Have the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system perturbations in cardiovascular disease been exhausted?

Current Cardiology Reports

Volumn 12, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 450-463

  Mansur, Sulaf J ^c   Hage, Fadi G ^a,b   Oparil, Suzanne ^a  

^a University of Alabama at Birmingham and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center   (United States)

^b BIRMINGHAM VA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c Jefferson Clinic PC   (United States)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular disease; Heart failure; Hypertension; Nephropathy; Renin angiotensin system

Indexed keywords

ALDOSTERONE; ALISKIREN; ANGIOTENSIN 1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANGIOTENSIN II; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CANDESARTAN; CAPTOPRIL; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; ENALAPRIL; EPLERENONE; IRBESARTAN; LISINOPRIL; LOSARTAN; MINERALOCORTICOID ANTAGONIST; PLACEBO; RAMIPRIL; RENIN INHIBITOR; SPIRONOLACTONE; TELMISARTAN; VALSARTAN;

ACUTE HEART INFARCTION; ADD ON THERAPY; ALBUMINURIA; ALDOSTERONE RELEASE; BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG DOSE TITRATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; HEART FAILURE; HEART INFARCTION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE FAILURE; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HEART PROTECTION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; MICROALBUMINURIA; MONOTHERAPY; PHARMACOLOGICAL BLOCKING; PROTEINURIA; RECOMMENDED DRUG DOSE; RENAL PROTECTION; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; SYSTOLIC DYSFUNCTION; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT;

ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKERS; ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; HEART FAILURE; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; KIDNEY FAILURE, CHRONIC; RECEPTORS, MINERALOCORTICOID; RENIN; RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM;

EID: 77958480852     PISSN: 15233782     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11886-010-0140-7     Document Type: Review

References (58)

1. E Pimenta S Oparil 2009 Role of aliskiren in cardio-renal protection and use in hypertensives with multiple risk factors Ther Clin Risk Manag 5 459 464 19707255
2. G Nguyen F Delarue C Burckle, et al. 2002 Pivotal role of the renin/prorenin receptor in angiotensin II production and cellular responses to renin J Clin Invest 109 1417 1427 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XktlWlu78%3D 12045255
3. S Johar AC Cave A Narayanapanicker, et al. 2006 Aldosterone mediates angiotensin II-induced interstitial cardiac fibrosis via a Nox2-containing NADPH oxidase FASEB J 20 1546 1548 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XmvV2htrw%3D 10.1096/fj.05-4642fje 16720735 (Pubitemid 44943825)
4. Q Che MJ Schreiber Jr 2009 Rafey MA: Beta-blockers for hypertension: are they going out of style? Cleve Clinic J Med 76 533 542 10.3949/ccjm.76a.09030
5. R Candido KA Jandeleit-Dahm Z Cao, et al. 2002 Prevention of accelerated atherosclerosis by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in diabetic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice Circulation 106 246 253 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD38XmtFWmtr0%3D 10.1161/01.CIR.0000021122.63813.32 12105166 (Pubitemid 34761307)
6. WB Strawn MC Chappell RH Dean, et al. 2000 Inhibition of early atherogenesis by losartan in monkeys with diet-induced hypercholesterolemia Circulation 101 1586 1593 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXivVyhtro%3D 10747353
7. CT Stier Jr K Mahboubi VA DiPippo, et al. 1992 The antiproteinuric action of enalapril in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats is unrelated to alterations in urinary prostaglandins J Pharmacol Exp Ther 260 1410 1415 1:CAS:528:DyaK38XhvVOktLc%3D 1545401
8. K Hanif HK Bid R Konwar 2010 Reinventing the ACE inhibitors: some old and new implications of ACE inhibition Hypertens Res 33 11 21 1:CAS:528: DC%2BC3cXpt1yi 10.1038/hr.2009.184 19911001
9. RE Schmieder P Martus A Klingbeil 1996 Reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy in essential hypertension. A meta-analysis of randomized double-blind studies JAMA 275 1507 1513 1:STN:280:DyaK283gvVKktQ%3D%3D 10.1001/jama.275.19.1507 8622227 (Pubitemid 26140765)
10. S Yusuf P Sleight J Pogue, et al. 2000 Effects of an angiotensin- converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 342 145 153 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c%2Fpt1emug%3D%3D (Pubitemid 30051645)
11. S Yusuf K Teo C Anderson, et al. 2008 Effects of the angiotensin-receptor blocker telmisartan on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients intolerant to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: a randomised controlled trial Lancet 372 1174 1183 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1cnmvFOgtA%3D%3D 10.1016/S0140-6736(08) 61193-9 18757085
12. S Yusuf KK Teo J Pogue, et al. 2008 Telmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular events N Engl J Med 358 1547 1559 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXksF2isLs%3D 10.1056/NEJMoa0801317 18378520 (Pubitemid 351522739)
13. KK Gaddam E Pimenta S Husain DA Calhoun 2009 Aldosterone and cardiovascular disease Current Probl Cardiol 34 51 84 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2008. 10.002
14. E Pimenta S Oparil 2008 Renin inhibitors: novel agents for renoprotection or a better angiotensin receptor blocker for blood pressure lowering? Cardiol Clin 26 527 535 10.1016/j.ccl.2008.06.003 18929229
15. MA Weber TD Giles 2006 Inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system to prevent cardiovascular diseases: do we need a more comprehensive strategy? Rev Cardiovasc Med 7 45 54 10.2459/01.JCM.0000199787.45940.68 16915123 (Pubitemid 44132815)
16. AH van den Meiracker 1992 Man in 't Veld AJ, Admiraal PJ, et al.: Partial escape of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition during prolonged ACE inhibitor treatment: does it exist and does it affect the antihypertensive response? J Hypertens 10 803 812 1325513
17. V Mooser J Nussberger L Juillerat, et al. 1990 Reactive hyperreninemia is a major determinant of plasma angiotensin II during ACE inhibition J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 15 276 282 1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXptFGguw%3D%3D 10.1097/00005344-199002000- 00015 1689424
18. AS Bomback PJ Klemmer 2007 The incidence and implications of aldosterone breakthrough Nat Clin Pract 3 486 492 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtVKgtr7O 10.1038/ncpneph0575 (Pubitemid 47313030)
19. AS Bomback R Toto 2009 Dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: beyond the ACE inhibitor and angiotensin-II receptor blocker combination American journal of hypertension 22 1032 1040 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD1MXhtFGqt7fE 10.1038/ajh.2009.138 19661925
20. Y Uresin AA Taylor C Kilo, et al. 2007 Efficacy and safety of the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren and ramipril alone or in combination in patients with diabetes and hypertension J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 8 190 198 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhs1yqsLY%3D 10.3317/jraas.2007.028 18205098 (Pubitemid 351166266)
21. DL Feldman L Jin H Xuan, et al. 2008 Effects of aliskiren on blood pressure, albuminuria, and (pro)renin receptor expression in diabetic TG(mRen-2)27 rats Hypertension 52 130 136 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXntVaisL0%3D 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.108845 18490518
22. DA Calhoun D Jones S Textor, et al. 2008 Resistant hypertension: diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Professional Education Committee of the Council for High Blood Pressure Research Circulation 117 e510 e526 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.189141 18574054
23. DS Wald M Law JK Morris, et al. 2009 Combination therapy versus monotherapy in reducing blood pressure: meta-analysis on 11, 000 participants from 42 trials Am J Med 122 290 300 10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.09.038 19272490
24. TW Doulton FJ He GA MacGregor 2005 Systematic review of combined angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and angiotensin receptor blockade in hypertension Hypertension 45 880 886 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXjtlymu7o%3D 10.1161/01.HYP.0000161880.59963.da 15809363 (Pubitemid 40628932)
25. NH Andersen PL Poulsen ST Knudsen, et al. 2005 Long-term dual blockade with candesartan and lisinopril in hypertensive patients with diabetes: the CALM II study Diabetes Care 28 273 277 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhsFOms78%3D 10.2337/diacare.28.2.273 15677778 (Pubitemid 40170925)
26. I Petrovic D Petrovic N Vukovic, et al. 2005 Ventricular and vascular remodelling effects of the angiotensin II receptor blocker telmisartan and/or the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor ramipril in hypertensive patients J Int Med Res 33 Suppl 1 39A 49A 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtFequ7jL 16222899
27. NR Campbell J Kaczorowski RZ Lewanczuk, et al. 2010 Canadian Hypertension Education Program (CHEP) recommendations: the scientific summary - an update of the 2010 theme and the science behind new CHEP recommendations Can J Cardiol 26 236 240 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXnslamurc%3D 20485687
28. Mancia G, Laurent S, Agabiti-Rosei E, et al.: Reappraisal of European guidelines on hypertension management: a European Society of Hypertension Task Force document. J Hypertens 2009 Oct 15 [Epub ahead of print].
29. J Nussberger G Wuerzner C Jensen HR Brunner 2002 Angiotensin II suppression in humans by the orally active renin inhibitor Aliskiren (SPP100): comparison with enalapril Hypertension 39 E1 E8 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XpvVyktA%3D%3D 10.1161/hy0102.102293 11799102
30. M Azizi J Menard A Bissery, et al. 2004 Pharmacologic demonstration of the synergistic effects of a combination of the renin inhibitor aliskiren and the AT1 receptor antagonist valsartan on the angiotensin II-renin feedback interruption J Am Soc Nephrol 15 3126 3133 10.1097/01.ASN.0000146686.35541.29 15579516 (Pubitemid 39578845)
31. S Oparil SA Yarows S Patel, et al. 2007 Efficacy and safety of combined use of aliskiren and valsartan in patients with hypertension: a randomised, double-blind trial Lancet 370 221 229 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXnvF2gsrc%3D 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61124-6 17658393 (Pubitemid 47069535)
32. JL Pool RE Schmieder M Azizi, et al. 2007 Aliskiren, an orally effective renin inhibitor, provides antihypertensive efficacy alone and in combination with valsartan Am J Hypertens 20 11 20 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhsFGjsA%3D%3D 10.1016/j.amjhyper.2006.06.003 17198906 (Pubitemid 46014059)
33. SG Chrysant AV Murray UC Hoppe, et al. 2008 Long-term safety, tolerability and efficacy of aliskiren in combination with valsartan in patients with hypertension: a 6-month interim analysis Curr Med Res Opin 24 1039 1047 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXmsVWgtbg%3D 10.1185/030079908X280581 18307835 (Pubitemid 351579161)
34. MK Nishizaka MA Zaman DA Calhoun 2003 Efficacy of low-dose spironolactone in subjects with resistant hypertension Am J Hypertens 16 11 Pt 1 925 930 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXot1Omsbk%3D 10.1016/S0895-7061(03)01032-X 14573330 (Pubitemid 37315491)
35. N Chapman J Dobson S Wilson, et al. 2007 Effect of spironolactone on blood pressure in subjects with resistant hypertension Hypertension 49 839 845 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXivVamt78%3D 10.1161/01.HYP.0000259805.18468.8c 17309946 (Pubitemid 351664214)
36. F de Souza E Muxfeldt R Fiszman G Salles 2010 Efficacy of spironolactone therapy in patients with true resistant hypertension Hypertension 55 147 152 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.140988 19858405
37. MA Pfeffer JJ McMurray EJ Velazquez, et al. 2003 Valsartan, captopril, or both in myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, or both N Engl J Med 349 1893 1906 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXptVGnuro%3D 10.1056/NEJMoa032292 14610160 (Pubitemid 37409706)
38. SD Solomon H Skali NS Anavekar, et al. 2005 Changes in ventricular size and function in patients treated with valsartan, captopril, or both after myocardial infarction Circulation 111 3411 3419 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXlsVyjs70%3D 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.508093 15967846 (Pubitemid 40923394)
39. SD Solomon E Appelbaum WJ Manning, et al. 2009 Effect of the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren, the angiotensin receptor blocker losartan, or both on left ventricular mass in patients with hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy Circulation 119 530 537 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXpt1eksA%3D%3D 10.1161/ CIRCULATIONAHA.108.826214 19153265
40. B Pitt W Remme F Zannad, et al. 2003 Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction N Engl J Med 348 1309 1321 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXis1ehurY%3D 10.1056/NEJMoa030207 12668699 (Pubitemid 36384098)
41. SA Hunt WT Abraham MH Chin, et al. 2009 2009 Focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2005 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Developed in Collaboration With the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation J Am Coll Cardiol 53 e1 e90 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.11.013 19358937
42. RS McKelvie S Yusuf D Pericak, et al. 1999 Comparison of candesartan, enalapril, and their combination in congestive heart failure: randomized evaluation of strategies for left ventricular dysfunction (RESOLVD) pilot study The RESOLVD Pilot Study Investigators. Circulation 100 1056 1064 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXmt1Whs7w%3D
43. JJ McMurray J Ostergren K Swedberg, et al. 2003 Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function taking angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Added trial Lancet 362 767 771 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXntVGktLo%3D 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14283-3 13678869 (Pubitemid 37093916)
44. JN Cohn G Tognoni 2001 A randomized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure N Engl J Med 345 1667 1675 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXovFKjtLc%3D 10.1056/NEJMoa010713 11759645 (Pubitemid 33126822)
45. JJ McMurray B Pitt R Latini, et al. 2008 Effects of the oral direct renin inhibitor aliskiren in patients with symptomatic heart failure Circ Heart Fail 1 17 24 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXosFGnsLY%3D 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.107.740704 19808266
46. B Pitt F Zannad WJ Remme, et al. 1999 The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators N Engl J Med 341 709 717 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXmtVyrurk%3D 10.1056/NEJM199909023411001 10471456 (Pubitemid 29407370)
47. Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI): K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines on hypertension and antihypertensive agents in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2004, 43(5 Suppl 1):S1-S290.
48. G Fernandez-Juarez V Barrio SG de Vinuesa, et al. 2006 Dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin system in the progression of renal disease: the need for more clinical trials J Am Soc Nephrol 17 12 Suppl 3 S250 S254 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtlCntLrP 10.1681/ASN.2006080922 17130270 (Pubitemid 44865257)
49. CE Mogensen S Neldam I Tikkanen, et al. 2000 Randomised controlled trial of dual blockade of renin-angiotensin system in patients with hypertension, microalbuminuria, and non-insulin dependent diabetes: the candesartan and lisinopril microalbuminuria (CALM) study BMJ 321 1440 1444 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD3MXjsFCkuw%3D%3D 10.1136/bmj.321.7274.1440 11110735
50. R Kunz C Friedrich M Wolbers JF Mann 2008 Meta-analysis: effect of monotherapy and combination therapy with inhibitors of the renin angiotensin system on proteinuria in renal disease Ann Intern Med 148 30 48 17984482
51. JF Mann RE Schmieder M McQueen, et al. 2008 Renal outcomes with telmisartan, ramipril, or both, in people at high vascular risk (the ONTARGET study): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, controlled trial Lancet 372 547 553 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXpvFKgsLs%3D 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61236-2 18707986
52. GL Bakris L Ruilope F Locatelli, et al. 2007 Treatment of microalbuminuria in hypertensive subjects with elevated cardiovascular risk: results of the IMPROVE trial Kidney Int 72 879 885 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtVKhs7rL 10.1038/sj.ki.5002455 17667984 (Pubitemid 47462081)
53. HH Parving F Persson JB Lewis, et al. 2008 Aliskiren combined with losartan in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy N Engl J Med 358 2433 2446 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXmvFKmtLY%3D 10.1056/NEJMoa0708379 18525041 (Pubitemid 351793017)
54. SD Navaneethan SU Nigwekar AR Sehgal GF Strippoli 2009 Aldosterone antagonists for preventing the progression of chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 4 542 551 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXktFKis78%3D 10.2215/CJN.04750908 19261819
55. HH Parving BM Brenner JJ McMurray, et al. 2009 Aliskiren Trial in Type 2 Diabetes Using Cardio-Renal Endpoints (ALTITUDE): rationale and study design Nephrol Dial Transplant 24 1663 1671 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXkvFKjsLs%3D 10.1093/ndt/gfn721 19145003
56. H Krum H Nolly D Workman, et al. 2002 Efficacy of eplerenone added to renin-angiotensin blockade in hypertensive patients Hypertension 40 117 123 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XmtF2ktL4%3D 10.1161/01.HYP.0000025146.19104.FE 12154100 (Pubitemid 34840085)
57. F Persson P Rossing H Reinhard, et al. 2009 Renal effects of aliskiren compared with and in combination with irbesartan in patients with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and albuminuria Diabetes Care 32 1873 1879 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtlehs7nL 10.2337/dc09-0168 19587362
58. LF Fried W Duckworth JH Zhang, et al. 2009 Design of combination angiotensin receptor blocker and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor for treatment of diabetic nephropathy (VA NEPHRON-D) Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 4 361 368 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXjslagur8%3D 10.2215/CJN.03350708 19118120