.
57. Kshirsagar AV, Craig RG, Moss KL, et al. Periodontal disease adversely affects the survival of patients with end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int 2009; 75:746-751.
58. Kshirsagar AV, Craig RG, Beck JD, et al. Severe periodontitis is associated with low serum albumin among patients on maintenance hemodialysis ther apy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 2:239-244.
59. Behle JH, Sedaghatfar MH, Demmer RT, et al. Heterogeneity of systemic inflammatory responses to periodontal therapy. J Clin Periodontol 2009; 36:287-294.
60. National Center for Health Statistics. Deaths and Mortality (Data are for the U.S.): Number of deaths for leading causes of death; Source: Deaths: Final Data for 2006, tables B, D, 7, 30. 2009. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/ deaths.htm. [Accessed 9 June 2010]
61. Smith SC Jr. Current and future directions of cardiovascular risk prediction. Am J Cardiol 2006; 97 (2 Suppl 1):28-32.
62. Schaefer AS, Richter GM, Groessner-Schreiber B, et al. Identification of a shared genetic susceptibility locus for coronary heart disease and peri odontitis. PLoS Genetics 2009; 5:e1000378.
63. Humphrey LL, Fu R, Buckley DI, et al. Periodontal disease and coronary heart disease incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med 2008; 23:2079-2086.
64. Joshipura K, Zevallos JC, Ritchie CS. Strength of evidence relating peri-odontal disease and atherosclerotic disease. Compend Contin Educ Dent 2009; 30:430-439.
65. Blaizot A, Vergnes JN, Nuwwareh S, et al. Periodontal diseases and cardio-vascular events: meta-analysis of observational studies. Int Dent J 2009; 59:197-209.
66. Stenman U, Wennstrom A, Ahlqwist M, et al. Association between periodontal disease and ischemic heart disease among Swedish women; a cross-sec tional study. Acta Odontol Scand 2009; 67:193-199.
67. Holmlund A, Holm G, Lind L Number of teeth as a predictor of cardiovascular mortality in a cohort of 7,674 subjects followed for 12 years. J Periodontol 2010; 81:870-876.
68. Dorn JM, Genco RJ, Grossi SG, et al. Periodontal disease and recurrent cardiovascular events in survivors of myocardial infarction (MI): the Western New York Acute MI Study. J Periodontol 2010; 814:502-505.
69. Renvert S, Ohlsson O, Pettersson T, Persson GR. Periodontitis: a future risk for acute coronary syndrome? a follow-up study over 3 years. J Periodontol 2010; 81:992-1000.
70. Oe Y, Soejima H, Nakayama H, et al. Significant association between score of periodontal disease and coronary artery disease. Heart Vessels 2009; 24:103-107.
71. Shultis WA, Weil EJ, Looker HC, et al. Effect of periodontitis on overt nephropathy and end-stage renal disease in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007; 30:306-311.