Age-group differences in interference from young and older emotional faces

Cognition and Emotion

Volumn 24, Issue 7, 2010, Pages 1095-1116

  Ebner, Natalie C ^a   Johnson, Marcia K ^a  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Attention bias; Emotion; Facial expression; Interference; Own age bias

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ANGER; ARTICLE; EMOTION; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FEMALE; GROUPS BY AGE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESPONSE TIME; SELECTIVE ATTENTION; TASK PERFORMANCE;

EID: 77957746282     PISSN: 02699931     EISSN: 14640600     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02699930903128395     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., & Damasio, A. R. (1998). The human amygdala in social judgment. Nature, 393, 470-474.
2. Allard, E. S., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2008). Are preferences in emotional processing affected by distraction? Examining the age-related positivity effect in visual fixation within a dual-task paradigm. Aging, Neuropsychology. Cognition, 15, 725-743.
3. Anastasi, J. S., & Rhodes, M. G. (2006). Evidence for an own-age bias in face recognition. North American Journal of Psychology, 8, 237-252.
4. Backman, L. (1991). Recognition memory across the adult life span: The role of prior knowledge. Memory & Cognition, 19, 63-71.
5. Bartlett, J. C, & Fulton, A. (1991). Familiarity and recognition of faces in old age. Memory & Cognition, 19, 229-238.
6. Bindemann, M., Burton, M., Hooge, I. T. C, Jenkins, R., & De Haan, E. H. F. (2005). Faces retain attention. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 12, 1048-1053.
7. Brown, V., Huey, D., & Findlay, J. M. (1997). Face detection in peripheral vision: Do faces pop out? Perception, 26, 1555-1570.
8. Bruce, V., & Young, A. (1998). In the eye of the beholder: The science of face perception. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
9. Bush, G., & Shin, L. M. (2006). The Multi-Source Interference Task: An fMRI task that reliably activates the cingulo-frontal-parietal cognitive/attention network. Nature Protocols, 1, 308-313.
10. Bush, G., Shin, L. M., Holmes, J., Rosen, B. R., & Vogt, B. A. (2003). The Multi-Source Interference Task: Validation study with fMRI in individual subjects. Molecular Psychiatry, 8, 60-70.
11. Calder, A. J., Keane, J., Manlya, T., Sprengelmeyer, R., Scott, S., Nimmo-Smith, I., et al. (2003). Facial expression recognition across the adult life span. Neuropsychologia, 41, 195-202.
12. Calder, A. J., Young, A. W., Keane, J., & Dean, M. (2000). Configural information in facial expression perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Peformance, 26, 527-551.
13. Carstensen, L. L., Isaacowitz, D. M., & Charles, S. T. (1999). Taking time seriously: A theory of socio-emotional selectivity. American Psychologist, 54, 165-181.
14. Carstensen, L. L., & Mikels, J. A. (2005). At the intersection of emotion and cognition: Aging and the positivity effect. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14, 117-121.
15. Compton, R. (2003). The interface between emotion and attention: A review of evidence from psychology and neuroscience. Behavioral and Cognitive Neu-roscience Reviews, 2, 115-129.
16. Corbetta, M., & Shulman, G. L. (2002). Control of goal-directed and stimulus driven attention in the brain. Nature Reviews: Neuroscience, 3, 201-215.
17. Cunningham, W. A., Johnson, M. K., Raye, C. L., Gatenby, J. C, Gore, J. C, & Banaji, M. R. (2004). Separable neural components in the processing of black and white faces. Psychological Science, 15, 806-813.
18. de Haan, E. H. F., Young, A. W., & Newcombe, F. (1987). Faces interfere with name classification in a prosopagnosic patient. Cortex, 23, 309-316.
19. Desimone, R., & Duncan, J. (1995). Neural mechanisms of selective visual attention. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 18, 193-222.
20. Ebner, N. C, & Johnson, M. K. (2009). Young and older emotional faces: Are there age-group differences in expression identification and memory? Emotion, 9, 329-339.
21. Ebner, N. C, Riediger, M., and Lindenberger, U. (in press). FACES-A database of facial expressions in young, middle-aged, and older women and men: Development and Validation. Behavior Research Methods.
22. Engell, A. D., Haxby, J. V., & Todorov, A. (2007). Implicit trustworthiness decisions: Automatic coding of face properties in human amygdala. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19, 1508-1519.
23. Esteves, F., Dimberg, U., & Öhman, A. (1994). Automatically elicited fear: Conditioned skin conductance responses to masked facial expressions. Cognition and Emotion, 8, 393-413.
24. Farah, M. J. (1996). Is face recognition "special"? Evidence from neuropsychology. Behavioural Brain Research, 76, 181-189.
25. Feinstein, J. S., Goldin, P. R., Stein, M. B., Brown, G. G., & Paulus, M. P. (2002). Habituation of attentional networks during emotion processing. NeuroReport, 13, 1255-1258.
26. Folstein, M. F, Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). Mini-mental State": A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189-198.
27. Fox, E., Russo, R., Bowles, R., & Dutton, K. (2001). Do threatening stimuli draw or hold visual attention in sub clinical anxiety? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130, 681-700.
28. Gauthier, I., Skudlarski, P., Gore, J. C, & Anderson, A. W. (2000). Expertise for cars and birds recruits brain areas involved in face recognition. Nature Neuroscience, 3, 191-197.
29. Goren, C. C, Sarty, M., & Wu, P. Y. (1975). Visual following and pattern discrimination of face-like stimuli by newborn infants. Pediatrics, 56, 544-549.
30. Grady, C. L., Hongwanishkul, D., Keightley, M., Lee, W., & Hasher, L. (2007). The effect of age on memory for emotional faces. Neuropsychology, 21, 371-380.
31. Gunning-Dixon, F. M., Gur, R. C, Perkins, A. C, Schroeder, L., Turner, T., Turetsky, B. I., et al. (2003). Age-related differences in brain activation during emotional face processing. Neurobiology of Aging, 24, 285-295.
32. Hahn, S., Carlson, C, Singer, S., & Gronlund, S. D. (2006). Aging and visual search: Automatic and controlled attentional bias to threat faces. Acta Psychologica, 123, 312-336.
33. Hansen, C. H., & Hansen, R. D. (1988). Finding the face in the crowd: An anger superiority effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 917-924.
34. Hasher, L., & Zacks, R. T. (1988). Working memory, comprehension, and aging: A review and a new view. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 22, pp. 193-225). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
35. Haxby, J. V., Hoffman, E. A., & Gobbini, M. I. (2000). The distributed human neural system for face perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, 223-233.
36. Holmes, A., Vuilleumier, P., & Eimer, M. (2003). The processing of emotional facial expression is gated by spatial attention: Evidence from event-related brain potentials. Cognitive Brain Research, 16, 174-184.
37. Iidaka, T., Okada, T., Murata, T., Omori, M., Kosaka, H., Sadato, N., et al. (2002). Age-related differences in the medial temporal lobe responses to emotional faces as revealed by fMRI. Hippocampus, 12, 352-362.
38. Isaacowitz, D. M., Wadlinger, H. A., Goren, D., & Wilson, H. R. (2006a). Is there an age-related positivity effect in visual attention? A comparison of two methodologies. Emotion, 6, 511-516.
39. Isaacowitz, D. M., Wadlinger, H. A., Goren, D., & Wilson, H. R. (2006b). Selective preference in visual fixation away from negative images in old age? An eye-tracking study. Psychology and Aging, 21, 40-48.
40. Jenkins, R., Burton, A. M., & Ellis, A. W. (2002). Long-term effects of covert face recognition. Cognition, 86, 43-52.
41. Johnson, M. H., Dziurawiec, S., Ellis, H. D., & Morton, J. (1991). Newborns' preferential tracking offaces and its subsequent decline. Cognition, 40, 1-19.
42. Kanwisher, N., McDermott, J., & Chun, M. M. (1997). The fusiform face area: A module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception. Journal of Neuroscience, 17, 4302-4311.
43. Kastner, S., & Ungerleider, L. G. (2001). The neural basis of biased competition in human visual cortex. Neuropsychologia, 39, 1263-1276.
44. Khurana, B., Smith, W. C, & Baker, M. T. (2000). Not to be and then to be: Visual representation of ignored unfamiliar faces. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Peformance, 26, 246-263.
45. Knight, M., Seymour, T. L., Gaunt, J. T., Baker, C, Nesmith, K., & Mather, M. (2007). Aging and goal-directed emotional attention: Distraction reverses emotional biases. Emotion, 7, 705-714.
46. Koster, E. H. W., Crombez, G., Van Damme, S., Verschuere, B., & De Houwer, J. (2004). Does imminent threat capture and hold attention? Emotion, 4, 312-317.
47. Koster, E. H. W., Verschuere, B., Burssens, B., Custers, R., & Crombez, G. (2007). Attention for emotional faces under restricted awareness revisited: Do emotional faces automatically attract attention? Emotion, 7, 285-295.
48. Lamont, A. C, Stewart-Williams, S., & Podd, J. (2005). Face recognition and aging: Effects of target age and memory load. Memory & Cognition, 33, 1017-1024.
49. Lavie, N. (1995). Perceptual load as a necessary condition for selective attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 21, 451-468.
50. Lavie, N. (2000). Selective attention and cognitive control: Dissociating attentional functions through different types of load. In S. Monsell & J. Driver (Eds.), Control of cognitive processes. Attention and performance (Vol. XVIII, pp. 175-194). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
51. Lavie, N. (2005). Distracted and confused? Selective attention under load. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9, 75-82.
52. Lavie, N., Ro, T., & Russell, C. (2003). The role of perceptual load in processing distractor faces. Psychological Science, 14, 510-515.
53. LeDoux, J. E. (1998). Fear and the brain: Where we have been, and where are we going? Biological Psychiatry, 44, 1229-1238.
54. Leigland, L. A., Schulz, L. E., & Janowsky, J. S. (2004). Age related changes in emotional memory. Neurobiology of Aging, 25, 1117-1124.
55. Mack, A., & Rock, I. (1998). Inattentional blindness. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
56. Mason, S. E. (1986). Age and gender as factors in facial recognition and identification. Experimental Aging Research, 12, 151-154.
57. Mather, M., & Carstensen, L. L. (2003). Aging and attentional biases for emotional faces. Psychological Science, 14, 409-415.
58. Mather, M., & Carstensen, L. L. (2005). Aging and motivated cognition: The positivity effect in attention and memory. Trends in Cognitive Science, 9, 496-502.
59. Mather, M., & Knight, M. R. (2006). Angry faces get noticed quickly: Threat detection is not impaired among older adults. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 61, P54-P57.
60. Mathews, A., & Mackintosh, B. (1998). A cognitive model of selective processing in anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 22, 539-560.
61. Maylor, E. A., & Lavie, N. (1998). The influence of perceptual load on age differences in selective attention. Psychology and Aging, 13, 563-573.
62. Merikle, P., Smilek, D., & Eastwood, J. D. (2001). Perception without awareness: Perspectives from cognitive psychology. Cognition, 79, 115-134.
63. Milders, M., Sahraie, A., Logan, S., & Donnellon, N. (2006). Awareness of faces is modulated by their emotional meaning. Emotion, 6, 10-17.
64. Miller, E. K., & Cohen, J. D. (2001). An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 24, 167-202.
65. Mogg, D., & Bradley, B. P. (1999). Orienting of attention to threatening facial expressions presented under conditions of restricted awareness. Cognition and Emotion, 13, 713-740.
66. Moreno, C, Borod, J., Welkowitz, J., & Alpert, M. (1993). The perception of facial emotion across the adult life span. Developmental Neuropsychology, 9, 305-319.
67. Morris, J. S., Öhman, A., & Dolan, R. J. (1998). Conscious and unconscious emotional learning in the human amygdala. Nature, 393, 467-470.
68. Morris, J. S., Öhman, A., & Dolan, R. J. (1999). A subcortical pathway to the right amygdala mediating "unseen" fear. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 96, 1680-1685.
69. Öhman, A., Flykt, A., & Lundqvist, D. (2000). Unconscious emotion: Evolutionary perspectives, psychophysiological data, and neuropsychological mechanisms. In R. D. Lane & L. Nadel (Eds.), Cognitive neuroscience of emotion (pp. 296-327). New York: Oxford University Press.
70. Öhman, A., Lundqvist, D., & Esteves, F. (2001). The face in the crowd revisited: A threat advantage with schematic stimuli. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 381-396.
71. Öhman, A., & Mineka, S. (2001). Fears, phobias, and preparedness: Toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning. Psychological Review, 108, 483-522.
72. Palermo, R., & Rhodes, G. (2007). Are you always on my mind? A review of how face perception and attention interact. Neuropsychologia, 45, 75-92.
73. Perfect, T. J., & Harris, L. J. (2003). Adult age differences in unconscious transference: Source confusion or identity blending? Memory & Cognition, 31, 570-580.
74. Perrett, D. I., Hietanen, J. K., Oram, M. W., & Benson, P. J. (1992). Organization and functions of cells responsive to faces in the temporal cortex. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 335, 23-30.
75. Pessoa, L., McKenna, M., Guiterrez, E., & Ungerlei-der, L. G. (2002). Neural processing of facial expressions requires attention. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 99, 11458-11463.
76. Phillips, L. H., MacLean, R. D. J., & Allen, R. (2002). Age and the understanding of emotions: Neuropsychological and sociocognitive perspectives. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 57B, P526-P530.
77. Pourtois, G., Grandjean, D., Sander, D., & Vuilleu-mier, P. (2004). Electrophysiological correlates of rapid spatial orienting towards fearful faces. Cerebral Cortex, 14, 619-633.
78. Puce, A., Allison, T., Asgari, M., Gore, J. C, & McCarthy, G. (1996). Differential sensitivity of human visual cortex to faces, letter strings, and textures: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. The Journal of Neuroscience, 16, 5205-5215.
79. Ro, T., Russell, C, & Lavie, N. (2001). Changing faces: A detection advantage in the flicker paradigm. Psychological Science, 12, 94-99.
80. Ruffman, T., Henry, J. D., Livingstone, V., & Phillips, L. H. (2008). A meta-analytic review of emotion recognition and aging: Implications for neuropsychological models of aging. Neuroscience and Biobe-havioral Reviews, 32, 863-881.
81. Ruffman, T., Sullivan, S., & Edge, N. (2006). Differences in the way older and younger adults rate threat in faces but not situations. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 61B, P187-P194.
82. Schneider, W., Eschman, A., & Zuccolotto, A. (2002). E-Prime reference guide. Pittsburgh, PA: Psychology Software Tools Inc.
83. Schupp, H. T., Öhman, A., Junghofer, M., Weike, A. I., Stickburger, J., & Hamm, A. O. (2004). The facilitated processing of threatening faces. Emotion, 4, 189-200.
84. Sergent, K., & Signoret, J.-L. (1992). Implicit access to knowledge derived from unrecognised faces in prosopagnosia. Cerebral Cortex, 2, 389-400.
85. Sullivan, S., Ruffman, T., & Hutton, S. B. (2007). Age differences in emotion recognition skills and the visual scanning of emotion faces. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 62B, P53-P60.
86. Thomas, R. C, & Hasher, L. (2006). The influence of emotional valence on age differences in early processing and memory. Psychology and Aging, 21, 821-825.
87. van Honk, J., Tuiten, A., de Hann, E. H. F., van den Hout, M., & Stam, H. (2001). Attentional biases for angry faces: Relationships to trait anger and anxiety. Cognition and Emotion, 15, 279-297.
88. Vuilleumier, P. (2000). Faces call for attention: Evidence from patients with visual extinction. Neurop-sychologia, 38, 693-700.
89. Vuilleumier, P. (2002). Facial expression and selective attention. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 15, 291-300.
90. Vuilleumier, P., & Schwartz, S. (2001). Emotional facial expressions capture attention. Neurology, 56, 153-158.
91. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070.
92. Wechsler, D. (1981). Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R). New York: Psychological Corporation.
93. Whalen, P. J., Rauch, S. L., Etcoff, N. L., McInerney, S. C, Lee, M. B., & Jenike, M. A. (1998). Masked presentations of emotional facial expressions modulates amygdala activity without explicit knowledge. Journal of Neuroscience, 18, 411-418.
94. Whalen, P. J., Shin, L. M., McInerney, S. C, Fischer, H., Wright, C. I., & Rauch, S. L. (2001). A functional MRI study of amygdala responses to facial expressions of fear versus anger. Emotion, 1, 70-83.
95. White, M. (1995). Preattentive analysis of facial expressions of emotion. Cognition and Emotion, 9, 439-460.
96. Wong, B., Cronin-Golomb, A., & Neargarder, S. (2005). Patterns of visual scanning as predictors of emotion identification in normal aging. Neuropsychology, 19, 739-749.
97. Wright, D. B., & Stroud, J. N. (2002). Age differences in lineup identification accuracy: People are better with their own age. Law and Human Behavior, 26, 641-654.
98. Yantis, S. (1998). Control of visual attention. In H. E. Pashler (Ed.), Attention (pp. 223-256). Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
99. Young, A. W., Ellis, A. W., Flude, B. M., McWeeney, K. H., & Hay, D. C. (1986). FACE-name interference. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Peformance, 12, 466-475.