Entrepreneurial intentions and outcomes: A comparative causal mapping study

Journal of Management Studies

Volumn 34, Issue 6, 1997, Pages 895-920

  Jenkins, Mark ^a   Johnson, Gerry ^b  

^a CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0031280951     PISSN: 00222380     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1467-6486.00077     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. ACKERMANN, F. (1992). Graphics COPE User Guide. Strategic Decision Support Research Unit, Strathclyde University.
2. ASTLEY, G. W. and VAN DE VEN, A. H. (1983.) 'Central perspectives and debates in orgnization theory'. Administrative Science Quarterly, 28, 245-73.
3. BAKER, W. H., ADDAMS, H. L. and DAVIS, B. (1993). 'Business planning in successful small firms'. Long Range Planning, 26, 6, 82-8.
4. BECHHOFER, F., ELLIOTT, B. and RUSHFORTH, M. (1971a). 'The market situation of small shopkeepers'. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 18, 161-80.
5. BECHHOFER, F., ELLIOTT, B., RUSCHFORTH, M. and BLAND, R. (1971b). 'Small shopkeepers: matters of money and meaning'. The Sociological Review, 22, 4, 465-82.
6. BENNETT, D. and HALL, D. (1991). 'Customer commitment: the recipe for success'. Paper presented at the Small Business and Small Business Development Conference. University of Nottingham, April.
7. BERELSON, B. (1954). 'Content analysis'. In Lindzey, G. (Ed.), Handbook of Social Psychology, 1, 488-522.
8. BIRD, B. (1988). 'Implementing entrepreneurial ideas: the case of intention'. Academy of Management Review, 13, 3, 442-53.
9. BOLTON, J. E. (1971). Report of the Committee of Inquiry on Small Firms. London: HMSO.
10. BOSWORTH, D. and JACOBS, C. (1989). 'Management attitudes, behaviour, and abilities as barriers to growth'. In Barber, J., Metcalfe J. S. and Porteous, M. (Eds), Barriers to Growth in Small Firms. London: Routledge, 20-38.
11. BOUGON, M. G., BAIRD, N., KOMOCAR, J. M. and ROSS, W. (1990). 'Identifying strategic loops: the self-Q interviews'. In Huff, A. S. (Ed.), Mapping Strategic Thought. Chichester: John Wiley, 327-54.
12. BRACKER, J. S. (1982). 'Planning and financial performance among small entrepreneurial firms: and industry study'. Unpublished PhD thesis: Georgia State University, College of Business Administration.
13. BROCKHAUS, R. H. and HORWITZ, P. S. (1986). 'The psychology of the entrepreneur'. In Sexton, D. L. and Smilor, R. W. (Eds), The Art and Science of Entrepreneurship. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 25-48.
14. CARLAND, J. W. (1982). 'Entrepreneurship in a small business setting: an exploratory study'. Unpublished PhD thesis: University of Georgia.
15. CARLAND, J. W., HOY, F., BOULTON, W. R. and CARLAND, J. A. C. (1984). 'Differentiating entrepreneurs from small business owners: a conceptualization'. Academy of Management Review, 9, 354-9.
16. CHANDLER, G. N. and HANKS, S. H. (1993). 'Measuring the performance of emerging businesses: a validation study'. Journal of Business Venturing, 8, 1-18.
17. CHELL, E. and HAWORTH, J. M. (1992). 'A typology of business owners and their orientation toward growth'. In Caley, K., Chell, E., Chittenden, F. and Mason, C. (Eds), Small Enterprise Development: Policy and Practice in Action. London: Paul Chapman, 96-105.
18. CHELL, E., HAWORTH, J. M. and BREARLY, S. A. (1991). The Entrepreneurial Personality: Concepts, Cases and Categories. London & New York: Routledge.
19. CHURCHILL, N. C. and LEWIS, V. L. (1983). 'The five stages of small business growth'. Harvard Business Review, 61, 3, 30-50.
20. CONANT, J. S., MOKWA, M. P. and VARADARAJAN, P. R. (1990). 'Strategic types, distinctive marketing competencies and organizational performance: a multiple measures based study'. Strategic Management Journal, 11, 365-83.
21. COSETTE, P. and AUDET, M. (1992). 'Mapping of an idiosyncratic schema'. Journal of Management Studies, 29, 3, 309-48.
22. COVIN, J. G., SLEVIN, D. P. and COVIN, T. J. (1990). 'Content and performance of growth-seeking strategies: a comparison of small firms in high-and low-technology industries'. Journal of Business Venturing, 5, 6, 391-412.
23. CUNNINGHAM, J. B. and LISCHERON, J. (1991). 'Defining entrepreneurship'. Journal of Small Business Management, 29, 1, 45-61.
24. CURRAN, J., JARVIS, R., BLACKBURN, R. and BLACK, S. (1994). 'Networks and small firms: constructs, methodological strategies and some findings'. International Small Business Journal, 11, 2, 13-25.
25. CURRY, B, and GEORGE, K. D. (1983). 'Industrial concentration: a survey'. Journal of Industrial Economics, March.
26. d'AMBOISE, G. and MULDOWNEY, M. (1988). 'Management theory for small business: attempts and requirements'. Academy of Management Review, 13, 2, 226-40.
27. DAVIDSSON, P. (1991). 'Continued entrepreneurship: ability, need and opportunity as determinants of small firm growth'. In Davies, L. G. and Gibb, A. A. (Eds), Recent Research in Entrepreneurship. Aldershot, Avebury, 205-29.
28. DENNIS, G. (Ed.) (1993). Annual Abstract of Statistics: 1993, No. 129. Central Statistical Office, London: HMSO.
29. DENZIN, N. K. (1989). The Research Act: A Theoretical Introduction to Sociological Methods (3rd edn). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
30. DESS, G. G. and ROBINSON, R. B. (1986). 'Measuring organizational performance in the absence of objective measures: the case of the privately held firm and conglomerate business unit'. Strategic Management Journal, 5, 265-74.
31. DIFFLEY, J. H. (1982). 'A study of women business owners and the importance of selected entrepreneurial competencies related to educational programmes'. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Oklahoma.
32. DOYLE, P., SHAW, V. and WONG, V. (1993). 'International competition in the UK machine tool market'. Proceedings of the 1993 Annual MEG Conference: Emerging Issues in Marketing, 1, 256-65.
33. EATWELL, J. (1971). 'Growth, profitability and size: the empirical evidence'. In Marris, R. and Woods, A. (Eds), The Corporate Economy. London: Macmillan.
34. EDEN, C. (1988). 'Cognitive mapping'. European Journal of Operational Research, 36, 1-13.
35. EDEN, C., ACKERMANN, F. and CROPPER, S. (1992). 'The analysis of cause maps'. Journal of Management Studies, 29, 3, 309-24.
36. GARTNER, W. B. (1990). 'What are we talking about when we talk about entrepreneurship?'. Journal of Business Venturing, 5, 15-28.
37. GIBB, A. and DAVIES, L. (1990). 'In pursuit of frameworks for the development of growth models of the small business'. International Small Business Journal, 9, 1, 15-31.
38. GIBB, A. and SCOTT, M. (1985). 'Strategic awareness, personal commitment and the process of planning in the small business'. Journal of Management Studies, 22, 6, 597-631.
39. GINSBERG, A. and BUCHHOLTZ, A. (1989). 'Are entrepreneurs a breed apart? A look at the evidence'. Journal of General Management, 15, 2, 32-40.
40. GLASER, B. G. and STRAUSS, A. L. (1967). The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
41. GOWER, J. C. and ROSS, G. J. S. (1969). 'Minimum spanning trees and single linkage cluster analysis'. Applied Statistics, 18, 56-64.
42. GRANT, R. M. (1991). Contemporary Strategy Analysis: Concepts, Techniques, Applications. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
43. GRAY, C. (1992). 'Growth-orientation and the small firm'. In Caley, K., Chell, E., Chittenden, F. and Mason, C. (Eds), Small Enterprise Development: Policy and Practice in Action. London: Paul Chapman Publishing, 59-71.
44. GRAY, C. (1993). 'Personal objectives, management style and business success in small firms'. Paper presented at the BAM Annual Conference, Milton Keynes 20-22 September.
45. GREENE, J. and D'OLIVEIRA, M. (1982). Learning to Use Statistical Tests in Psychology. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
46. GREINER, L. E. (1972). 'Evolution and revolution as organizations grow'. Harvard Business Review, July-August, 37-46.
47. HANNAN, M. T. and FREEMAN, J. H. (1988). Organizational Ecology. Boston, MA: Harvard University Press.
48. HORNADAY, R. W. (1990). 'Dropping the E-words from small business research: an alternative typology'. Journal of Small Business Management, 28, 4, October, 22-33.
49. HUFF, A. S. (1990). 'Mapping strategic thought'. In Huff, A. S. (Ed.), Mapping Strategic Thought. Chichester: John Wiley, 11-49.
50. HUFF, A. S., NARAPAREDDY, V. and FLETCHER, K. E. (1990). 'Coding the causal association of concepts'. In Huff, A. S. (Ed.), Mapping Strategic Thought. Chichester: John Wiley, 311-26.
51. IBRAHIM, A. B. and GOODWIN, J. R. (1986). 'Perceived causes of success in small business'. American Journal of Small Business, 10, 2, 41-9.
52. KATZ, D. and KAHN, R. L. (1978). The Social Psychology of Organizations. New York: John Wiley.
53. KOHLI, A. K. and JAWORSKI, B. J. (1990). 'Market orientation: the construct, research propositions, and managerial implications'. Journal of Marketing, 54, 1-18.
54. LAFUENTE, A. and SALAS, V. (1989). 'Types of entrepreneurs and firms: the case of new Spanish firms'. Strategic Management Journal, 10, 17-30.
55. LESSNER, M. and KNAPP, R. R. (1974). 'Self-actualization and entrepreneurial orientation among small business owners: a validation study of the POI'. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 34, 455-60.
56. LOW, M. B. and MACMILLAN, I. C. (1988). 'Entrepreneurship: past research and future challenges'. Journal of Management, 14, 2, 139-61.
57. MCCLELLAND, D. C. (1987). 'Characteristics of successful entrepreneurs'. Journal of Creative Behaviour, 21, 3, 219-33.
58. MINTZBERG, H. (1978). 'Patterns in strategy formation'. Management Science, 24, 9, 934-48.
59. MINTZBERG, H. (1987). 'The strategy concept 1: five Ps for strategy'. California Management Review, Fall, 11-24.
60. MINTZBERG, H. and WATERS, J. A. (1985). 'Of strategies deliberate and emergent'. Strategic Management Journal, 6, 3, 257-72.
61. PENROSE, E. T. (1959). The Theory of the Growth of the Firm. Oxford: Blackwell.
62. PORAC, J. F. and THOMAS, H. (1994). 'Cognitive categorization and subjective rivalry among retailers in a small city'. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 1, 54-66.
63. PORAC, J. F., THOMAS, H. and EMME, B. (1987). 'Knowing the competition; the mental models of retailing strategists'. In Johnson, G. (Ed.), Business Strategy and Retailing. Chichester: John Wiley.
64. PORAC, J. F., THOMAS, H. and BADEN-FULLER, C. (1989). 'Competitive groups as cognitive communities: the case of Scottish knitwear manufacturers'. Journal of Management Studies, 26, 4, 397-416.
65. REGER, R. K. (1990). 'Managerial thought structures and competitive positioning'. In Huff, A. S. (Ed.), Mapping Strategic Thought. Chichester: John Wiley, 71-88.
66. REYNOLDS, T. J. and GUTMAN, J. (1984). 'Laddering: extending the repertory grid methodology to construct attribute-consequence-value hierarchies'. In Pitts, R. E. and Woodside, A. G. (Eds), Personal Values and Consumer Psychology. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 155-67.
67. REYNOLDS, T. J. and GUTMAN, J. (1988). 'Laddering theory: method, analysis and interpretation'. Journal of Advertising Research, February/March, 11-31.
68. RICHIE, J., EVERSLEY, J. and GIBB, A. (1982). 'Aspirations and motivations of would-be entrepreneurs'. In Webb, T., Quince, T. and Watkins, D. (Eds), Small Business Research. Aldershot, Gower.
69. ROBINSON, R. B. and PEARCE, J. A. (1984). 'Research thrusts in small firm strategic planning'. Academy of Management Review, 9, 128-37.
70. SCHERER, F. M. (1984). Innovation and Growth: Schumpeterian Perspectives. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
71. SCHUMPETER, J. A. (1934). The Theory of Economic Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
72. SENGE, P. M. (1990). The Fifth Discipline. New York: Doubleday.
73. SILVERMAN, D. (1989). 'Telling convincing stories: a plea for cautious positivism in case studies'. In Glassner, B. and Moreno, J. D. (Eds), The Qualitative-Quantitative Distinction in the Social Sciences. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishing, 57-77.
74. SMITH, N. R. and MINER, J. B. (1983). 'Type of entrepreneur, type of firm, and managerial motivation: implications for organizational life cycle theory'. Strategic Management Journal, 4, 325-40.
75. STANWORTH, M. J. K. and CURRAN, J. (1976). 'Growth and the small firm: an alternative view'. Journal of Management Studies, 13, 95-110.
76. STANWORTH, M. J. K. and GRAY, C. (1991). Bolton 20 Years On: the Small Firm in the 1990's. London: Paul Chapman.
77. STOREY, D. J. and STRANGE, A. (1991). Entrepreneurship in Cleveland 1979-1989: A Study of the Effects of the Enterprise Culture. Coventry, Warwickshire: Centre for Small and Medium Sized Enterprises, Warwick Business School.
78. STOREY, D. J., WATSON, R. and WYNARCZYK, P. (1989). Fast Growth Small Businesses: Case Studies of 40 Small Firms in North East England. Research Paper No. 67. London: Department of Employment.
79. TANDON, R. (1989). 'Style differences between successful and unsuccessful entrepreneurs using the KAI inventory'. Unpublished paper, Bloomington, MN: College of St Thomas.
80. THOMAS, J. B., CLARK, S. M. and GIOIA, D. A. (1993). 'Strategic sensemaking and organizational performance: linkages among scanning, interpretation, actions and outcomes'. Academy of Management Journal, 36, 2, 239-70.
81. TIMMONS, J. A. (1989). The Entrepreneurial Mind. Andover, MA: Brick House Publishing.
82. WEICK, K. E. (1979). The Social Pychology of Organizing, (2nd edition). New York: Random House.
83. WRIGHTSON, M. T. (1976). 'The documentary coding method'. In Axelrod, R. (Ed.), Structure of Decision: The Cognitive Maps of Political Elites. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 291-332.