Nursing role in the pharmaceutical life cycle

Nursing Administration Quarterly

Volumn 34, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 297-305

  Becker, Julie ^a   Méndez Quigley, Teresa ^a   Phillips, Maureen ^b  

^a Women's Health and Environmental Network   (United States)

^b Nurses Work Group   (United States)

Author keywords

disposal practices; environment; pharmaceutical; water

Indexed keywords

DRUG; PRESCRIPTION DRUG;

ARTICLE; CHEMISTRY; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; GREEN CHEMISTRY; HUMAN; METABOLISM; METHODOLOGY; NURSE ATTITUDE; WATER MANAGEMENT; WATER POLLUTION; WATER SUPPLY;

ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; GREEN CHEMISTRY TECHNOLOGY; HUMANS; NURSE'S ROLE; PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS; PRESCRIPTION DRUGS; WATER POLLUTION, CHEMICAL; WATER PURIFICATION; WATER SUPPLY;

EID: 77958086725     PISSN: 03639568     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/NAQ.0b013e3181f5640a     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Celiz MD, Tso J, Aga DS. Pharmaceutical metabolites in the environment: analytical challenges and ecological risks. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2009;28(12):2473-2484.
2. Donn J, Mendoza M, Pritchard J. Pharmaceuticals found lurking in U. S. drinking water. Associated Press. March 9, 2008. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/ 23503485/. Accessed April 1, 2009.
3. Donn J, Mendoza M, Pritchard J. Studies find factories release pharmaceuticals. Associated Press. April 19, 2009. http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/ 20090419/aponreus/pharmawaterfactoriesresearch/print. Accessed April 20, 2009.
4. Daughton CG, Ruhoy IS. The afterlife of drugs and the role of pharmecovigilance. Drug Saf. 2008;31(12):1069-1082.
5. Fick J, Soderstrom H, Lindberg RH, Chau P, Tysklind M, Larsson DGJ. Contaminants of surface, ground and drinking water from pharmaceutical production. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2009;28(12):2522-2527.
6. Gunnarsson L, Kristiansson E, Rutgersson C, et al. Pharmaceutical industry effluent diluted 1:500 affects global gene expression, cytochrome P4501A activity and plasma phosphate in fish [published online ahead of print July 20, 2009]. Environ Toxicol Chem.
7. Jones OAH, Voulvoulis N, Lester JN. Aquatic environmental assessment of the top 25 English prescription pharmaceuticals. Water Res. 2002;36:5013-5022.
8. Bolonga N, Ismail AF, Salim MF, Matsuur M. A review of the effects of emerging contaminants in wastewater and options for their removal. Desalination. 2009;239:229-246.
9. Khetan SK, Collins TJ. Human pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment: a challenge to green chemistry. Chem Rev. 2007;107:2319-2364.
10. Koschorreck J, Hickmann S. European developments in environmental risk assessment of pharmaceuticals. In: Klaus Kümmerer, ed. Pharmaceuticals in the Environment. 3rd ed. Germany: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2008:323-334.
11. Kolpin DW, Furlong ET, Meyer MT, et al. Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in U. S. streams, 1999-2000: a national reconnaissance. Environ Sci Technol. 2002;36:1202-1211.
12. Ferrari B, Paxeus N, Lo Giudice R, Pollio A, Garric J. Ecotoxicological impact of pharmaceuticals found in treated wastewaters: study of carbamazepine, clofibric acid, and diclofenac. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2003;55:359-359.
13. World Health Organization. Antimicrobial resistance. http://www.who.int/ mediacentre/factsheets/fs194/en/. Published 2002. Accessed December 13, 2009.
14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/ drugresistance/healthcare/problem.htm. Accessed December 13, 2009.
15. Purdom IFH, Randall GLP. Natural and anthropogenic environmental oestrogens: the scientific basis for risk assessment-principles of risk assessment. Pure Appl Chem. 1998;70(9):1671-1683.
16. Larsson DGJ, Adolfsson-Erici M, Parkkonen J, Pettersson M, Berg AH, Olsson P-E. Ethinyloestradiol-an undesired fish contraceptive? Aquat Toxicol. 1999;45:91-97.
17. Löffler D, Römbke J, Meller M, Ternes TA. Environmental fate of pharmaceuticals in water-sediment systems. Environ Sci Technol. 2005;39(14):5209-5218.
18. Scheytt T, Mersmann P, Leidig M, Pekdeger A, Heberer T. Transport of pharmaceutically active compounds in saturated laboratory columns. Ground Water. 2004;42(5):767-773.
19. Scheytt TJ, Mersmann P, Heberer T. Mobility of pharmaceuticals carbamazepine, diclofenac, ibuprofen, and propyphenazone in miscible displacement experiments. J Contam Hydrol. 2006;83:53-69.
20. Tixier C, Singer HP, Oellers S, Müller SR. Occurrence and fate of carbamazepine, clofibric acid, diclofenac, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and naproxen in surface waters. Environ Sci Technol. 2003;37(6):1061-1068.
21. Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America. http://www.phrma.org/about phrma/. Accessed October 13, 2009.
22. Finan DS, Garamone MD, Jahnke J. An evaluation of unused medicine disposal options on wastewater treatment plant influents. Paper presented at: Fourth Annual Unused Drug Return Conference.
23. Buzby M. Pharmaceuticals in the environment: PhRMA PIE perspective. http://www.dtsc.ca.gov/AssessingRisk/PPCP/upload/04 Buzby.pdf. Published 2007.
24. US Food and Drug Administration. http://www.fda. gov/Drugs/ DevelopmentApprovalProcess/How DrugsareDevelopedandApproved/Approval Applications/NewDrugApplicationNDA/default.htm. Accessed October 30, 2009.
25. 42 USC §4371, et seq.
26. 42 USC §25.31 (b).
27. 21 CFR §25.10 (2008).
28. Henderson RK, Kindervater J, Julie M. Lessons learned through measuring green chemistry performance-the pharmaceutical experience. Published 2007. http://portal.acs.org/portal/fileFetch/C/CTP 005585/pdf/CTP 005585.pdf.
29. Langford KH, Thomas KV. Determination of pharmaceutical compounds in hospital effluents and their contribution to wastewater treatment works. Environ Int. 2009;35:766-770.
30. NHS Sustainable Development Unit. Saving Carbon, Improving Health. Cambridge: Victoria House; 2009.
31. Daughton CG. Cradle-to-cradle stewardship of drugs for minimizing their environmental disposition while promoting human health part I: rationale for and avenues toward a green pharmacy. Environ Health Perspect. 2003;111(5):757-774.
32. The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Prescription drug trends fact sheet. http://www.kff.org/rxdrugs/upload/3057 07.pdf. Published September 2008. Accessed December 2009.
33. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Health Statistics. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2009-2010). Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed February 2, 2010.
34. Becker J. The State of Breast Cancer: 1992-2007. Ardmore, PA: Living Beyond Breast Cancer; 2007.
35. Boxall ABA. The environmental side effects of medication: how are human and veterinary medicines in soils and water bodies affecting human and environmental health? EMBO Rep. 2004;12:1110-1116. http://www.nature.com/embor/ journal/v5/n12/full/7400307.html. Accessed July 14, 2008.
36. Bound JP, Voulvoulis N. Pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment-a comparison of risk assessment strategies. Chemosphere. 2004;56:1143-1155.
37. The National Association of Clean Water Agencies. http://www.dep. state.fl.us/waste/quick topics/publications/shw/meds/NACWA-PPCPWhitePaper 1105.pdf. Published November 2005. Accessed March 4, 2010.
38. Kuspis DA, Krenzelok EP. What happens to expired medications? A survey of community medicine disposal. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1996;38:48-49.
39. Ruhoy IS, Daughton CG. Types and quantities of leftover drugs entering the environment via disposal to sewage-revealed by coroner records. Sci Total Environ. 2007;388(1-3):137-148. http://epa.gov/nerlesd1/bios/daughton/SOTE2007. pdf.
40. Daughton CG, Ruhoy IS. Environmental footprint of pharmaceuticals: the significance of factors beyond direct excretion to sewers. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2009;28(12):2495-2521.
41. Kostich MS, Lazorchek JM. Risks to aquatic organisms posed by human pharmaceutical use. Sci Total Environ. 2008;289(2-3):329-339.
42. Tauxe-Wuersch A, De Alencastro LF, Grandjean D, Tarradellas J. Occurrence of several acidic drugs in sewage treatment plants in Switzerland and risk assessment. Water Res. 2005;39:1761-1772.
43. Kimura K, Hara H, Watanabe Y. Removal of pharmaceutical compounds by submerged membrane bioreactors (MBRs). Desalination. 2005;178:135-140.
44. Lee H-B, Sarafin K, Peart TE, Svoboda ML. Acidic pharmaceuticals in sewage-methodology, stability test, occurrence, and removal from Ontario samples. Water Qual Res J Can. 2004;38(4):667-682.
45. Lindqvist N, Tuhkanen T, Kronberg L. Occurrence of acidic pharmaceuticals in raw and treated sewages and in receiving waters. Water Res. 2005;39:2219-2228.
46. Dizer H, Fischer B, Sepulveda I, et al. Estrogenic effect of leachates and soil extracts from lysimeters spiked with sewage sludge and reference endocrine disrupters. Environ Toxicol. 2002;17:105-112.
47. Golet EM, Xifra I, Siegrist H, Alder AC, Giger W. Environmental exposure assessment of fluoroquinolone antibacterial agents from sewage to soil. Environ Sci Technol. 2003;37(15):3243.
48. Northwest Product Stewardship Council. http//www.productstewardship. net/productsPharma ceuticalsIntlprograms.html. Published 2009. Accessed October 25, 2009.
49. American Nursing Association. http://www.nursing world.org/ MainMenuCategories/ThePracticeof ProfessionalNursing/PatientSafetyQuality/ Advocacy.aspx. Accessed March 26, 2010.