Prognostic factors in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia

Current Hematologic Malignancy Reports

Volumn 5, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 200-206

  Radhi, Mohamed ^a   Meshinchi, Soheil ^b   Gamis, Alan ^a  

^a CHILDREN S MERCY HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center   (United States)

Author keywords

AML; Children; Cytogenetics; Molecular; Prognosis; Response

Indexed keywords

FLT3 LIGAND; NUCLEOPHOSMIN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; WT1 PROTEIN;

ACUTE GRANULOCYTIC LEUKEMIA; CANCER RISK; CHILDHOOD LEUKEMIA; CYTOGENETICS; DISEASE COURSE; GENE MUTATION; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; ONCOGENE C KIT; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR;

AGE FACTORS; BODY MASS INDEX; CHILD; CYTOGENETICS; HUMANS; LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACUTE; POLYMORPHISM, GENETIC; PROGNOSIS; RISK FACTORS; SEX FACTORS; TUMOR MARKERS, BIOLOGICAL;

EID: 77958499209     PISSN: 15588211     EISSN: 1558822X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11899-010-0060-z     Document Type: Review

References (49)

1. G De Angulo C Yuen SL Palla, et al. 2008 Absolute lymphocyte count is a novel prognostic indicator in ALL and AML: implications for risk stratification and future studies Cancer 112 407 415 10.1002/cncr.23168 18058809
2. S De Botton V Coiteux S Chevret, et al. 2004 Outcome of childhood acute promyelocytic leukemia with all-trans-retinoic acid and chemotherapy J Clin Oncol 22 1404 1412 10.1200/JCO.2004.09.008 15084614 (Pubitemid 41103622)
3. AS Gamis WG Woods TA Alonzo, et al. 2003 Increased age at diagnosis has a significantly negative effect on outcome in children with Down syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia: a report from the Children's Cancer Group Study 2891 J Clin Oncol 21 3415 3422 10.1200/JCO.2003.08.060 12885836 (Pubitemid 46594074)
4. GJ Kaspers CM Zwaan 2007 Pediatric acute myeloid leukemia: towards high-quality cure of all patients Haematologica| 92 11 1519 1532 10.3324/haematol.11203 18024401 (Pubitemid 350144128)
5. S Meshinchi RJ Arceci 2007 Prognostic factors and risk-based therapy in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia Oncologist 12 341 355 10.1634/theoncologist.12- 3-341 17405900 (Pubitemid 46562369)
6. U Creutzig J Ritter H Riehm, et al. 1985 Improved treatment results in childhood acute myelogenous leukemia: a report of the German Cooperative Study AML-BFM-78 Blood 65 298 304 1:STN:280:DyaL2M%2FpvVWksQ%3D%3D 3881140
7. BJ Lange FO Smith J Feusner, et al. 2008 Outcomes in CCG-2961, a Children's Oncology Group phase 3 trial for untreated pediatric acute myeloid leukemia: a report from the Children's Oncology Group Blood 111 1044 1053 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhvFejsb4%3D 10.1182/blood-2007-04-084293 18000167 (Pubitemid 351213382)
8. R Aplenc TA Alonzo RB Gerbing, et al. 2006 Ethnicity and survival in childhood acute myeloid leukemia: a report from the Children's Oncology Group Blood 108 74 80 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XmsVOmtLo%3D 10.1182/blood-2005-10-4004 16537811 (Pubitemid 43990614)
9. JE Rubnitz S Lensing BI Razzouk, et al. 2007 Effect of race on outcome of white and black children with acute myeloid leukemia: the St Jude experience. Pediatr Blood Cancer 48 10 15 10.1002/pbc.20878 (Pubitemid 44871586)
10. SM Davies LL Robison JD Buckley, et al. 2001 Glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms and outcome of chemotherapy in childhood acute myeloid leukemia J Clin Oncol 19 5 1279 1287 11230469
11. F Damm M Heuser M Morgan, et al. 2010 Single nucleotide polymorphism in the mutational hotspot of WT1 predicts a favorable outcome in patients with cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia J Clin Oncol 28 578 585 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXisVGgtb8%3D 10.1200/JCO.2009.23.0342 20038731
12. BJ Lange RB Gerbing J Feusner, et al. 2005 Mortality in overweight and underweight children with acute myeloid leukemia JAMA 293 203 211 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXktVyqsA%3D%3D 10.1001/jama.293.2.203 15644547 (Pubitemid 40095871)
13. JM Chessells CJ Harrison H Kempski, et al. 2002 Clinical features, cytogenetics and outcome in acute lymphoblastic and myeloid leukaemia of infancy: report from the MRC Childhood Leukaemia Working Party Leukemia 16 776 784 1:STN:280:DC%2BD383kslGhuw%3D%3D 10.1038/sj.leu.2402468 11986937 (Pubitemid 34537548)
14. BD Cheson JM Bennett KJ Kopecky, et al. 2003 Revised recommendations of the International Working Group for Diagnosis, Standardization of Response Criteria, Treatment Outcomes, and Reporting Standards for Therapeutic Trials in Acute Myeloid Leukemia J Clin Oncol 21 4642 4649 10.1200/JCO.2003.04.036 14673054 (Pubitemid 46594039)
15. EL Sievers BJ Lange TA Alonzo, et al. 2003 Immunophenotypic evidence of leukemia after induction therapy predicts relapse: results from a prospective Children's Cancer Group study of 252 patients with acute myeloid leukemia Blood 101 3398 3406 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXjs1aqs7g%3D 10.1182/blood-2002-10-3064 12506020 (Pubitemid 36857920)
16. Grimwade D, Hills RK: Independent prognostic factors for AML outcome. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2009, 385-395.
17. K Wheatley AK Burnett AH Goldstone, et al. 1999 A simple, robust, validated and highly predictive index for the determination of risk-directed therapy in acute myeloid leukaemia derived from the MRC AML 10 trial. United Kingdom Medical Research Council's Adult and Childhood Leukaemia Working Parties Br J Haematol 107 69 79 1:STN:280:DyaK1MvltV2ntw%3D%3D 10.1046/j.1365-2141. 1999.01684.x 10520026 (Pubitemid 29500811)
18. MA Elliott MR Litzow LL Letendre, et al. 2007 Early peripheral blood blast clearance during induction chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia predicts superior relapse-free survival Blood 110 4172 4174 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD1cXotFyh 10.1182/blood-2007-07-104091 17909077 (Pubitemid 351377779)
19. RJ Wells DC Arthur A Srivastava, et al. 2002 Prognostic variables in newly diagnosed children and adolescents with acute myeloid leukemia: Children's Cancer Group Study 213 Leukemia 16 601 607 1:STN:280:DC%2BD383isVKiug%3D%3D 10.1038/sj.leu.2402390 11960339
20. E Coustan-Smith RC Ribeiro JE Rubnitz, et al. 2003 Clinical significance of residual disease during treatment in childhood acute myeloid leukaemia Br J Haematol 123 243 252 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04610.x 14531905 (Pubitemid 37305058)
21. C Langebrake U Creutzig M Dworzak, et al. 2006 Residual disease monitoring in childhood acute myeloid leukemia by multiparameter flow cytometry: the MRD-AML-BFM Study Group J Clin Oncol 24 3686 3692 10.1200/JCO.2005.05.4312 16877738 (Pubitemid 46630545)
22. • Meshinchi S, Alonzo T, Gerbing RB, et al.: Minimal residual disease detection by four-color multidimensional flow cytometry identifies pediatric AML patients at high risk of relapse [abstract]. Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts) 2007, 110:Abstract 1429. Four-color flow MRD is now being considered as an important method that will significantly change our future risk stratification and how we manage AML.
23. L Maurillo F Buccisano MI Del Principe, et al. 2008 Toward optimization of postremission therapy for residual disease-positive patients with acute myeloid leukemia J Clin Oncol 26 4944 4951 10.1200/JCO.2007.15.9814 18606980
24. I Avivi JM Rowe 2005 Prognostic factors in acute myeloid leukemia Curr Opin Hematol 12 62 67 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXotFequg%3D%3D 10.1097/01.moh. 0000148760.15412.df 15604893 (Pubitemid 40189241)
25. D Grimwade H Walker F Oliver, et al. 1998 The importance of diagnostic cytogenetics on outcome in AML: analysis of 1, 612 patients entered into the MRC AML 10 trial. The Medical Research Council Adult and Children's Leukaemia Working Parties Blood 92 2322 2333 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXmsVKnsrw%3D 9746770
26. IM Hann DK Webb BE Gibson, et al. 2004 MRC trials in childhood acute myeloid leukaemia Ann Hematol 83 Suppl 1 S108 S112 15124698
27. H Hasle TA Alonzo A Auvrignon, et al. 2007 Monosomy 7 and deletion 7q in children and adolescents with acute myeloid leukemia: an international retrospective study Blood 109 4641 4647 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXmt1OgtL4%3D 10.1182/blood-2006-10-051342 17299091 (Pubitemid 46827753)
28. B Löwenberg JR Downing A Burnett 1999 Acute myeloid leukemia N Engl J Med 341 1051 1062 10.1056/NEJM199909303411407 10502596 (Pubitemid 29451802)
29. DA Breems WL Van Putten GE De Greef, et al. 2008 Monosomal karyotype in acute myeloid leukemia: a better indicator of poor prognosis than a complex karyotype J Clin Oncol 26 4791 4797 10.1200/JCO.2008.16.0259 18695255
30. SC Raimondi MN Chang Y Ravindranath, et al. 1999 Chromosomal abnormalities in 478 children with acute myeloid leukemia: clinical characteristics and treatment outcome in a Cooperative Pediatric Oncology Group Study-POG 8821 Blood 94 11 3707 3716 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXnslykt7c%3D 10572083
31. BV Balgobind SC Raimondi J Harbott, et al. 2009 Novel prognostic subgroups in childhood 11q23/MLL-rearranged acute myeloid leukemia: results of an international retrospective study Blood 114 12 2489 2496 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD1MXht1Wktr3O 10.1182/blood-2009-04-215152 19528532 This paper emphasizes our evolving knowledge of cytogenetics and molecular genetics and how these risk factors are better delineated through large cooperative studies.
32. U Bacher C Haferlach W Kern, et al. 2008 Prognostic relevance of FLT3-TKD mutations in AML: the combination matters-an analysis of 3082 patients Blood 111 5 2527 2537 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXivFaktrc%3D 10.1182/blood-2007-05-091215 17965322
33. K Mrozek G Marcucci P Paschka, et al. 2007 Clinical relevance of mutations and gene-expression changes in adult acute myeloid leukemia with normal cytogenetics: Are we ready for a prognostically prioritized molecular classification? Blood 109 431 448 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXivVykur8%3D 10.1182/blood-2006-06-001149 16960150 (Pubitemid 46105936)
34. S Meshinchi TA Alonzo DL Stirewalt, et al. 2006 Clinical implications of FLT3 mutations in pediatric AML Blood 108 3654 3661 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xht1Kgs77L 10.1182/blood-2006-03-009233 16912228 (Pubitemid 44864541)
35. RM Stone 2009 Prognostic factors in AML in relation to (ab)normal karyotype Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 22 523 528 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhsFagsb3M 10.1016/j.beha.2009.07.003 19959103
36. IH Hollink CM Zwaan M Zimmermann, et al. 2009 Favorable prognostic impact of NPM1 gene mutations in childhood acute myeloid leukemia, with emphasis on cytogenetically normal AML Leukemia 23 2 262 270 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhs1Omu7s%3D 10.1038/leu.2008.313 19020547
37. CA Schiffer 2008 Molecular characterization of AML: a significant advance or just another prognostic factor? Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 21 621 628 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhsVeks7fK 10.1016/j.beha.2008.08.006 19041601
38. S Frohling RF Schlenk I Stolze, et al. 2004 CEBPA mutations in younger adults with acute myeloid leukemia and normal cytogenetics: prognostic relevance and analysis of cooperating mutations J Clin Oncol 22 624 633 10.1200/JCO.2004.06.060 14726504 (Pubitemid 41095065)
39. G Marcucci K Mrozek AS Ruppert, et al. 2005 Prognostic factors and outcome of core binding factor acute myeloid leukemia patients with t(8;21) differ from those of patients with inv(16): a Cancer and Leukemia Group B study J Clin Oncol 23 5705 5717 10.1200/JCO.2005.15.610 16110030
40. PA Ho TA Alonzo RB Gerbing, et al. 2009 Prevalence and prognostic implications of CEBPA mutations in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML): a report from the Children's Oncology Group Blood 113 6558 6566 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXotlWrurc%3D 10.1182/blood-2008-10-184747 19304957
41. SA Noronha JE Farrar TA Alonzo, et al. 2009 WT1 expression at diagnosis does not predict survival in pediatric AML Pediatr Blood Cancer 53 1136 1139 10.1002/pbc.22142 19618455
42. P Paschka G Marcucci AS Ruppert, et al. 2008 Wilms' tumor 1 gene mutations independently predict poor outcome in adults with cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia: a Cancer and Leukemia Group B study J Clin Oncol 26 4595 4602 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXht1KqtLfJ 10.1200/JCO.2007.15.2058 18559874
43. VI Gaidzik RF Schlenk S Moschny, et al. 2009 Prognostic impact of WT1 mutations in cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia: a study of the German-Austrian AML Study Group Blood 113 19 4505 4511 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD1MXnvVyqtLc%3D 10.1182/blood-2008-10-183392 19221039
44. Pollard JA, Zeng R, Ho P, et al.: Prevalence and prognostic implications of WT1 mutations in pediatric AML: a report from Children's Oncology Group [abstract]. Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts) 2008, 112:Abstract 143.
45. R Cairoli A Beghini G Grillo, et al. 2006 Prognostic impact of c-KIT mutations in core binding factor leukemias: an Italian retrospective study Blood 107 3463 3468 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xkt1Git7Y%3D 10.1182/blood-2005-09-3640 16384925
46. A Shimada T Taki K Tabuchi, et al. 2006 KIT mutations, and not FLT3 internal tandem duplication, are strongly associated with a poor prognosis in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia with t(8;21): a study of the Japanese Childhood AML Cooperative Study Group Blood 107 1806 1809 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XitFyht7c%3D 10.1182/blood-2005-08-3408 16291592 (Pubitemid 43289357)
47. P Paschka G Marcucci AS Ruppert, et al. 2006 Adverse prognostic significance of KIT mutations in adult acute myeloid leukemia with inv(16) and t(8;21): a Cancer and Leukemia Group B Study J Clin Oncol 24 3904 3911 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xps1SitrY%3D 10.1200/JCO.2006.06.9500 16921041 (Pubitemid 46630738)
48. Paschka P, Du J, Schlenk RF, et al.: Type and number of secondary molecular lesions improve outcome prediction in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with inv(16) or t(16;16): a study of the German-Austrian AML Study Group (AMLSG) [abstract]. Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts) 2009, 114:Abstract 824.
49. JA Pollard TA Alonzo RB Gerbing 2010 Prevalence and prognostic significance of KIT mutations in pediatric patients with core binding factor AML enrolled on serial pediatric cooperative trials for de novo AML Blood 115 12 2372 2379 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXktlOkurY%3D 10.1182/blood-2009-09-241075 20056794 These data emphasize that one needs to validate initial findings (ie, they need to be generalizable to pediatric patients and they need to be reproducible) before incorporating them into stratification and therapeutic decisions.