Perceptions of Self-Employment Among Mid-Career Executives in the People's Republic of China

Journal of Career Assessment

Volumn 18, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 393-408

  Singh, Gangaram ^a   Saghafi, Massoud ^a   Ehrlich, Sanford ^a   de Noble, Alex ^a  

^a SAN DIEGO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

China; entrepreneurship; international entrepreneurship; personality; self employment

Indexed keywords

EID: 77958496965     PISSN: 10690727     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1069072710374579     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Ahlstrom, D., & Bruton, G.D. (2002). An institutional perspective on the role of culture in shaping strategic actions by technology-focused entrepreneurial firms in China. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26, 53-68.
2. Ajzen, I. (1987). Attitudes, traits, and actions: Dispositional prediction of behavior in social psychology. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 20, 1-63.
3. Anderson, A., Li, J., Harrison, R., & Robson, P. (2003). The increasing role of business in the Chinese economy. Journal of Small Business Management, 41, 310-316.
4. Ardichvili, A., Cardozo, R., & Ray, S. (2003). A theory of entrepreneurial opportunity identification and development. Journal of Business Venturing, 18, 105-123.
5. Bandura, A. (1986). The social foundations of thought and actions. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
6. Baron, R. (2002). Psychological perspectives on entrepreneurship: Cognitive and social factors in entrepreneurs' success. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9, 15-18.
7. Bates, T. (1995). Self-employment entry across industry groups. Journal of Business Venturing, 10, 143-156.
8. Becker, G. (1964). Human Capital. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
9. Bird, B. (1988). Implementing entrepreneurial ideas: The case for intention. Academy of Management Review, 13, 442-453.
10. Boyd, N.G., & Vozikis, G.S. (1994). The influences of self-efficacy on the development of entrepreneurial intentions and actions. Entrepreneurial Theory and Practice, 18, 63-90.
11. Brislin, R.W. (1986). The wording and translation of research instruments. In W. J. Lonner & J. W. Berry (Eds), Field methods in cross-cultural research and methodology series (pp. 137-164). Beverly Hills, CA: SAGE.
12. Brockhaus, R., & Horwitz, P. (1986). The psychology of the entreneur. In D. Sexton & R. Smilor (Eds), The art and science of entrepreneurship (pp. 25-48). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
13. Burt, R. (1992). Structural holes: The social structure of competition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
14. Butler, J., Brown, B., & Chamornmarn, W. (2003). Informational networks, entrepreneurial action and performance. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 20, 151-165.
15. Ciavarella, M.A., Bucholtz, A.K., Riordan, C.M., Gatewood, R.D., & Stokes, G.S. (2004). The Big Five and venture survival: Is there a linkage? Journal of Business Venturing, 19, 465-483.
16. Cooper, A.C., & Dunkelberg, W.C. (1986). Entrepreneurship and paths to business ownership. Strategic Management Journal, 7, 53-68.
17. Costa, P., & McCrae, R. (1992). Four ways five factors are basic. Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 653-665.
18. Costa, P., McCrae, R., & Holland, J. (1984). Personality and vocational interest in an adult sample. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69, 390-400.
19. Crant, J.M. (1996). The proactive personality scale as a predictor of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Small Business Management, 34, 42-50.
20. Davidsson, P., & Honig, B. (2003). The role of social and human capital among nascent entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 18, 301-331.
21. Dyer, W.G., Jr., & Handler, W. (1994). Entrepreneurship and family business: Exploring the connections. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 19, 71-83.
22. Erikson, T. (2002). Entrepreneurial capital: The emerging venture's most important asset and competitive advantage. Journal of Business Venturing, 17, 275-290.
23. Financial Times. (2004). Self-employment eases market strain.
24. Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
25. Gartner, W. (1988). Who is an entrepreneur? Is the wrong question. American Journal of Small Business, 12, 11-32.
26. Gartner, W., Bird, B., & Starr, J. (1992). Acting as if: Differentiating entrepreneurial from organizational behavior. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 16, 13-31.
27. Gartner, W.B. (1985). A conceptual framework for describing the phenomenon of new venture creation. Academy of Management Review, 10, 696-706.
28. Goldberg, L. (1990). An alternative "description of personality": The Big Five factor structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 1216-1229.
29. Greve, A., & Salaff, J.W. (2003). Social networks and entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28, 1-22.
30. Jang, K., Livesley, W., & Vernon, P. (1996). Heritability of the Big Five Personality dimensions and their facets: A twin study. Journal of Personality, 64, 577-591.
31. Jenkins, M., & Johnson, G. (1997). Entrepreneurial intentions and outcomes: A comparative causal mapping study. Journal of Management Studies, 34, 895-920.
32. Johnson, B. 1990. Toward a multidimensional model of entrepreneurship: The case of achievement motivation and entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 14(3): 39-54.
33. Judge, T., & Higgins, C. (1999). The Big Five Personality traits, general mental ability, and career success across the life span. Personnel Psychology, 52, 621-654.
34. Kim, M., & Hunter, J. (1993). Relationships among attitudes, intentions, and behavior. Communication Research, 20, 331-364.
35. Krueger, N. (1993). The impact of prior entrepreneurial exposure on perceptions of new venture feasibility and desirability. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18, 5-21.
36. Krueger, N., & Dickson, P. (1994). How believing in ourselves increases risk-taking: Perceived self-efficacy and opportunity recognition. Decision Sciences, 25, 385-400.
37. Krueger, N.F. (1999). The cognitive infrastructure of opportunity emergence (Working paper). Bozeman, MT: National Council of Independent Scholars.
38. Le, N., Venkatesh, S., & Nguyen, T. (2006). Getting bank financing: A study of Vietnamese private firms. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 23, 209-227.
39. Li, Y., Sun, Y., & Liu, Y. (2006). An empirical study of SOEs' market orientation in transitional China. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 23, 93-113.
40. McClelland, David (1961). The Achieving Society, Princeton, New Jersey: D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc.
41. McCrae, R., & Costa, P. (1997). Personality trait structure as a human universal. American Psychologist, 52, 509-516.
42. Mount, M., & Barrick, M. (1995). The Big Five Personality dimensions: Implications for research and practice in human resources management. In G. R. Ferris (Ed.), Research in personnel and human resources management (Vol. 13, pp. 153-200). Greenwich CT: JAI Press.
43. Nunnally, J. (1978). Psychometric theory. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
44. Peng, Y. (2004). Kinship networks and entrepreneurs in China's transitional economy. The American Journal of Sociology, 109, 1045-1074.
45. Reynolds, P., Bygrave, W., & Autio, E. (2003). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. Kansas City, MO: Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation.
46. Robinson, R., Stimpson, D., Huefner, J., & Hunt, H. (1991). An attitude approach to the prediction of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 15, 13-31.
47. Salgado, J. (1997). The five factor model of personality and job performance in the European Community. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 30-43.
48. Saucier, G. (1994). Mini-markers: A brief version of Goldberg's unipolar Big Five markers. Journal of Personality Assessment, 63, 506-516.
49. Scherer, R.F., Adams, J.S., Carley, S.S., & Wiebe, F.A. (1989). Role model performance effects on development of entrepreneurial career preference. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 13, 53-71.
50. Shaver, K., & Scott, L. (1991). Person, process, choice: The psychology of new venture creation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 16, 23-45.
51. Singh, G., & DeNoble, A.F. (2003a). Early retirees as the next generation of entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 27, 207-226.
52. Singh, G., & DeNoble, A.F. (2003b). Views on self-employment and personality: An exploratory study. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 8, 265-281.
53. Stevenson, H., Roberts, M., & Grousbeck, H. (1985). New business ventures and the entrepreneur. Homewood, IL: Irwin.
54. Theng, L., & Boon, J. (1996). An exploratory study of factors affecting the failure of local small and medium enterprises. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 13, 47-61.
55. Watson, W., Stewart, W., Jr., & BarNir, A. (2003). The effects of human capital, organizational demography, and interpersonal processes on venture partner perceptions of firm profit and growth. Journal of Business Venturing, 18, 145-164.
56. Zhao, H., & Seibert, S. (2006). The Big Five Personality dimensions and entrepreneurial status: A meta-analytical review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 259-271.
57. Zhao, H., Seibert, S., & Hills, G. (2005). The moderating role of self-efficacy in the development of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 1265-1272.